Javier Junquera
Bibliografa
FUENTE PRINCIPAL
Fsica, Volumen 1, 3 edicin
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Ed. Thomson
ISBN: 84-9732-168-5
Captulos 2 y 3
Fsica, Volumen 1
R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, y M. Sands
Ed. Pearson Eduacin
ISBN: 968-444-350-1
Captulo 8
Dinmica:
Estudio del movimiento de un objeto, y de las
relaciones de este movimiento con conceptos
fsicos tales como la fuerza y la masa.
Cinemtica:
Estudio del movimiento, usando los
conceptos de espacio y tiempo, sin tener
en cuenta las causas que lo producen.
Grfica de posicin-tiempo
o grfica de posicin como
funcin del tiempo
Grfica de posicin-tiempo
o grfica de posicin como
funcin del tiempo
El desplazamiento de la
partcula se describe como
En el intervalo de tiempo
Velocidad media
Es independiente del recorrido que siga la partcula entre los dos puntos
(es proporcional al desplazamiento que slo depende de las posiciones inicial y final)
El mdulo de la velocidad media no es la celeridad media
Grfica de posicin-tiempo
o grfica de posicin como
funcin del tiempo
Velocidad media
Grfica velocidad en
funcin del tiempo
rea de uno de
los rectngulos
estrechos
Grfica velocidad en
funcin del tiempo
Desplazamiento total
Tomando lmites
v (t)
A
O
tl B
t
t2
Fsica General
S. Burbano, E. Burbano, y C. Gracia
Editorial Tbar
Pendiente positiva
(al menos el signo est bien)
60
x(m)
60
&
%
40
&
20
&& &
"
40
20
40
60
29
$
0
10
20
30
(a)
40
50
t(s)
!
(b)
Active Figure 2.3 (a) Graph representing the motion of the car in Figure 2.1. (b) An
enlargement of the upper-left-hand corner of the graph shows how the blue line
between positions ! and & approaches the green tangent line as point & is moved
closer to point !.
Cmo cambia la velocidad media del coche a medida que el punto B se aproxima al A?
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can move point &
as suggested in (b) and observe the blue line approaching the green tangent
line.
La pendiente
lnea
tangente
representa
la at
velocidad
coche justo en el momento en el
Whatde
we esta
have done
is determine
the instantaneous
velocity
that moment.del
In other
limiting
value
the ratio(punto
!x!!t A).
words, the instantaneous
vx equals the a
culvelocity
comenzamos
tomar
losofdatos
as !t approaches zero:1
60
x(m)
60
&
%
40
&
20
"
40
20
40
60
&& &
$
0
10
20
30
(a)
40
50
t(s)
!
(b)
Active Figure 2.3 (a) Graph representing the motion of the car in Figure 2.1. (b) An
enlargement of the upper-left-hand corner of the graph shows how the blue line
between positions ! and & approaches the green tangent line as point & is moved
closer to point !.
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can move point &
as suggested in (b) and observe the blue line approaching the green tangent
line.
represents the velocity of the car at the moment we started taking data, at point !.
What we have done is determine the instantaneous velocity at that moment. In other
La velocidad instantnea puede ser positiva, negativa
words, the instantaneous velocity vx equals the limiting value of the ratio !x!!t
as !t approaches zero:1
o cero
29
La celeridad instantnea no tiene direccin asociada y, por lo tanto, no tiene signo algebraico
Si
Definicin de aceleracin
Cuando la velocidad de una partcula vara con el tiempo, se dice que
est sometida a una aceleracin.
Velocidad
Aceleracin media
Si
36
x
Slope = vx f
xi
Slope = vx i
0
(a)
vx
ax !
