2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET'2014), May 30-31, 2014 London (UK)

Emerging Trends in Diagnosis and Condition

Assessment of Power Transformers Based on
Health Index
Priyesh Kumar Pandey, Harmendra Singh, M Rao, and R K Jarial

from expected parameters. That ultimately led to failure of

transformer well below the expected life span.
Health Index (HI) is handy tool to represent the severity
and to quantify the various parameters that directly or
indirectly affect the aging and operational features of the
transformer. Also quality and priority based investment led
maintenance program can effectively optimise the asset
management 0needs [1, 2]. Several studies has been carried
out to develop a tool for asset management and monitoring of
substation and to formulate Health Index (HI) of transformers.
Introduction of smart diagnostics techniques such as SFRA,
DFR, PD Test, just to name a few, had eventually given idea
about the HI of the individual transformer on their individual
base but cannot give idea about relative HI of all transformer
within the utility on same platform simultaneously or sure shot
prescribed procedure that can cover all power transformer and
all parameters helpful to find HI because there is no
recommended
standard.
However
HI
calculation
recommended from [3] to [9] are based on all available data of
the transformer at a time.

AbstractHealth Index of transformer is a vital tool for relative

ranking of transformer from view point of its operation condition
criticality. It includes parameters that directly or indirectly affect the
operation and performance integrity of transformer. The present paper
envisages codes and criteria given under standards like IEC, IEEE,
CIGRE that are helpful for condition assessment and asset
management of power transformer . An exhaustive treatment of
affecting parameter has been covered entrusting vital information
related with criticality of Power Transformer outlay. It describes a
modern technique involving key parameters that can give clear cut
idea for classifying all transformer condition based on their HI under
the same umbrella.

KeywordsDissolve gas analysis (DGA), Frequency domain

spectroscopy (FDS), Load Tap changer (LTC), Dissolved gas
analysis factor(DGAF),oil quality index factor(OQIF), Oil Quality
factor(OQF),Furan factor(FF) ,Load Tap changer Factor( LTCF),
Load index factor(LIF),Maintenance strategies and age factor
(MSAF).
I. INTRODUCTION

OWER transformer being most important equipment of a

power system utility whose cost accounts for around 60%
of the total investment.
The forced outage of transformer causes huge disturbances in
the electricity supply chain system and incur financial loss to
the company .Therefore its periodical or continuous condition
monitoring and proper diagnostics become crucial throughout
its life. From the time of manufacturing and transportation the
power transformer undergoes various faults and abnormalities
that may be incipient or external. Incipient fault are due to the
abnormalities within the transformer tank. That may be in its
insulation system, winding arrangement or associated parts
inside the transformer tank. These components actually
undergo various electrical and thermal stress deterioration due
to faults and abnormalities. The fault may be due to errors in
designing and malpractices in manufacturing technology that
may lead to abnormal operational parameters and deviation

II. PARAMETERS AND RECOMMENDED TESTS

According to the CIGRE WG 12 report, the main
subsystem of transformer that can directly or indirectly affect
the life of transformer and are involved in deterioration due to
the operational conditions are as follows [4]
A. Dielectric properties
Dielectric properties of insulation system. It consists of
major as well as minor insulation system. i.e. winding to
winding, winding to core, core to tank, interturn insulation,
insulation of bushings etc.
B. Magnetic properties
Magnetic properties of the magnetic system inside the
transformer. It consists of deterioration of core material or
clamping structure.
C. Tap changer
Tap changer healthiness .It may be referred to Load tap
changer (LTC).

Priyesh Kumar Pandey is with the National Institute of Technology,

Hamirpur, INDIA(+919805249405; e-mail:priyeshpandey88@gmail.com)
Harmendra singh is with the National Institute of Technology,
Hamirpur(H.P), INDIA (+9198882501243; e-mail:cmrr36@gmail.com
)
M Rao is a faculty in EED with AITAM (.India)
R K Jarial is with the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur(H.P),
INDIA (+919418847240; e-mail:jarial0@gmail.com
).

http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IIE.E0514591

D.Mechanical Integrity
Mechanical integrity of various parts of the transformer
such as bushing, tank, cooling system etc. In order to diagnose
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2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET'2014), May 30-31, 2014 London (UK)
workings

faults within Power Transformer some important tests are

required to be conducted as per IEC/ASTM. TABLE I below
enumerate details of such test

Infrared
scan(IR
Imaging)

