i) Concepts of Motion 1.1. Motion Diagrams 1.2 The Particle Model Exereises 1-5: Draw a motion diagram for each motion described below. ‘+ Use the particle model to represent the object as a particle, to eight dots are appropriate for most motion diagrams. + Number the positions in order, as shown in Figure 1.4 in the text, spacing -»steody speed ot Starts 2, Anclevaor sas rom est at te Hh or of te Empire State Building and descends, with no stops, until comting to rest onthe ground floor. (Draw this, one vertically since the motion is vertical.) as Peason Addison Wesley. w be se be Stops 3. A skier stars from rest at the top ofa 30° snow-covered slope and steadily speeds up as she skies to the bottom, (Orient your diagram as seen from the side. Label the 30° angle.) Sorts a é 5 g °1-2 cuarren 1 Concepts of Motion 4, The space shuttle orbits the earth in a circular ae onbit, completing one revolution in 90 minutes. 1, 2 oe 4 1 5 eb 5. Bob throws a ball tan upward 45° angle from @ . third-story balcony. The ball lands on the ground * as below. . 3 © ae equal Nerizental Spacing ge oe Exercises 6-9: For each motion diagram, vite a short description ofthe motion of an object that will natch the diagram, Your descriptions should name specific objects and be phased snarl tothe Gescriptions of Exercises Ito 5, Note the axis labels on Exercises 8 and 9 6 me 8M 5 b* . State Acor breaks te ostop trom a ‘Sally launches awoter Speed of Hokmine, HANLON From Nec second- Floor hoy Linear Motion of or Sepopien pt Folnitiner objet slowing downto astop.) (projectile motion) 7.09 sas 2 9. Non l ‘Sen ——e ‘e at Mikey drops OA Tock OFF of AMON Walks steadily alon act. opotn nak facns From nett Any downward accel wounds He West ond conti Basi cenony erodian dicectly West Any tanning Eromnorintowest at consti Speed.) {©2008 by Pearson Easton, pblishing as Peso Adon Wes,‘6 2008 by Pearson Eecatio, lc. publishing as Pearson Adson-Wesey Concepts of Motion CHAPTER 1 1-3 1.3 Position and Time 10, The figure below shows the location of an object at three successive instants of time. ‘a. Use a red pencil to draw and label on the figure the three position vectors 7, 7, and 7, at times 0, 1, and 2. b, Use a blue or green pencil to draw a possible trajectory from to 1 t0 2. . cc. Use a black pencil to draw the displacement vector AF from the initial to the final position, 1 In Exercise 10, isthe object's displacement equal to the distance the object travels? Explain No, the displacement is He blackarrow, AF. The distance troveled is tne sum of te. lengns of tne lalueor green arrows. 12, Redraw your motion diagrams from Exercises | to 5 in the space below. Then add and Iabel the displacement vectors AF on each diagram. a a3 f 5 t an se po a 8 Sb os” at St" at * oat ayy be1 cHApren 1 Concepts of Motion 1.4 Velocity 13, The figure below shows the positions of a moving object in three successive frames of film. Draw and label the velocity vector fy for the motion from 0 to | and the vector P) for the motion from 1 to 2 Exercises 14-20: Draw a motion diagram for each motion described below. + Use the particle model. + Show and label the velocity vectors. 14, A rocket-powered car on a test track accelerates from rest to a high speed, then coasts at constant speed after running out of fuel, Draw a dashed line across your diagram to indicate the point at which the car runs out of fuel € 3 4 5 & 7 ° o .. ° : Song Pa Pe BF MG 5 wu ‘Runs out of Fuel 15, Galileo drops a ball from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Consider the ball’s motion from the moment it leaves his hand until a microsecond before it aye hits the ground. Your diagram should be vertical Met ¥, “ea at wt a = w a 1 2008 ty Person Bducatn, ne, publishing as Fearon Adon Wes.1s Penson Addison-Wesley (© 2008 by Pearon Edicion Jac, pubis CConcopis of Motion cuarren 1 1-5 16, An elevator starts from rest at the ground floor. It accelerates upward for a short time, then moves with constant speed, and finally brakes to a halt at the tenth floor. Draw dashed lines across your diagram to indicate where the acceleration stops and where the braking begins. You'll need 10 or 12 points to indicate the motion clearly. 