Slope = ax
or
axt
vx i
vx i
t
vx f
vxf ! vxi $ a xt
(for constant a x)
(b)
ax
Slope = 0
ax
t
vxf # vxi
t#0
(c)
Active Figure 2.10 A particle
moving along the x axis with constant acceleration ax; (a) the posi-
vxi $ vxf
2
(for constant a x)
Grfica velocidad en
funcin del tiempo
Desplazamiento total
Tomando lmites
Como
Si
Dimension
Table 2.2
Kinematic Equations for Motion of a Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Equation
acceleration, together with some simple algebraic manipulations and the require
that the acceleration be constant.
The four kinematic equations used most often are listed in Table 2.2 for c
Si en
entonces
Si en
entonces
Si en
entonces
Curiosidades:
mdulo sobre la superficie de la Luna g = 1.67 m/s2
mdulo sobre la superficie del Sol g = 274 m/s2
nature
position,
velocity,
and acceleration.
Objetivo: conocer la posicin
deof
una
partcula
como funcin
del tiempoAs in the case
de la partcula.
! ti
ri
rf
" tf
Path of
particle
x
nature
position,
velocity,
and acceleration.
Objetivo: conocer la posicin
deof
una
partcula
como funcin
del tiempoAs in the case
! ti
ri
rf
" tf
Path of
particle
x
nature
position,
velocity,
and acceleration.
Objetivo: conocer la posicin
deof
una
partcula
como funcin
del tiempoAs in the case
de tiempo
! ti
ri
rf
" tf
Path of
particle
x
nature
position,
velocity,
and acceleration.
Objetivo: conocer la posicin
deof
una
partcula
como funcin
del tiempoAs in the case
! ti
ri
rf
" tf
Path of
particle
x
""
"'
"
El
v " lim
!t : 0
!r
dr
"
!t
dt
(4.3)
That is, the instantaneous velocity equals the derivative of the position vector with
x
respect to time. The direction of the instantaneous velocity vector at any point in a parO
ticles path is along a line tangent to the path at that point and in the direction of
Figure 4.3 As a particle moves beLa
direccin
del
vector
motion. instantnea en cualquier punto de la trayectoria de una
tween
two points, its
average
veloc- velocidad
The magnitude
of the
instantaneous
vector ven
" !ese
v ! is punto.
called the speed,
ity is inpartcula
the direction of
the dis-determinado
viene
por la lnea
tangente
a lavelocity
trayectoria
placement vector !r. As the end
which is a scalar quantity.
point
of
the
path
is
moved
from
"
sentido del vector velocidad instantnea
viene
determinado
por la
direccin
del
As a particle moves
from
one point to another
along
some path,
its movimiento.
instantaneous
to "$ to "%, the respective disvelocity vector changes from vi at time ti to vf at time tf . Knowing the velocity at these
placements and corresponding
El
mdulo
del
vector
velocidad
instantnea
se lethe
conoce
celeridad
instantnea.
points allows
us to determine
average como
acceleration
of the particlethe
average
time intervals become smaller and
acceleration a of a particle as it moves is defined as the change in the instantaneous
smaller. In the limit that the end
sions
y
vi
vf
v
vi
vi
"
vf
ri
rf
vf
La aceleracin
es unascalar
magnitud
vectorial,
Because a is the ratio of a vector
quantity !v media
and a positive
quantity
!t, we concon la is
misma
direccin
que el cambio
enAslaindicated
velocidad.
clude that average acceleration
a vector
quantity directed
along !v.
in
Figure 4.4, the direction of !v is found by adding the vector " vi (the negative of vi) to
the vector vf , because by definition !v # vf " vi.
When the average acceleration of a particle changes during different time inter-
sions
y
vi
vf
v
vi
or
vi
"
vf
ri
rf
vf
aceleracin
es una
vectorial.
Because a is the ratio of La
a vector
quantity instantnea
!v and a positive
scalarmagnitud
quantity !t,
we conclude
that average
is a vector
directed
along como
!v. As en
indicated
in
El cambio
en la acceleration
velocidad puede
serquantity
tanto en
su mdulo
su direccin
o en el sentido.