TABLE I
CONDITION ASSESSMENT TEST

Online tests
Tests

Detections

Dissolved
Gas
analysis
(DGA)

Instruments

Measure gas concentration,

detects gas
intensity(ppm/time period),
sparking, Hotspot, Bad
electrical contact, Electric
discharge(High and low
energy) , Overheating,
cellulosic deterioration,
Internal flashover,
healthiness of insulation
system
Partial discharge

Partial
discharge
Oil physical &Moisture in oil
chemical
tests

Metal counts
Furans
deterioration
sludge
and
formation
Acidity of oil

cellulosic
sediment

Oxidation inhibitor in oil

Interfacial Tension

Oil
Electrical
tests

Oil
Thermal
test
Paper
insulation
thermal test

Physical
Inspection
(external)

End of life of insulation

integrity(paper & oil +paper),
healthiness of insulation
system
AC dielectric loss of oil,
Contamination,
Relative
permittivity(dielectric
constant)
Breakdown voltage
Flash point

Pour Point
Combined TGA-DTA-DSC

Oil leaks, broken parts and

damages, cracks and external
arcing and overheating, loose
bolts and connections, pump
and radiators problems, Dust
accumulation of bushing and
its outer insulation system,
cooling problems, gauge

Ultra sonic
and sonic
faults
detection
*Vibration
analysis

Portable Dissolved Gas

Analyser, Kelmen,
Distributor India pvt ltd,
1
Bangalore.

Sound
Level
Pollution,
humidity
level
Corona

Partial discharge detection

1
using acoustic emission .
1. DominoMoisture
1
in oil analyser(online)
2. Karl
fisher
Coulometric
Titrator
1
(offline)
UV-VIS
1
spectrophotometer
High performance liquid
1
chromatography (HPLC)
sludge
and
sediment
1
measuring system
Automatic acidity Titrator1
10200000
Fourier Transform Infrared
1
Spectrometer
Interfacial
Tension
1
Analyser
Require
laboratory
analysis for degree of
polymerization
(DP)
measurement.
Automatic Capacitance &
1
tan delta test set(ELTEL)

Infrared thermal
1
imaging Camera

UHF
sensors
Acoustic sensors

and

Portable Dingle channel

Data
collector
cum
1
vibration analyser
Sound level meter(e.g.
Quest 2400 sound meter)

Corona scope, model cs-01-A

Offline tests
Doble
Power
factor and
insulation
resistance
between
ph-ph, ph
ground
*Solid
insulation
electrical
tests
Excitation
current
*Turns ratio
*Leakage
reactance/s
hort circuit
impedance
test
*Sweep
frequency
response
analysis(SF
RA)
Internal
Inspection

Microprocessor based oil

1
breakdown test
Automatic Flash point
Apparatus Model-FLPH,
1
Grabner Instrument
1
Pour point tester
Measures the thermal
changes in oil, oxidation
induction and
identification of paper
1
insulation degradation

*Degree of
polymerizat
ion
1

Done by expert staff with

binoculars
for bushing
and lightening arrester

http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IIE.E0514591

Hot spot, localised heating,

loose connections and joints,
Internal
overheating(By
action
of
thermal
transmission),
differential
over
heating,
cooling
troubles, overloading of
phases, circulating current,
bushing and Lightening
arrester thermal problems
Internal partial discharge,
arcing , sparking, pump and
bearing impeller problems,
internal flash
Internal core and winding
vibrations shield problems,
loose bolting.
Core energies problems and
external noise to compare
baseline for vibration tests
Atmospheric conditions that
affect the flashover, treeing
and tracking
Compare
bushing
and
Lightening arrester and all
high voltage connections
with same units

Loss of winding and bushing

insulation integrity, moisture
and
contamination
in
insulation of winding and
bushing.

Doble Test Equipment

Dielectric frequency response

of paper insulation for
moisture determination

Automatic
Insulation
Diagnostics
Analyser
1
Model-DIRANA

Shorter turns of the winding

and
phase
connections
problems
Shorted winding turns and
voltage ratio errors
Change
in
percentage
impedance with the specified
name plate values

Doble Test Equipment

Core
and
Winding
dislocation,
Structural
integrity,
transportation
damages

SFRA model
1
No.M5200,DOBLE

Oil sludging, displacement of

winding, loose connection ,
internal sparking and arcing
Cellulosic
insulation
deterioration
and
Life
expectancy