0 8% 17. A bowling bll being retuned from the pin ard tothe bowler sts oo rolling at eonstant speed. I then goes upa ramp and exits oto a level section at very low speed. You'l neg. 1,012 points indicate the motion clearly. AS 18, A track star runs once around a running track at constant speed. The track has straight sides and semicircular ends. Use a bind’s-eye view looking down on the track. Use about 20 points for your motion diagram.166. cuapree 1 + Concepts of Motion 19. A caris parked on a hill. The brakes fail, and the car rolls down the hill with an ever-increasing sf At the bottom of the hill it runs into a thick hedge and gently comes to a halt, oe 20. Andy is standing on the street, Bob is standing on the second-floor balcony of their apartment, about 30 feet back from the street. Andy throws a baseball to Bob. Consider the ball’s motion from the ‘moment it leaves Andy's hand until a microsecond before Bob catches it. Wie’ oe ba Ye 3 ts i % Aa & Bob z a _f : v. i i 3 Andy © i (©2008 ty Peason Esato, oe.ts Wesley (© 2008 by Pearon Fcaion, In, publishing at Peano Concepis of Motion » CHAPTER 1 1-7 1.5 Linear Acceleration Note: Beginning with this section, and for future motion diagrams, you will “color code” the veetors. Draw velocity vectors black and acceleration vectors red. Exercises 21-24: The figures below show an objets postion in thre sucess abject is moving in the direction 0» 1 > 2. For each digram: Dea and abel the inital and final velocity vectors Hy and, Use lack — Black ++ Use the steps of Tacties Box 1.3 to find the change in velocity Av. ~~~ Red * Draw and label @ atthe prope locaton othe motion digram, Use red + Determine whether the objects speeding up, slowing dawn, or moving ata constant speed. Write your answer beside the diagram, e frames of film, The a n,w, Ww, tik 3 & au, Slowing =>: down Ne 2. 24. Slowing down1-8 charrin 1» Concepts of Motion Exercises 25-29: Draw a complete motion diagram foreach ofthe following. *+ Draw and label the velocity vectors 7. Use black. a + Draw and label the acceleration vectors d. Use red, 25, Galileo drops a ball from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Consider its motion from the moment it leaves his hand until a microsecond before it hits the ground, ob % v 1 "i | €-~ pied vb ofh 26. Trish is driving her carat a steady 30 mph when a small furry creature runs into the road in front of her. She hits the brakes and skids to a stop, Show her motion from 2 seconds before she starts braking until she comes to a complete stop. ral => Ne v Ve Vg. . poe i Bo OO Bo 27. A ball rolls up @ smooth board tilted at a 30° angle. Then it rolls back to its starting position, eg ontetloy op ‘> 9, Vrarning point v = ve FE non thew down % pubishng a Pearson Addison Wes. 4 i : | i : 3‘Concepts of Motion CHAPTER 1 1-9 28. A bowling ball being returned from the pin area to the bowler rolls at a constant speed, then up a ramp, and finally exits onto a level section at very low speed. 