Figure 4.4, the direction of !v is found by adding the vector " vi (the negative of vi) to
the vector vf , because by definition !v # vf " vi.
When the average acceleration of a particle changes during different time inter-
Si
En notacin vectorial
En notacin vectorial
which is the vector version of Equation 2.12. This equation tells us that the position
vector rf is the vector sum of the original position ri, a displacement vit arising from
the initial velocity of the particle and a displacement 12at 2 resulting from the constant
acceleration of the particle.
Graphical representations of Equations 4.8 and 4.9 are shown in Figure 4.5. Note
from Figure 4.5a that vf is generally not along the direction of either vi or a because
the relationship between these quantities is a vector expression. For the same reason,
time
ayt
vf
vyf
vyi
at
rf
vyit
vi
vxi
yf
1 a t2
2 y
vit
yi
ri
axt
xi
Un
1 at 2
2
x
vxit
1 a t2
2 x
Tiro parablico:
aproximaciones fundamentales
La aceleracin de cada libre, g, es constante a lo largo de todo el
movimiento y tiene direccin descendente (hacia el centro de la Tierra)
Equivalente a suponer:
- la velocidad inicial del objeto es pequea (para que el efecto
del rozamiento sea despreciable).
- rango de movimiento pequeo comparado con el radio de la
Tierra (podemos considerar que la Tierra es plana dentro de ese rango).
- la altura mxima del objeto es tambin pequea comparada
con el radio de la Tierra (g vara con la altura).
- la Tierra est en reposo.
Tiro parablico:
condiciones iniciales
C H A P T E R 4 Motion in Two Dimensions
PITFALL PREVENTION
Acceleration at the
Highest Point
vy
vy = 0
vx i
vi
vy i
i
vx i
"
vx i
vy
vx i
vx i
Tiro parablico:
velocidad y posicin como funcin del tiempo
C H A P T E R 4 Motion in Two Dimensions
PITFALL PREVENTION
Acceleration at the
Highest Point
vy
vy = 0
vx i
vi
vy i
"
vx i
vy
vx i
vx i
vx i
i
vyi
Active Figure 4.7 The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with
a velocity vi. The velocity vector v changes with time in both magnitude and
Velocidad
direction. This change is the result of acceleration in the negative y direction.
The x component of velocity remains constant in time because there is no acceleration along the horizontal direction. The y component of velocity is zero at
the peak of the path.
Posicin
(4.12)
Next, from Equation 4.11 we find t ! xf/(vi cos #i) and substitute this expression for t
into Equation 4.12; this gives
Tiro parablico:
origen del nombre
C H A P T E R 4 Motion in Two Dimensions
PITFALL PREVENTION
Acceleration at the
Highest Point
vy
vy = 0
vx i
vi
vy i
i
vx i
"
vx i
vy
vx i
vx i
Tiro parablico:
expresin vectorial para la posicin
SECTION 4.3 P
1
2
gt 2
(x, y)
vit
rf
O
Figure 4.8 The position vector rf of a projectile launched from the origin whose initial
velocity at the origin is vi. The vector vit would be the displacement of the projectile if
gravity were absent, and the vector 12 gt 2 is its vertical displacement due to its downward
gravitational acceleration.
Tiro parablico:
Alcance horizontal y altura mxima
vy A = 0
vi
!
h
"x
O
R
v sin "i
v sin "i
Lanzando en un sitio con aceleracin de cada libre menor (la Luna)
1
h ! (vi sin "i) i
# 2g i
g
g
"
Tiro parablico:
Alcance horizontal y altura mxima
Horizontal Range
Maximum
Height ofhorizontal
a Projectile
Punto de altura mxima
En and
alcance
R es la distancia
recorrida.