Boroscope

Doble Test Equipment

Doble Test Equipment

1
1

Require laboratory
analysis

this equipment is available from National institute of

technology, Hamirpur (H.P) (INDIA) under TIFAC-CORE
centre on Power Transformer Diagnosis
*
Following test does not show health of the transformer as
its abnormal value cannot be compromised it needs immediate
action for preventing catastrophic failure or transformer may
109

2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET'2014), May 30-31, 2014 London (UK)

be declared faulty.
implementation of the method may lead to many
This paper along with testing techniques [5] gives misinterpreted cases [10].
consolidated parameters that can affect the performance
A1.2 IEC Method
indices and life of transformer
Fault diagnosis scheme recommended by International
a) Vibration of core
Electro technical Commission (IEC) originated from Rogers
b) Environmental condition (Humidity, pollution level, rain per
method except that the ratio C2H6/CH4 was dropped since it
year, altitude of the site, number of surges and their
only indicated a limited temperature range of decomposition.
intensity)
Normal ageing, partial discharge of low and high energy
III. METHODOLOGY
The most common methods currently used for condition
monitoring and diagnostics of Power Transformer are as below
[5].i.e.
A. Dissolved gas analysis (DGAF)
B. Oil quality factor(OQF)
C. Furfural Factor(FF)
D. Load Tap changer factor (LTCF).
E. Load history and Maintenance data(LIF).
A. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)
DGA technique is well known tool for preventive
maintenance and its interpreted results may indicate active
incipient faults or abnormalities within the transformer tank.
However DGA should be individually taken for bushings and
all other oil filled terminals for complete diagnosis of
transformer. Routine test, diagnostics methods finds the gas
generations and measures the gas ratios. Mechanism for the
gas generation in the transformer may be arcing, partial
discharge, low energy discharge, overheating of insulation due
to severe overloading, failure of forced cooling systems or any
of the above. Practically DGA interpretation by itself cannot
provide sufficient information for incipient fault and
abnormalities to evaluate the integrity of the transformer and
its various subsystem because the governing standard fail to
evaluate condition for some abnormal ratios.
Several classis method and methods has been evolved for
DGA interpretation over the past 30 years such as Rogers,
Dorenburg, Duval triangle and modified Dorenburg
.[6],[7],[8],[9].

TABLE II
COMPARISON LIMITS IN PPM
IEEE Bureau of reclamation
Dorenburg
IEC(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
(ppm)
200
100
100
500
50
75
120
125
35
75
65
75
80
75
50
175
5
3
35
7
500
700
350
750
6000
7000
2500
10000

Gas
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO
CO2

Weighting factor represent the importance of the gas level

for diagnostics based on particular diagnostics methods. It
may happen that the weighting factor of particular gas differs
from test to test. The detail are presented in Table 3.
TABLE III
SCORING AND WEIGHTING FACTOR FOR DGA GAS LEVEL [PPM][11].
Score(Si)

A1.1 Rogerss ratio

The Rogers ratio is a simple scheme based on ranges of
ratios is used for diagnoses of faults. It uses four gas ratios
that are CH4/H2, C2H6/CH4, C2H4/C2H6 and C2H2/C2H4
[4]. The four conditions of the oil insulated transformer that
are detectable are normal ageing, partial discharge with or
without tracking, electrical and thermal faults of various
degree of severity. This method is also based on thermal
degradation principles and is also included in ANSI/IEEE[7]
Standard C57.104-1991. The validity of this method is based
on the correlation of results of a much larger number of failure
investigations with the gas analysis of each case. There are
diagnostic codes for the various faults and in this method there
are values of ratios that do not fit into the diagnostic codes.
Also for dissolved gases below the normal concentration
value, no consideration is given and due to this the exact
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IIE.E0514591

density, thermal faults and electrical faults of various degrees

of severity are the four conditions that are detectable.
However, no attempt is made to identify both thermal and
electrical faults into more precise subtypes. The first edition of
IEC method (IEC 60599-1978) is based on simple coding
scheme while the second edition (IEC 60599 1999) utilizes
the revised ratio ranges directly. Assessment of dissolved
gases for normality limits is required before being
interpreted using ratios. Comparison limits in ppm are shown
in Tables 2 with different recommendations. To quantify fault
levels, an idea about the scoring and weighting factor for
individual gasses is required. Scoring is numerically
representing the range amount of gas level in ppm for
calculating DGAF.