29, Two sprinters, Cynthia and Diane, start side by side, Diane has run only 80 m when Cynthia crosses the finish line of the 100 m dash. Qamin WY, season Adio Wily ohy my Bm 190%1-10 curapreR 1» Concopts of Mosion (© 208 ty Pearson Eéncton Ine, publishing a Pearon Adon Wisesi 2 i é Concepts of Motion cHapreR 1 111 1.6 Motion in One 1.7. Solving Problems in Physics 30, The four motion diagrams below show an intial point O and a final point 1.A pictorial representation would define the five symbols: X, 2. Yon Yi and a, for horizontal motion and equivalent symbols with + for vertieal motion. Determine whether each of these quantities is positive, negative, or zero. Give your answer by writing +, -, oF O in the table below. os 8 or, j “ c 1 D |g 0 Hsia esky of bo sure of Oi A B Cc D mary | O o [0 | + Ory + = + 8 Voor vy | _¥ oj} oT = wor | 0 = [+ T= ora | = =[P+t= 31, The three symbols x, v,, and a, have eight possible combinations of signs. For example, one combination is (x, ys a,) = C+ ~. 4). 4, List all eight combinations of signs for.x, Yd 1 +++ 5 to 2 tt 6 THe 3. +--+ 4. --+ 4 -te 8 ---1-12 cHarrer 1» Concops of Moxon b. For each of the eight combinations of signs you identified in part a Draw a four-dot motion diagram of an object that has these signs for x, v,, and a, “+ Draw the diagram above the axis whose number corresponds to part a, + Use black and red for your 7 and d vectors. Be sure to label the vectors. (©2008 ty Peas Eaton, Ie, polishing Patron Adon Wesleyas Peuson Adison Wey 102008 by Peano Eset, Ine, po Concepts of Motion - cuAPTER 1 1-13 32. Sketch position-versus-time graphs for the following motions. Include a numerical scale on both axes With units that are reasonable for this motion. Some numerical information is given in the problem, but for other quantities make reasonable estimates. Note: A sketched graph simply means hand-drawn, rather than carefully measured and laid out with a riler. But a sketch should still be neat and as accurate as is feasible by hand. I also should include labeled axes and, if appropriate, tick-marks and numerical scales along the axes. 1a, A student walks to the bus stop, waits for the bus, then rides to campus. Assume that all the motion is along a straight street, Albom) +t bin) Ss 10 b, A student walks slowly tothe bus top, realizes he forgot his paper that is due, and quickly walks home to get it xm) sO 00 t 2 3 onin) «. The quarterback drops back 10 yards from the line of scrimmage, then throws a pass 20 yards to the tight end, who catches it and sprints 20 yards to the goal. Draw your graph for the football. Think carefully about what the slopes of the lines should be. xys) » wy 3 4 tls)1-14 cuaprer 1 + Coneopts of Motion 33, Interpret the following position-versus-time graphs by writing a very short “story” of what is happeni . Be creative! Have characters and situations! Simply saying that “a car moves W0 meters to the right” doesn't qualify as a story. Your stories should make specific reference to information you obtain from the graphs, such as distances moved or time elapsed. a. Moving car so) ° - - in) a o rc . Two football players (yu) 100-4 Ho) graph? If so, then do so. If not, why not? ASterdrivingontne imerstate foriomin, at Lomph,Tstbpped at a rest area. when Eee onthe rood Orrin loter,T was gives to gomeh by aconstrustisnzane For lOmin. Finally a UOmah got OFF ot me exit Imi Hrombome, After. i lomin T realized snot T lett my wallet akNome sot drove back without et corstructiondelays ot 75mpn | Wemade aslew dive to 200m as We enterecl enemy territory After CUISINE for lOmin, Weslowly Tose. UP +0 lodm to listen Forsounds From enemy ships. Ohno! We've been hi Tionevasive (ove to escay Chores, We dive toSdmand make. oar oud $0 Se. Safe, Onin, We Vise tothe surfoce. At-the kickoff, Fred recievesthe ball onthe lOyd line and heads up Field, okosprint. Brutus Tans torard pred iMonattemat te Fackle him, but misses as Fred Crosses tne SDyd line. Brutus vainly ties to catch but Fred Seo - Feat » Beukus: NULS TO FUN aFter We Already Seared. ter Fredinas _ Can you give an interpretation to this position-versus-time xm) There is No Sensible intecpretation. heeause thearaph Kequires the object te be in two places at once | Sp ‘© 2008 vy Peason Fata, le. publishing Peston Adon: Wes(© 2008 by Pearson Eaton lc, publishing as Peron Addison-Wesley Concepts of Motion » cuaPreR 1 1-15 1.8. Units and Significant Figures 35. Convert the following to SI units, Work actoss the line and show all steps in the conversion, to®: ot 29:12 sx STS 3 ABs Ks oan vd? [BARRIO 0.342 km ABE [348.8107 4onins 2a Eas «|. 