En el punto de alcance mximo yf = 0
vy A = 0
vi
!
h
"x
0 ! vi sin "i # gt A
Figure 4.10 A projectile launched
from the origin at ti ! 0 with an
v sin "i
initial velocity vi. The maximum
tA ! i
Como
se puede
g
height ofCmo
the projectile
is h, andaumentar R?
the horizontal range is R. At !, the
Substituting this expression for tA into the y part of Equation 4.9a and
peak of the trajectory,
thela
particle
Aumentando
mdulo de
velocidad inicial
y ! yA with h, we obtain an expression for h in terms of the magnitude and di
has coordinates (R/2, h).
initial libre
velocity
vector:
Lanzando en un sitio con aceleracin the
de cada
menor
(la Luna)
v sin "i
v sin "i
1
g i
h !para
(vi sinmovimientos
"i) i
# 2simtricos
Slo
g
g
"
Tiro parablico:
Alcance horizontal y altura mxima
El alcance horizontal mximo se consigue para un valor del ngulo
Para cualquier otro valor del ngulo, un punto de coordenadas (R,0)
se puede alcanzar con los dos valores complementarios de
SECTION 4
y(m)
150
vi = 50 m/s
75
100
60
45
50
30
15
50
100
150
200
250
Active Figure 4.11 A projectile launched from the origin with an initial speed of
x(m)
At
http://w
vary the
!
r
vi
"
r
vf
vi
v
ri
(a)
rf
(b)
vf
(c)
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves from ! to ", its velocity vector changes
from vi to vf . (c) The construction for determining the direction of the change in velocity !v, which
toward the
of the con
circle for
small
!r.
Aunque
un isobjeto
secenter
mueva
una
celeridad
constante
en una
trayectoria circular, tambin tiene una aceleracin, ya que vara la
path of the object anddireccin
perpendicular
the radius
of the circular path. We now show
delto vector
velocidad.
!
r
vi
"
r
vf
vi
v
ri
(a)
rf
(b)
vf
(c)
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves from ! to ", its velocity vector changes
Elfrom
vector
velocidad siempre es tangente a la trayectoria del
vi to vf . (c) The construction for determining the direction of the change in vey perpendicular
radio
la trayectoria
circular.
locity !v, which
is toward the centeral
of the
circlede
for small
!r.
objeto
El vector
aceleracin
en un movimiento
uniforme
path of the
object and perpendicular
to the radiuscircular
of the circular
path. Wesiempre
now show es
perpendicular
a la trayectoria
y siempre
apunta
el perpendicular
centro del crculo.
that the acceleration
vector in uniform
circular
motionhacia
is always
to
the fuera
path and
always
points
toward
the center ofde
thelacircle.
An acceleration
of thisa la
Si no
as,
habra
una
componente
aceleracin
paralela
nature is called
centripetal
acceleration
(centripetal
means center-seeking),
and its
trayectoria,
es adecir,
paralela
al vector
velocidad.
Esta componente
magnitude is
contribuira
a aumentar la celeridad, contradiciendo nuestra hiptesis
v2
vi
"
r
vf
vi
v
ri
(a)
rf
(b)
vf
(c)
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves from ! to ", its velocity vector changes
Elfrom
ngulo
entre losfordos
vectores
posicin
es igual
determining
the direction
of the change
in ve- al
vi to vf . (c) The construction
entre
losofdos
vectores
velocidad
locity !v, which is toward
the center
the circle
for small !r.
ngulo
acceleration
v2
ac "
r
(4.15)
where r is the radius of the circle. The subscript on the acceleration symbol reminds us
that the acceleration is centripetal.
First note that the acceleration must be perpendicular to the path followed by the
object, which we will model as a particle. If this were not true, there would be a compo-
en
acceleration
!
r
vi
"
r
vf
vi
v
ri
(a)
rf
(b)
vf
(c)
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves from ! to ", its velocity vector changes
from vi to vf . (c) The construction for determining the direction of the change in velocity !v, which is toward the center of the circle for small !r.
path of the object and perpendicular to the radius of the circular path. We now show
Aceleracin
that the acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is always perpendicular
to
the path and always points toward the center of the circle. An acceleration of this
nature is called a centripetal acceleration (centripetal means center-seeking), and its
magnitude is
instantnea
Mdulo de la velocidad v
Tomando lmite cuando
v2
ac "
(4.15)
where r is the radius of the circle. The subscript on the acceleration symbol reminds us
that the acceleration is centripetal.