Gas

H2

100

CH4

120

C2H6

65

C2H4

50

C2H2

101200
121175
6580
5080
6-15

CO

350

CO2 2500
TDCG 690

110

201- 301300
700
176 351350
600
80100100
120
80100100
150
163535
50
350- 700- 900700
900
1100
3000 4000 5000
691-1250
1251- 17851785 2720

7011800
6011000
120150
150200
5080
11001400
7000
27214630

>1800
>1001
>150
>200
>80
>1400
>7000
>4700

Weight
(Wi)

2
3
3
3
5
1
1
3

2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET'2014), May 30-31, 2014 London (UK)

testing.

Interpretation of result is one of major challenges in diagnosis

process which is given in Table-4

TABLE VI
OIL QUALITY SCORE AND WEIGHT

TABLE IV
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT IN GAS DISSOLVED IN OIL [14]

Gases

Interpretation

Oxygen(O2)
Carbon monoxide(C O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen(H2)
Acetylene(C2H2 )
Ethylene(C2H4)
Ethane(C2H6)
Methane(CH4)
TDCG

Transformer seal fault

Cellulose degradation
Cellulose degradation
Electric Discharge(partial discharge,
corona) with overheating
Electric Fault (Arcing, sparking ,
Internal flash)
Thermal Fault (High Hot
Spots formation and local overheating )
Secondary indicator of Thermal Fault
Secondary indicator of Arc
or serious overheating
CH4+C2H6+C2H4+C2H4+C2H2
+H2+CO+O2

Sr.

Test

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

6.
7.

Based on the scoring and weight factor for gas levels

given in table 3, A ranking method can be developed as
equation 1 as Dissolved Gas Analysis Factor (DGAF)[11]
(1)
Where Si is the scoring for each gas based in table 2 and
Wi is weighting factor allocated for each individual gas level.
With different values of DGAF 0.1, different conditions of
transformer can be concluded as given in table 5 below.
TABLE V
CONDITION BASED ON DGAF
Rating
Code
4
3
2
1
0.01

Condition

Description

Very Good
Good
Fair and acceptable
Fair but Caution
Need attention

DGAF<1.2
1.2DGAF<1.5
1.5DGAF<2
2DGAF<3
DGAF3

D-877

IS-6792

1,2,3,4

IEC60814

D1533B

IS13567

1,2,3,4

IEC62021

D-974

IS-1448
(P-2)

1,2,3,4

IEC60247

D-924

IS-6262

1,2,3,4

IEC60247
IEC61125
ISO6295
ISO2719
ISO3016
IEC60814
ISO3104

D-924

IS-6103

1,2,3,4

D-1524

IS-1866

1,2,3,4

D-971

IS-6104

D-92

IS-1448

1,2,3,4

D-97

IS-1448

1,2,3,4

D-1298

IS-1448

1,2,3,4

D-445

IS-1448
(P-25)

1,2,3,4

ISO
2049
IEC60156

D-1524

Dielectric
dissipation
factor(D)
Resistivity

10.

Pour point

11.

Density

12.

Kinematic
Viscosity

IS

B.1 Transformer oil classification based on Neutralization

number (NN) and Interfacial Tension (IFT) and color [15]
In order to classify level of degradation of insulating liquid in
power transformer oil quality index number is ascertained as
Oil Quality Index Number (OQIN) =

However it is recommended that proper period of oil

sampling and DGA should be done, if the result found is not
satisfactory and the condition is transformer is no below Fair
and acceptable values

Parameter
s
IFT
NN
COLOUR
OQIN
IFT
NN
COLOUR
OQIN
IFT
NN
COLOUR

B. Oil quality
Oil quality is a good indicator of condition of transformer, its
electrical, chemical properties clearly indicate the
deterioration of the internal parts of the transformer subsystem
but it has disadvantage that if the regular reclamation is being
carried out then actual condition of insulation inside the
transformer winding cannot be predicted. However evaluation
based on oil quality can be done by considering table 6
testing.
Oil quality is a good indicator of condition of transformer,
its electrical, chemical properties clearly indicate the
deterioration of the internal parts of the transformer subsystem
but it has disadvantage that if the regular reclamation is being
carried out then actual condition of insulation inside the
transformer winding cannot be predicted. However evaluation
based on oil quality can be done by considering table 6
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IIE.E0514591

Color and
appearance
Dielectric
Breakdown
voltage
Water
content or
moisture
Acidity(NN
)

9.

8.