4x10" sot Pay, Uae, WER BOE con BEES, Bin x aston, Pm , Une = [are co A S| Tie Tem in x Shee os4 Io" =p 53 al 4 a.Stlem, d.Sdem , 10a [Sea = .0%10 78 2sven"y On 5 1a. 10° As Sx| Teen * Tem Note: Think carefully about g and h. A picture may help. 36, Use Table 1.5 to assess whether or not the following statements are reasonable, a Joe is 180 em tall 1BOcen = 16410 em % 1G In = Tin = oft Reosonalole SS b. Lode my bike to campus at a speed of 50 mis BO x 19 SO xdenplr = 1OOmeh Not Reasonable A skier reaches the bottom othe hill going 25 ns asx © ASxdmph = FOompn Reasonable Ubewinnill racers reac “Binph)1-16 carrie 1 + Concepts of Motion 4. Tan throw a ball a distance of 2 km. Dkm ~|-dmiles Not Reasonolle. c. Tan throw a ball ata speed of 50 km/hr. SOK ~ Boman Reosonoiole (Mayer Leoaque pitchers ——— thfow at S100mph. 37. Justify the assertion that 1 m/s = 2. mph by exactly converting 1 m/s to English units. By what percentage is this rough conversion in error? ‘ x Bs , lin [xlO%em (EE Imi WSs ne “asttean” tm * Tava aggoRy 7 On Oetenp error ; B:24mph-depi] 2 3Amph “| Pfeerror 38. How many significant figures does each of the following numbers have? 20.11 a. 62) 3 00 3 i, 1.0621 5 b. 621 3 £.0.620 3 joaxi 3 cao 3 202 «=O kext 3 aco § 2 2 Lexie 3 39, Compute the following numbers, applying the significant figure standards adopted for this text. 0333x254= &-WorlO? 2345 x 3,321 = ye ».333-254= TA £@22x123-51= A.XIO es3e451= 7.38 x 107! 33a 1.40 xao® ('seaies) 4.333x45.1= [508.2103 h. V83 = 5.77 (leading one) ‘©2018 ty Praon Education, le. pblishng as Pearson Adon Wes.{© 2008 by Person Education, publishing as Pearion Adon Wese Kinematics in One Dimension 2.1 Uniform Motion 1, Sketch position-versus-time graphs for the following motions. Include appropriate numerical scales along both axes. A small amount of computation may be necessary. ‘A parachutist opens her parachute at an altitude of 1500 m. She then descends slowly to earth at a steady speed of 5 m/s, Start your graph as her parachute opens. yg Slope>-S'9 00 50) 189 300 3 els) . Trucker Bob starts the day 120 miles west of Denver. He drives east for 3 hours at a steady 60 miles/hour before stopping for his coffee break. Let Denver be located at x =0 mi and assume that the x-axis points to the east. cnet HE +Uhrs) moo West ~!90 ©. Quarterback Bill throws the ball to the right ata speed of 151. Is intercepted 45 m away by Carlos, whois running othe left at 75 mis. Carlos cartes the ball 60 m wo score. Let.x = 0m be the point where Bill throws the bal. Draw the graph forthe football upfield IS Pi acm) 30 242-2. carer 2 - Kinematics m One Dimension 2. The figure shows a position-versustime graph for the motion of objects A « and B that are moving along the same axis. s 4, Atthe instant = Is, is the speed of A greater than, less than, or equal to the speed of B? Explain, At t= Is, the slope of {ne line aie? for Ais greater than that for Object B.Thecefore object As Speecl is qreoter (Bohn ore Positive gopes.) b. Do objects A and B ever have the same speed? If so, at what time or times? Explain, No, the Speeds are never +nesome. Lach hos oa Cnstowt Speed (onstourt slope) Ouncl A's Speed is always qreater. 