First note that the acceleration must be perpendicular to the path followed by the
object, which we will model as a particle. If this were not true, there would be a compo-
(a)
vi
"
r
vf
vi
v
ri
rf
(b)
vf
(c)
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves from ! to ", its velocity vector changes
from vi to vf . (c) The construction for determining the direction of the change in velocity !v, which is toward the center of the circle for small !r.
path of the object and perpendicular to the radius of the circular path. We now show
that the acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is always perpendicular to
the path and always points toward the center of the circle. An acceleration of this
Aceleracin centrpeta
nature is called a centripetal acceleration (centripetal means center-seeking), and its
magnitude is
De donde
large (such as at point #). The direction of at is either in the same direction as v (if v
is increasing) or opposite v (if v is decreasing).
In uniform circular motion, where v is constant, at ! 0 and the acceleration is always completely radial, as we described in Section 4.4. In other words, uniform circular
motion is a special case of motion along a general curved path. Furthermore, if the direction of v does not change, then there is no radial acceleration and the motion is
at maya not
be zero).
one-dimensional
(inpartcula
this case, aque
Imaginemos una
sebut
mueve
lo largo
de una trayectoria curva,
r ! 0,
res link
m, you
ion
coaster
"
ar
ar
! at
at
a
ar
at
Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in
the xy plane. If the velocity vector v (always tangent to the path) changes in direction
El vector
velocidad
es atangente
a la component
trayectoria
and magnitude,
the components
of thesiempre
acceleration
are a tangential
at
and a radial component ar .
large (such as at point #). The direction of at is either in the same direction as v (if v
is increasing) or opposite v (if v is decreasing).
In uniform circular motion, where v is constant, at ! 0 and the acceleration is always completely radial, as we described in Section 4.4. In other words, uniform circular
motion is a special case of motion along a general curved path. Furthermore, if the direction of v does not change, then there is no radial acceleration and the motion is
at maya not
be zero).
one-dimensional
(inpartcula
this case, aque
Imaginemos una
sebut
mueve
lo largo
de una trayectoria curva,
r ! 0,
"
ar
ar
! at
at
a
ar
at
res link
m, you
Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in
ionModelo geomtrico:
the xy plane. Ifse
thesustituye
velocity vector
(always tangent
to the
direction
la vtrayectoria
real
en path)
cadachanges
punto in
por
una trayectoria circular,
coaster
and magnitude,
the components
thecurvatura
accelerationde
a are
tangential component
at
cuyo radio
es el radioofde
laatrayectoria
en ese punto.
and a radial component ar .
ways completely radial, as we described in Section 4.4. In other words, uniform circular
motion is a special case of motion along a general curved path. Furthermore, if the direction of v does not change, then there is no radial acceleration and the motion is
one-dimensional (in this case, ar ! 0, but at may not be zero).
"
ar
ar
! at
res link
m, you
ion
coaster
at
a
ar
at
Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in
theExpresamos
xy plane. If the velocity
vector v (always
tangent
to the mediante
path) changes
in direction
la aceleracin
en cada
punto
dos
componentes,
and magnitude,
the components
of the acceleration
a are
tangential
at
en funcin
de un origen
situado en
el acentro
decomponent
cada crculo.
and a radial component ar .
Su mdulo es:
Su mdulo es:
Su direccin es tangencial.
