LRFD COMPARED TO

WORKING STRENGTH LOADS

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LOAD FACTOR RESISTANCE DESIGN

The first factoring example compares four common load configurations
for residential and storage floors. In using an average factor of 1.59,
the result was from 5% heavier to 5% lighter than what the LRFD
factoring would yield.
factor

1.59

LL
DL

lb/ft2
40 residence
15 wood framing

factor
1.7
1.4

load
68.0
21.0

LL
DL

125 storage
15 wood framing

1.7
1.4

LL
DL
LL
DL

generic factor

40 residence
75 concrete
125 storage
75 concrete

ultimate load / working load

ratio
1.62

-1.77 %

212.5
21.0

1.67

-4.90 %

1.7
1.4

68.0
105.0

1.50

5.39 %

1.7
1.4

212.5
105.0

1.59

0.16 %

average ratio

1.59

5% unconservative

5% conservative

Note:
ft^4 is the same as ft4. Using the
carrot ^ is a notation shortcut and
reflects the way an exponent is
written in spreadsheets.

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WORKING STRENGTH LOADS

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FOUNDATION IN OVERTURNING -- TRAPEZOIDAL LOADING

The following examples are used to demonstrate the design of footings to resist seismic loads -- these
footings are considered to be eccentric footings.
The issue is: can we mix LRFD with eccentricities derived from the working loads to get reasonable
ultimate moment values with which to design concrete? Using factored loads to derive the eccentricity
of a footing can yield very unreasonable results.
Length
Width

29 ft
29 ft

length along the X axis

width along the Y axis

Ixx
Area

58940 ft^4
841 ft^2

moment of inertia of footing area about YY

area of footing

Depth
DL_ftg

1.5 ft
189.2 k

depth (thickness) of footing

weight of footing at 0.150 k/ft^2

Height
DL_v
LL_c

33.17 ft
33 k
39.81 k

height of tank
tare (empty) weight of tank
contents of tank
2/3 height

DL_sum
LL_sum
DL_M
LL_M

Mot_W

222
33
3222
479

k
k
k-ft
k-ft

106.79 k-ft

vessel + footing
contents
dead load -- max DL righting moment
live load -- max LL righting
moment used in seismic
wind
overturning to bottom of
slab for ultimate strength

Figure 56-1 Elevation of tank and

foundation in overturning.
Y-axis

Zone
soil
Na
R
I

0.4
0.44
1.5
2.2
1.25

Seismic

0.938 g ult

Mot_E

1643 k-ft ult

M_ult

5325 k-ft ult

seismic zone factor

stiff soil
near source factor
structure response factor
importance factor structure at grade -- oxygen

ex
cg

Factor used in ultimate strength seismic

calculations equation (30-5)
Figure 56-2 Plan view of foundation.
seismic overturning to bottom of slab for ultimate strength
(Depth /2 * DL_ftg + Height * 2/3 * (DL_v + LL_c) ) * Seismic
1.50ft / 2 * 189.2k + 33.17ft * 2/3 * ( 33.00k + 39.81k) * 0.938 g
1.4 D + 1.7 L righting moment
1.4 * 3,222 + 1.7 * 479
M_work

3701 k-ft
1.44 ratio

DL + LL righting moment
q ultimate / q working

LRFD COMPARED TO
WORKING STRENGTH LOADS

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FOUNDATION IN OVERTURNING -- TRAPEZOIDAL LOADING -- Continued

Ultimate load at loaded edge
1.1 * (1.2D + 1.0E + (f_1 LL_ + f_2 S))
'97UBC 1612.2.1 12-5a
Mot_E
MrtD+L

1808 k-ft ult

4780 k-ft ult

1.1 * 1,643
1.1 * (1.2 * 3,222 + 479)

9.02 ft

(Mrt_D_L - Mot_E) /(1.1 * 1.2 * DL_sum + 1.1 * LL_sum)

(4,780 - 1,808)
/(1.1 * 1.2 * 222 + 1.1 * 33)

cg_x
ex

14.50 ft
5.48 ft ult

P DL&LL /A

+/-

29.00 /2 from loaded edge along x

(14.50 - 9.02)
CG - a LRFD loads

P * ex * cx /Ixx

+/-

1.1 * (1.2 * 222 + 33) * 5.48 * 14.50 /58,940

1.1 * (1.2 * 222 + 33) /841
0.392
+
0.445
+
0.392
-0.445
+

P * ey* cy /Iyy
0.000

0.000
0.000

=
=

sum
0.392 + 0.445 + 0.000

0.837 ksf ult

-0.053 ksf ult
negative loading not possible

ALTERNATIVELY -- Use ex calculated with unfactored DL + LL

Mot_E
1174 k-ft
M_ot ult / 1.4
MrtD&L
3701 k-ft
Mrt_D&L rotation about XX
a

cg_x
ex
P DL&LL /A

9.90 ft

(Mrt_D_L - Mot_E) /(DL_sum + LL_sum)