3. Interpret the following position-versustime graphs by writing ashoct “story” about what i happening. ‘Your stories should make specific references to the speeds of the moving objects, which you can determine from the graphs. Assume that the motion takes place along a horizontal line. a soi ONO Quick trip One interctate, 2 : Timmy derives west Fortwo miles, _\emn Gt WD mph, stops ot onexit for [goenphy lomin then retucnseast ot mer ° vin) towhere nestarted. o Paes 8 b. seni 4 nh Atokes the interstate east a pote co lm of GOmph Betarts : 7-5 mi Cast and takes O -3omph Parallel slower rood west ar Sam mp ducing tre sometime, oa Stacking OF in Front of home. ] Plate Bob pitched o.change- up soko 00k toSammy oF (OOF, . Sameniy drove it Straight back ok Wien, of SZ ok MOH Je (© 2008 by Pearson Editon, le. publishing earn Addison-Wesley.i j (© 2008 by Peron Eavestion, In, obi Kinematics in One Dimension » cuaprse 2. 23 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity 4, Draw both a position-versus-time graph and a velocity-versus-time graph for an object at rest at x=im Im /_——__—_ ~ —— a Constant Position ' Zero Velocity '. The figure shows the position-versus-time graphs for two objects, A and B, that are moving along the same axis 2. Atte instant r= Is isthe speed of A greater than, less than, or equal to the speed of BY Explain A's speed is greater at t=Is The slope of the tangent to B's curve of ¢2Is is smatler than the slope oF A's line. b, Do objects A and B ever have the same speed? I so, at what time or times? Explain. Rand B have tne same speed at just before t23s Attnot time, Hneslope oF the tangent te the Curve Ce presenting B's motion ig equa! tothe slope of the line Cepresenting A. 6, Below are six position-versus-time graphs. For each, draw the corresponding velocity-versus-time ‘graph directly below it, A vertical line drawn through both graphs should connect the velocity vat time f with the position s at the same time. There are no numbers, but your graphs should correctly indicate the relative speeds. a b. | jE2-4 cuaprer 2» Kinematics in One Dimension ‘ \ ' . of 1, t . 1. ' H LoS Site 1 a) +-— nr) e 4 Roe ° $= ! ' ' . : y 1 e t ' H —_— of 4 of : 1 — 7. The figure shows a position-versus-time graph for a moving object. At which lettered point or points: 2. Is the object moving the slowest? a b. Is the object moving the fastest? D e-Iste obstat es? ACE 4. Does the object have a constant nonzero velocity? B,D c. Is the object moving to the left? D ing os Pearson Aison Wesley. 8. The figure shows a position-versus-time graph for a moving ‘object. At which lettered point or points: a. Tsthe object moving the fastest? D b. Is the object moving to the left? c. Is the object speeding up? 4. Is the object slowing down? ©2008 by Peston Eton, in. pb ce. Is the object turning around?Kinematics in One Dimension CHAPTER 2. 25 9. For each of the following motions, draw + A motion diagram, + A position-versus-time graph, and + A velocity-versus-time graph. 1. A cat starts from rest, steadily speeds up to 40 mph in 15 s, moves at a constant speed for 30 s, then ‘comes to a halt in 5s, BEV DAM oo he he te be ee | ate 0 Tot »—+ 6 Pp ws «8 6S b. A rock is dropped from a bridge and steadily speeds up as it falls. tis moving at 30 rw/s when it hits the ground 3 § later. Think carefully about the signs. oso ¢. A pitcher winds up and throws a baseball with a speed of 40, One-half second later the batter hitsaline drive witha speed of 60 vs The balls eaugt 1 afer itis it. Brom where you are sitting the batter is tothe ight ofthe pitcher, Draw your motion diagram and graph forte horizontal motion ofthe ball x Re ON ee ea ae’ Vs Lae %2-6 cuaprer 2 - Kinematics in One Dimension 10, The figure shows six frames from the motion diagram of two moving cars, A and B. ae a, Draw both a position-versus-time graph and a velocity- 8 versus-time graph. Show the motion of both cars on each graph, Label them A and B. b. Do the two cars ever have the same postion at one instant of ine? Iso, in which frame