IS-335

ASTM

Sediments
and sludge
Interfacial
Tension
Flash point

Wi

Score
(Si)
1,2,3,4

IEC

IFT
NN
COLOUR
OQIN
IFT
NN
COLOUR
OQIN

111

TABLE VII
PROVIDE DETAIL OF MONITORING OQIN
Range of values
Quality of oil
30.0-45.0
0.00-0.04
PALE YELLOW
300-1500
27.1-29.9
0.05-0.10
YELLOW
270-600
24.0-27.0
0.11-0.15
BRIGHT
YELLOW
14.0-23.9
0.16-0.65
AMBER,
BROWN,
22-159
<13.9
>0.66
DARK BROWN,
BLACK
<21

Score(Si)

Healthy and efficient, oil

in very good condition

Beginning of sludge
Formation, Oil condition
normal

Acid formation and

sludge accumulation on
winding and insulation
voids, oil need
Reclamation
Continuous acid
formation and
deterioration of
transformer internals and
insulation system
Sludge has been
deposited in and on
transformer parts at all
possible reach and
equipment may fail at any
time

0.01

2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET'2014), May 30-31, 2014 London (UK)

D. Tap changer (LTC) condition [5].

Insulation of tap changer basically depends upon the insulation
in the tap changer. i.e. oil, epoxy resin, fibreglass, pressboard etc.
Therefore individual diagnostics test can give cumulative idea
about the condition of Tap changer.DGA for oil in LTC can give
idea about the condition of insulation integrity of LTC. Scoring
and weighting of different LTC for various gasses in DGA
analysis in Table 9

The Dielectric strength test of oil is not extremely important

as the moisture in combination with oxygen and heat will
deteriorate cellulose insulation much before the dielectric
strength of oil indicates any symptom of abnormality. It also
lacks about information of sludge and acid formation.
Resistivity (specific resistance ) It is ratio of the DC potential
gradient in volt per centimeter paralleling the current flow
within the specimen to the current density in ampere per
square centimeter at a given instant of time and under
prescribed condition, measured in -cm. It represents the
electrical property of oil in the test condition. Higher the value
of resistivity lower is the value of free oil, ion-forming
particle and no electrically active contamination. Based on the
above weighting and scoring percentage given in table 6, Oil
Quality Factor (%OQF) can be calculated as in equation (2)
(%)OQF=

TABLE IX
SCORING AND WEIGHTING FACTOR FOR LTC

Vaccume
LTC

(2)

C. Furfural analysis
Furans are the group of organic compound that are formed
by the deterioration of cellulosic material in the transformer.
Overheating along with moisture and oxidation accelerate the
degradation of paper that results in furanic compounds.
Furfural test along with Degree of polymerization (DP) test
provide the information about the degradation of paper
insulation in the transformer oil. High level of carbon dioxide
and carbon monoxide generation indicate the need of furfural
analysis. Types of Furans that can be formed are [12].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

TABLE VIII
CONDITION OF TRANSFORMER BASED ON FURFURAL ANALYSIS

60-300
6502000
23753275

Degree of
Polymerization
(DP)
800-6003

390-980

500-360

1115-1450

340-300

38504525

1665-1900

280-260

53007333

2175-2845

240-200

Condition of
paper based on
Furan analysis

Normal
ageing
Accelerated
ageing
Excessive
ageing,
Equipment in
danger zone
High risk of
failure or high
probability of
fail
End of life of
paper insulation

Gas
CH4

1
<30

C2H6

<20

C2H4

<50

C2H2
CH4
C2H6

<3
<100
<50

C2H4
C2H2

<200
<500

CH4

<50

C2H6

<30

C2H4
C2H2

<100
<10

2
3
305050
100
204030
50
50100100
200
3-4
4-5
100-200 200-300
50100-200
100
200-400 400-600
50010001000
5000
50150-250
150
3050-100
50
100-200 200-500
102020
25

Furfural
factor
(FF)

Wi

50

200

5
300
200

5
3
3

600
5000

5
3

250

100

500
25

5
3

Then Load factor index can be given as (LFI)

LIF=

(4)