(3,701 - 1,174) /(222 + 33)

14.50 ft
4.60 ft

from loaded edge along x

CG - a
+/-

P * ex * cx /Ixx

+/-

1.1 * (1.2 * 222 + 33) * 4.60 * 14.50 /58,940

1.1 * (1.2 * 222 + 33) /841
0.392
+
0.373
+
0.392
-0.373
+

P * ey* cy /Iyy
0.000

sum
0.392 + 0.373 + 0.000

0.000
0.000

=
=

0.765
0.019

ksf ult
ksf ult

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WORKING STRENGTH LOADS

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FOUNDATION IN OVERTURNING -- TRAPEZOIDAL LOADING -- Continued

Working load at loaded edge
Mot_E
1174 k-ft
M_ot ult / 1.4
MrtD&L
3701 k-ft
Mrt_D&L rotation about XX
a

cg_x
ex

9.90 ft

(Mrt_D_L - Mot_E) /(DL_sum + LL_sum)

(3,701 - 1,174) /(222 + 33)

14.50 ft
4.60 ft

P DL&LL /A

from loaded edge along x

CG - a

+/-

P * ex * cx /Ixx

+/-

P * ey* cy /Iyy
0.000

sum
0.303 + 0.289 + 0.000

(222 + 33) * 4.60 * 14.50 /58,940

(222 + 33) /841
0.303
0.303

+
-

0.289
-0.289

+
+

0.000
0.000

0.837 /0.592
0.765 /0.592

=
=

0.592 ksf asd

0.015 ksf asd

=
=

1.41 ratio
1.29 ratio

q ultimate / q working
q ultimate / q working

LRFD COMPARED TO
WORKING STRENGTH LOADS

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FOUNDATION IN OVERTURNING -- TRIANGULAR SOIL LOADING

Length.
20.00 ft
length along the X axis
Width.
20.00 ft
width along the Y axis
Ixx.
Area.

13333 ft^4
400 ft^2

moment of inertia of footing area about YY

area of footing

Depth.
DL_ftg.

1.5 ft
90.0 k

Height.
DL_v.
LL_c.

33.17 ft
33 k
39.81 k

height of tank
tare (empty) weight of tank
contents of tank

DL_sum.
LL_sum.
DL_M.
LL_M.

123
33
1230
330

vessel + footing
contents
dead load -- max DL righting moment
live load -- max LL righting
moment used in seismic

Mot_W.

Seismic
Zone
soil
Na
R
I
Seismic.

k
k
k-ft
k-ft

106.79 k-ft

0.4
0.44
1.50
2.2
1.25
0.938 g ult

depth (thickness) of footing

weight of footing at 0.150 k/ft^2

wind
overturning to bottom of
slab for ultimate strength

2/3 height

Figure 56-3 Elevation of tank and

foundation in overturning.

zone factor
Y-axis
stiff soil
near source factor
structure response factor
importance factor structure at grade -- oxygen
Factor used in ultimate strength seismic
calculations equation (30-5)

ex
cg_x

Figure 56-4 Plan view of foundation.

Mot_E

1574 k-ft

seismic overturning to bottom of slab for ultimate strength

(Depth /2 * DL_ftg + Height * 2/3 * (DL_v + LL_c ) ) * Seismic
1.50ft / 2 * 90.0k + 33.17ft * 2/3 * ( 33.00k + 39.81k) * 0.938 g

LRFD COMPARED TO
WORKING STRENGTH LOADS

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FOUNDATION IN OVERTURNING -- TRIANGULAR SOIL LOADING -- Continued

q = 2 * P /(3 * width * (B cross section of footing /2 - e) )
CG_x

DL + LL

Mrt
Mot
a

ex

CG_x
Figure 56-5 Elevation view of triangular
soil loading.

Ultimate Loads
1.1 * (1.2D + 1.0E + (f_1 LL_ + f_2 S))
'97UBC 1612.2.1 12-5a
Mot_E
1731 k-ft_ult 1.1 * 1,643 k-ft_ult
Mrt
1987 k-ft_ult 1.1 * (1.2 * 1,230 + 330)
DL + LL
199 k_ult
1.1 * (1.2 * 123 + 33) k_ult

Working load at loaded edge

q about yy =
3 * EDGE_Y * (EDGE_X/2 - e) where
e=
CG_x - ( M_rt - M_ot) / SUM (LL + DL)
Mot_E
1124 k-ft
M_ot ult / 1.4
Mrt
1560 k-ft
DL + LL
156 k

ex

ex

q_x ult

8.71 ft_ult

20.00 /2 - (1,987-1,731) / 199

5.145 ksf_ult
2*198.66 / (3*20.00*(20.00 /2-8.71)

a
3.86 ft
Safety factor in seismic overturning = 1.39 > 1.00 required

q_x asd

7.20 ft

20.00 / 2 - (1,560 - 1,124) / 156

1.860 ksf asd

2*156.00 / (3*20.00*(20.