number (or numbers)? Yes, at 2 Draw a vertical line through your graphs of part a to indicate this instant of time. . Do the two cars ever have the same velocity at one instant of time? If so, between which two frames? No a 5 11. The figure shows six frames from the motion 3 diagram of two moving cars, A and B. < . me, a, Draw both a position-versus-time graph and a velocity-versus-time graph. Show both cars on ‘each graph, Label them A and B. ». Do the two ears ever have the same position at one instant of time? If so, in which frame number (or numbers}? Yes, at Avonclat S Draw a vertical ine through your graphs of part to indicat this instant of time «, Do the two cars ever have the same velocity at one instant of time? If so, between which two frames? Yes, from 3 to 4 (6.208 by Pearson Eéucaton, In, pobishng a Pearson Addison-Wesley‘2008 by Peano Edtcton, Ine, polishing esson Aaison- Wesley Kinematics in One Dimension » CHAPTER 2. 2-7 2.3 Finding Position from Velocity 12, Below are shown four velocity-versus-time graphs. For each: *+ Draw the corresponding position-versus-time graph. *+ Give a written description of the motion, Assume that the motion takes place along a horizontal line and that x9 = 0. Moving forward at constant ~ Speeding up initially and SpSN MCR STR, HE nmacatouning Remaining stationary fer the. constant speed Ytter Second one-Hritd of tine Hue Point |. Moving backwoid abe Sar Speed For dne Saale es dow \ ok = of,‘ ~ Constorst forwordspeed ty |. 7 Consfomnt negative Jerotiqnyslowi ~Agrenter constant speed deena | anc noSkwarus from hee Farming ocomndond Slowing down while movi Speeding uote retwmn BockWhnds from die, J tobe sHketing paint ord and, Stopping or3,2-8 cuarrnn 2 - Kinematics in One Dimension 13, The figure shows the velocity-versus-time graph for a moving object imi) ‘whose intial position is xy = 20 m. Find the object's position rot jraphicaly, using the geometry ofthe graph, atthe following times. f a. Atra3s, Finding Me aren under the curve. o 109 Use tne rectamale marked %. + pees X(BS)=XqrVy (0-3s)(3s) = 20mr10% (3s) = [50m b.Atr=Ss. Add tothe previous answer the area marked This oreacanbe found bY aeiding ihe tectonale From Bete) 4s and 3/4 ot trot oreo forthe portion fromtsto $ OC, equivel . les SOY Cate) Us) + Ya (ats) oValSs)) 5) cAueTs, 260 melO%e()+/a (015 +5%)a)'s)=SOmt Ome TS Add tothe prev juganswertreoreaet 7 tse Hretrionale from 5s to bs and subtract Oren of he tribnale From (os tos These areasare Ya SMsUis) FESS) .So, x(7s) 267. Smtd Sma Sm2[erom 4. You should have found a simple relationship between your answers to parts b and c. Can you explain this? What is the object doing? Bucing the time from 5's-75, the object is slows While Moving in tre +X direction Far ls then " Speeding rp while Moving in the -Adirection For-the Second -Second. Rétouse the accelevohion iS Constant and the times are equal, the motion is Symetvic. The object retraces its path in Ceverse Time t= bs is aturning point. (© 2008 by PeasonEdcaton, Inc, polishing as Pearson Adon Wess2 (©2008 ty Peason Education In publiting a Pesan Ad kinematics in One Dimension - CHAPTER 2. 2-9 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration + A motion diagram. a a= Out #0. Traveling ot Canstomt Velocity zee ee b. vy, =Obut ay #0, Th oso vO a Tepe ect of sng ation Remonly shows y= 0, woke. eyes Oand a,> 0. 2 cana templet epee te yaw fy te ee xe @ 15, Below are three vlocty-vesustime graphs. For each Draw the comesponding aeceleration-versus-time graph + Draw a motion diagram below the graphs. Ro ' 1 % & ow GB oR ea Peo (o 1b.) a & £2) gio Bo 4, Ae ee fremetion eee ee ese ey \ Turair sat Exercises $7: Draw and label the vector difference A ~ ant xe “ i3-2 cuAPTER 3 . Vests and Coordinate Systems 8. Draw and label the vector 24 and the vector 3.4 S NBR 9. Given vectors A and B below, find the vector € = 24 ~ 3B. 3.3 Coordinate Systems and Vector Components Exercises 10-12: Draw and label the x- and y-component vectors of the vector shown. 