Based on above equation 4 score can be given as in table 10

TABLE X
SCORING OF LIF

3
Score
(Li)

4
3
2
1
0.01

LIF
LIF3.5
2.5LIF3.5
1.5LIF2.5
0.5LIF1.5
LIF0.5

0.01
TABLE XI

http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IIE.E0514591

4
>100

E. Maintenance strategies, loading history and age

IEEE C.57-1995 and IEC 354 give recommendation of
conductor & oil temperature inside the transformer. However
IEC gives more conservative recommendation for conductor
temperature [16]
M0: Number of Si/SB that are lower than 0.6,i=0
M1: Number of Si/SB that are between 0.6 and 1,i=1
M2: Number of Si/SB that are between 1.0 and 1.3,i=2
M3: Number of Si/SB that are between 1.3 and 1.5,i=3
M4: Number of Si/SB that are bigger than1.5,i=4
Si : monthly peak load & SB is the rated loading of the
transformer

For scoring of the Furan analysis for transformer following

table 8 is helpful
hermally
upgraded
paper 65 C
(Total
Furan
counts)
50-200

Resistive
LTC

Reactive
LTC

2-Furaldehyde(2-Fal)
2-acetyl furan(2-ACF)
2-Furfuryl alcohol(2-FOL)
5-methul-2-furaldenhyde(5-MEF)
5-hydroxylemethy-2-furaldehyde(5-HMF)

Normal
Paper
at 55 C
(2-FAL
counts)

Weight

Score(Si)

112

2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET'2014), May 30-31, 2014 London (UK)
VARIOUS CORING TABLE FOR SCORING VARIOUS FACTOR FOR THI

Factors
DGAF
OQF
FF
LTCF
LIF

[6]

Score(Si)
4,3,2,1,0.01
4,3,2,1,0.01
4,3,2,1,0.01
4,3,2,1,0.01
4,3,2,1,0.01

[7]

[8]
[9]

Taking the total accountability of factors given in table 11.

Total health index can be formulated as
Total health index(THI) =

[10]

TABLE XII
CONCLUDE ABOUT THE HEALTH OF TRANSFORMER AT THE TIME OF TESTING

1
0.50
0.25

Condition of
transformer
Very good
good
poor

<0.25

Poor and need caution

THI

<0.20

[11]

Maintenance requirement

Very poor, invite

failure, Need urgent
replacement

Normal maintenance
Normal maintenance
Carry out diagnostic test and
refurbishment
Carry out diagnostic test well earlier
than normal and need clear attention
for parameter
Shut down transformer and carry out
refurbishment for further use and to
avoid catastrophic failure

[12]
[13]

[14]
[15]
[16]

IV. CONCLUSION
The determination of criticality level of fault in oil filled
power transformer is a virtual issue that can be resolved by
adhering to strict condition monitoring regime. The present
paper has highlighted novel technique to decide the criticality
and remedial aspect through exhaustive tests by forming HI.
The author are of firm opinion that if HI of equipment of
substation i.e. Power Transformer is evaluated, It can prevent
catastrophic failure and moreover a strategy can be evolved by
developing proper data bank of power transformer to
safeguard the Power Transformer.

[17]

Priyesh kumar pandey graduated in Electrical

Engineering from Atmiya institute of technology
and science Rajkot, Gujarat in the year 2009. He
worked as lecturer in Atmiya institute of
technology and science Rajkot for six months.
Then he worked in Gujarat state electricity
corporation Ltd for two years in the field of
operation and maintenance. His current research
interests include insulation condition assessment
techniques, specialising in the diagnosis of solid
insulation in transformer based of moisture
assessment. He is currently pursuing his M.Tech in Condition Monitoring
Control and Protection of Electrical Apparatus from NIT Hamirpur, India
Email: priyeshpandey88@gmail.com

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Author are thankful to TIFAC-CORE for providing
Testing facilities to conduct experiment and other
infrastructure for condition assessment of Power Transformer
for Thesis and Dissertation

Harmendra Singh was born in Dehradun

Uttarakhand, India. He received B.Tech. degree
in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from
Graphic Era Institute of Technology, India, He
is currently pursuing the M.Tech. degree in
Condition Monitoring Control and Protection of
Electrical Apparatus from National Institute of
Technology, Hamirpur

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Dr. R K Jarial received PhD from University of Rajashtan through MNIT,

Jaipur, India in 2007 and Masters Degree from National Institute of
technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India in 1993 respectively. He is currently
working as Assosiate Professor in Electrical Engineering Department of NIT
Hamirpur, HP, India for the last twenty years. He has obtained One Patent
and has been instrumental in the establishment of TIFAC-CORE in Power
Transformer Diagnostics at NIT Hamirpur. His current areas of interests are
Power electronic drives and High voltage engineering.

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