5.145 /1.860

8.39 ft

2.77 ratio

q ultimate / q working

1.27 ratio

q ultimate / q working

ALTERNATIVELY -- Use ex calculated with unfactored DL + LL

DL + LL
ex
q_x
a

199 k_ult
7.20 ft
20.00 / 2 - (1,560 - 1,124) / 156
2.369 ksf_ult 2*198.66 / (3*20.00*(20.00 /2-7.20)
8.39 ft
2.369 /1.860

LRFD COMPARED TO
WORKING STRENGTH LOADS

56

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LRFD FACTORING '97 UBC

1612.2.1 Basic load combinations with exception 2 -- multiply loads by 1.1 for loads including seismic forces
D
0.0
dead load -- max DL righting moment
L
0
live load or earth pressure -- max LL righting moment used in seismic
Lr
0
roof live load
S
0
snow
W
0
wind
E
70.0
seismic -- when derived from the UBC, use E/1.4 for working (service level) values
T
0
differential settlement
H
0
earth pressure
F
0
fluid pressure, load factor = 1.4
max
70.0
f1
1.0
1.0 floors in public assembly, LL >100 psf, garage 0.5 of other live loads
f2
0.2
0.7 roofs that can't shed snow, 0.2 other

97 UBC 1612.2.1
E_
1.1 multiplie use 1.1 for concrete and masonry subjected to seismic forces
12-1
0
1.1 * (1.4 D + 1.3F)
1.54D + 1.43F
12-2
0
1.1 * (1.2D + 1.6*L +0.5* (L or S))
12-3
0
1.1 * (1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S) + (f_1 L or 0.8W))
12-4
0
1.1 * (1.2D + 1.3W +f_1 L + 0.5(Lr or S ))
12-5a
77
1.1 * (1.2D + 1.0E + (f_1 LL_ + f_2 S) + 1.3F)
1.32 D + 1.1 E + 1.1 (f_1 L or 0.88 W) + 1.43F
12-6a
12-6b
max

77
-77
77

1.1 * (0.9D + 1.0E or 1.3W)

1.1 * (0.9D - 1.0E or 1.3W)
ratio
1.100

0.99 D + 1.1 E or 1.43 W

0.99 D - 1.1 E or 1.43 W

97 UBC 1909.2 for Concrete

Where E is included in the design, use UBC 1612.2.1 per UBC 1909.2.3
9-1
0
1.4D + 1.7L + 1.4F
9-2a
0
0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
1.05 D + 1.275 L + 1.275 W
9-3a
0
0.9D + 1.3W
9-4a
0
1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
9-4b
0
0.9D + 0L + 1.7H
9-5
0
0.75 (1.4D + 1.4T + 1.7L + 1.4F) 1.05 D + 1.05 L + 1.275 L + 1.05 F
9-6
0
1.4 (D + T)
1.4 D + 1.4 T
max
0
ratio
0.000

LRFD COMPARED TO
WORKING STRENGTH LOADS

287360611.xls
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LRFD FACTORING '99 ACI

99 ACI Values
E UBC
9-1a
9-1b
9-2a
9-2b
9-3a
9-3b
9-4a
9-4b
9-5
9-6
max

50
0
0
0
70
72
0
0
0
0
0
72

56

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Copyright 2006 American Society of Civil Engineers
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Page 56 - 8

Where E = UBC seismic value / 1.4

UBC E / 1.4
1.4 D + 1.7 L
1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.4 F
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 1.7 W
1.05 D + 1.28 L + 1.4 E
0.9 D + 1.43 E
0.9 D + 1.7 H
1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.7 H
0.9 D + 1.7 H
1.05 D + 1.4 T + 1.275 L
1.4 D + 1.4 T
ratio
1.021

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Christy
10:27
09/22/15
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N

row 20

row 30

row 40

row 50

row 60

Page 56 - 10

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Christy
10:27
09/22/15
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row 70

row 80
2/3 height

row 90

X-axis

ghting moment
row 110

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LRFD

Christy
10:27
09/22/15
287360611.xls
N

row 120

row 130

oading not possible

row 140

row 150

row 160

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LRFD

Christy
10:27
09/22/15
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N

row 170

row 180
ultimate / q working
ultimate / q working

row 190

row 200

row 210

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Christy
10:27
09/22/15
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N

row 220

2/3 height

row 230

row 240

X-axis

row 250

row 260

Page 56 - 14

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Christy
10:27
09/22/15
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w of triangular

row 280
GE_X/2 - e) where
UM (LL + DL)

(1,560 - 1,124) / 156

row 290

ultimate / q working

row 300

ultimate / q working

row 310

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Christy
10:27
09/22/15
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N

row 320

row 330

or 0.88 W) + 1.43F

row 340

row 350

row 360

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10:27
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row 370

row 380

row 390

row 400

row 410