Como la velocidad lleva tambin la direccin
tangencial podemos calcular un vector
unitario en esa direccin
como
!
r
(a)
ar
x
(b)
Figure 4.19 (a) Descriptions of the unit vectors r and !. (b) The total acceleration a of
a particle moving along a curved path (which at any instant is part of a circle of radius r)
is the sum of radial and tangential component vectors. The radial component vector is
directed toward the center of curvature. If the tangential component of acceleration
becomes zero, the particle follows uniform circular motion.
cannot
nt parts
owever,
llection
objects
ny situa-
otating
ure. Let
he disc.
ircle of
O.) It is
ere r is
m some
rdinate
particle
n arc of
ugh the
r
O
Reference
line
(a)
r
O
u
Reference
line
(b)
(10.1a)
(10.1b)
cannot
nt parts
owever,
llection
objects
ny situa-
otating
ure. Let
he disc.
ircle of
O.) It is
ere r is
m some
rdinate
particle
n arc of
ugh the
r
O
Reference
line
(a)
P
r
O
u
Reference
line
(b)
(10.1a)
(10.1b)
30
45
60
90
180
270
360
Radianes
/6
/4
/3
/2
3/2
" ,t f
!,ti
f
i
O
The rate at which this angular displacement occurs can vary. If the rigid object spins
rapidly, this displacement can occur in a short time interval. If it rotates slowly, this displacement occurs in a longer time interval. These different rotation rates can be quantified by introducing angular speed. We define the average angular speed & (Greek
omega) as the ratio of the angular displacement of a rigid object to the time interval
$t during which the displacement occurs:
&"
#f % #i
$#
!
tf % ti
$t
(10.2)
" ,t f
!,ti
f
i
O
The rate at which this angular displacement occurs can vary. If the rigid object spins
Figure 10.2 A particle on a
rapidly, this displacement can occur in a short time interval. If it rotates slowly, this disrotating rigid object moves from !
to " along the arc of a circle. In
placement occurs in a longer time interval. These different rotation rates can be quanthe time interval $t ! tf % ti , the
tified by introducing angular speed. We define the average angular speed & (Greek
Si vector
adoptamos
el convenio
de que el eje fijo de rotacin es el eje z, entonces diremos
radius
moves through
an
omega) as the ratio of the angular displacement of a rigid object to the time interval
angular
$# ! #f % cuando
#i.
quedisplacement
es positiva
aumente (movimiento en sentido contrario del sentido
$t during which the displacement occurs:
&"
#f % #i
$#
!
tf % ti
$t
(10.2)
" ,t f
!,ti
f
i
O
&"
#f % #i
$#
!
tf % ti
$t
(10.2)
Como
sugiere que
Derivando el vector velocidad, obtenemos la aceleracin
Cinemtica de rotacin:
cuerpo rgido con aceleracin angular constante
En el caso de movimiento de rotacin alrededor de un eje fijo, el movimiento
acelerado ms simple es el movimiento bajo aceleracin angular constante
Y adems
Podemos integrar esta expresin directamente para calcular la velocidad angular final
Cinemtica de rotacin:
cuerpo rgido con aceleracin angular constante
Integrando una vez ms obtenemos el ngulo en funcin del tiempo
Cinemtica de rotacin:
cuerpo rgido con aceleracin angular constante
Cinemtica de rotacin:
cuerpo rgido con aceleracin angular constante
Table 10.1
Linear Motion
!f " !i # $t
%f " %i # !i t # 12 $t 2
!f 2 " !i 2 # 2$(%f & %i )
%f " %i # 12(!i # !f )t
vf " vi # at
1
x f " x i # vi t # 2at 2
vf 2 " vi 2 # 2a(x f & x i )
1
x f " x i # 2(vi # vf )t
Example 10.1
Rotating Wheel
Cuando un cuerpo rgido gira alrededor de un eje fijo, cada partcula del cuerpo
C H A P T E R 10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis
se mueve alrededor de un crculo cuyo centro es el eje de giro
y
v
P
s
r
u
O
Unapoint
partcula
un cuerpo
rgidoin
enarotacin
se linea
Because
P inde
Figure
10.4 moves
circle, the
mueve
crculopath
de radio
r alrededor
del tangential
eje z
ways tangent
toen
theuncircular
and hence
is called
of the tangential velocity of the point P is by definition the tan
Dado que la partcula se mueve en una trayectoria
where s is thecircular,
distancesutraveled
by this point measured along t
vector velocidad es siempre
10.1a) and noting
that r is constant, we obta
ing that s ! r # (Eq.perpendicular
a la trayectoria
(a menudo se denomina velocidad
ds tangencial)
d#
v!
!r
dt viene
dt dado por
El mdulo de la velocidad tangencial
! rla
$ partcula a lo
Donde s es la distancia recorridavpor
Active Figure 10.4 As a rigid object
largo de la trayectoria circular
rotates about the fixed axis through
El mdulo de la velocidad tangencialThat
de lais,partcula
the tangential speed of a point on a rotating rigid obje
O, the point P has a tangential
es igual a la distancia de la partculaular
al eje
de giroof that point from the axis of rotation multiplie
distance
velocity v that is always tangent to
multiplicada
poroflaradius
velocidad
angularTherefore,
de la partcula
although every point on the rigid object has the s
the circular path
r.
every point has the same tangential speed because r is not the sa
Cuando un cuerpo rgido gira alrededor de un eje fijo, cada partcula del cuerpo
C H A P T E R 10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis
se mueve alrededor de un crculo cuyo centro es el eje de giro
y
v
P
s
r
u
O
Unapoint
partcula
un cuerpo
rgidoin
enarotacin
se linea
Because
P inde
Figure
10.4 moves
circle, the
mueve
crculopath
de radio
r alrededor
del tangential
eje z
ways tangent
toen
theuncircular
and hence
is called
of the tangential velocity of the point P is by definition the tan
where sElismdulo
the distance
by tangencial
this point measured
along t
de la traveled
velocidad
de la partcula
and de
noting
that r is al
constant,
we obta
ing that es
s !igual
r # (Eq.
a la10.1a)
distancia
la partcula
eje de giro
multiplicada por la velocidad angular de la partcula
ds
d#
v!
!r
dt
dt
at !
dv
d$
!r
dt
dt
(10.11)
Relaciones
entre las magnitudes dea ! r %
Relation between tangential
and angular acceleration
rotacin y traslacin
That is, the tangential component of the linear acceleration of a point on a rotating
t
Podemos establecer
aceleracin tangencial
y
rigid object equals the points distance from the axis of rotation multiplied by the angular acceleration.
unaInrelacin
la that
aceleracin
angular
de lapath
partcula
y asu
Section 4.4entre
we found
a point moving
in a circular
undergoes
radial
, cuya componente
tangente
a la trayectoria
del movimiento
v 2/r
directed toward
the center of rotation
(Fig. 10.5).
acceleration
ar of magnitudees
Because v ! r $ for a point P on a rotating object, we can express the centripetal acceleration at that point in terms of angular speed as
at
ac !
a
ar
v2
! r $2
r
(10.12)
Latotal
componente
tangencial
aceleracin
traslacin
de una
The
linear acceleration
vector at de
the la
point
is a ! at " arde
, where
the magniacceleration ac . un
Because
a is a vector circular
having a radial
and a a la
tude of partcula
ar is the centripetal
que experimenta
movimiento
es igual
tangential component,
of a atal
theeje
point
on themultiplicada
rotating rigid object
distanciathe
demagnitude
la partcula
deP giro
porisla
aceleracin
angular
a ! a t 2 " a r 2 !
r %2 " $4
r 2% 2 " r 2$4 !
(10.13)
total
Transparencias de soporte
Unidades: (rad/s)
Celeridad angular
Por definicin
integrando
Como
Podemos escribir
Derivando el vector velocidad, obtenemos la aceleracin