10, » i y Be 98138) 73.1 Sin U3) #383, TeBsiqniFicant Figuces Hees nt) 3-e ~Asin(30}=79-00 Seas 453.54 c,=Ssinlds'):3.54 (© 2008 by Peron Education, Io, publishing a Psson Addison-Wesley{©2008 ty Pearson Edbcaton, nc, publishing 8 Petsson Adison- Wesley, Vectors and Coordinate Systoms - cuarTER 3 3-3 Exercises 16-18: Draw and label the vector with these components. Then determine the magnitude of the vector 16. Ay 2 18. C,=0,6, al al a=eGae -3.Ll p= See 29.83 3.4 Vector Algebra Exercises 19-21: Draw and label the vectors on the axes.3-4 curarren 3 - Vectors and Coordinate Systems 25, What is the vector sum 5 = A + B + Gof the three vectors defined in Exercises 22-247 Write your answer in component form, Ba (B-1-B)T + (1-0) $= -P-F Exercises 26-28: For each vector: ‘+ Draw the vector on the axes provided. ‘+ Draw and label an angle @ to describe the direction of the veetor. + Find the magnitude and the angle of the vector. 26,4 = 29 +27 2. B = 21 +27 2-83 (f3) B- 983 (@f5) c=Blle (Wie) o= 45° = 135° o= 18.48 Exercises 29-91: Define vector A= (5, 30° above the horizontal), Determine the components A and yin the thre coordinate systems shown below. Show your work below the Figure 29, a= 4.33 A= 850 ae 4-80 A= 250 A= 433 a= = 1-34 Ay: Sens 30") AcSesaiad) A Saaslts*20') Ay 25sin@0) AysSsin (25 #30) Ay7Ssinus*a0}) ‘©2006 by Pets Education, I, publishing as Pearson Adon Wesky.(© 2008 by Pearson Ese, pling as Pessoa Adon Wesley Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.1 Acceleration Exercises 1-2: The figures below show an object’s position in three successive frames of film. The object is moving in the direction 0 — | — 2. For each diagram: ‘+ Draw and label the initial and final velocity vectors i and i. Use black. + Use the steps of Figures 4.2 and 4.3 to find the change in velocity AV: + Draw and label d at the proper location on the motion diagram. Use red. + Determine whether the object is speeding up, slowing down, or moving at a constant speed. Write your answer beside the diagram. {| Speed a v 3. The figure shows ramp and a ball that rolls along the ramp. Draw vector arrows on the Figure to show the ball’ aoccleration at each ofthe lettered points Ato E (or wtited =O if appropriate). a44-2. cuabreR 4 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4, Complete the motion diagram for this trajectory, showing velocity and acceleration vectors. Exercises 5-6: Draw a complete motion diagram for each of the following, + Draw and label the velocity vectors #. Use black. + Draw and label the acceleration vectors d. Use red, 5. A cannon ball is fired from a Civil War cannon up onto a high cliff. Show the cannon ball's motion from the instant it leaves the cannon until a microsecond before i hits the ground, = No 6. A plane fying north at 300 mph tums slowly tothe west without changing speed, then continues to fly west. Draw the motion diagram from a viewpoint above the plane. pubishing as Psron Aico. Wesley (©2008 by Psion Education,4-3. CHAPTER 4 . Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.2 Kinematics inTwo ensions 7, A particle moving in the zy-plane has the x-versus- graph and the y-versus-t graphs shown below. Use the grid to draw a y-versus-x graph of the trajectory. so 2) ot} 1 {19 aa 8, The trajectory of a particle is shown below. The particle’s position is indicated with dots at 1-second intervals. The particle moves between each pair of dots at constant speed. Draw x-versus-t and y~ vversus-f graphs for the particle. va oa Wee. se) {©2008 Pearson Eéxcaton, I, publishing as Pearon A4-4 carter 4 . Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.3 Projectile Motion is released until it hits the ground. % a. Acar thats rolling at constant velocity fires a ball straight up. When the ball comes back down, wll it land infront ofthe launching tube, tend the lainching tube, or iret inthe tube? Explain, The boatlwill land difectly in tre Cont “The foal ts already movida horizontal with the cork when Lay WeEnal She wall cofansne Sane vertical tne OWNS: wa constant horizontal velocity asthe Cart aind lands im it ». Will your answer change if the cart is accelerating in the forward direction? I so, how? TF Phe cart is oecelaroking, Hen th ‘pall wut anc behind the Ouch the — bals\horizontal velocity when, lounched isthe some asthe carts at Hot moment, butte cack isSpeeding Up and gets alneod oF He lot 11, Rank in order, rom shortest to longest, the amount of time it takes each of these projectiles to hit the ground, Ignore air resistance. (Some may be simultaneous.) 100g ‘Om 100, 10g os 208 Om aon Pome 20m 0m fe Omer: Je = Be 4 & Explanation: None of the Pojecti les has, any initial velocify inti Seoraeoa eee Fat isonly onthe hei aboieticardard Sat Sa beginathe some height. ched Thon = _ (© 2008 ty essen Baucation In ably Parson Adon. Wesley(02008 ty Peason Eto, Inc, publishing a Pearson Addison-Wesley 4-5 cuapre 4 - Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.4 Relative Motion 12, Anita is running to the right at § m/s. Balls | and 2 are thrown toward her at 10 nis by friends standing on the (Or are both speeds the same? Explain Se According te Anita,ball dis, — movi on 10% -5™s2~15™"%s- Bal Li provingat 10" 5525s. ST Ballgis faster. Anita is running to the right at 5 mvs. Balls 1 and 2 are thrown toward her by friends standing on the ground. \ According to Anita, both balls are approaching her at 10m/s. [ @L-—-_—» §. —® Which ball was thrown at a faster speed’? Or were they thrown with the same speed? Explain. Balllwasthrown ot IS s < Ball wos thrown at-5™]s. aor Thus, Occordingts Anita, oat ismavina pt wis SMe =-10"s arclboltLis MOVING ok 515-5 3= 10s. Ryan, Samantha, and Tomas are driving their ) 200 mie convertibles. At the same instant, they each see = a jet plane with an instantaneous velocity of 200 m/s and an acceleration of 5 mis” ‘a, Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the R s 1 Jet's speed vy, v5, and vr acconting to Ryan, “Sag figs cette" catego Samantha and Tomas. Explain VR Vs OMT The jets speed accortlingtoRyanis 300% -(30%s)=230"s. The jetsspeed, Decuring oSamanthajs 0 -90"s = 180". The je'sspeed oceording to Tomas iS 900%YS-4O"s = [lo0s- , Rank in order, from largest to smailest, the jet’s acceleration ag, ag, and ay according to Ryan, Samantha, and Tomas. Explain OgzAg2Oy Because Ryan Somontha and Tomas ateeach moving ok constant 2 they Perceive tHe same rate oFchay in: the jet The acceleration df telet isthe sme inallinetial feference Frames.4-6 cHarree 4 - Kinematics m Two Dimensions 15, Anclectromagnet on the ceiling ofan airplane holds a tee ball, When a button is pushed, the magnet releases the ball. Tc experiment i first dane while the plane is parked on the ground, and the point where the bal hit the floor is marked with an X. Then the experiment is repeated while the plan is flying level ata steady 500 mph Does the ball Ind slightly in font of the X (toward the nose ofthe plane), on the X, or slightly behind the X toward the tail ofthe plane)? Explain Thebalt stilt lowes. onthe X ete experiment, the fool Inikol velocity velotive Pineplane igstillzeto. erated someone ak ek gains serceive rapacr at soon mee ements Straight down- Zack is driving past his house. He wants to tos his physics book out the window and have it land in his driveway. Ihe lets go of the book exactly ashe passes the end of the driveway, should he direct his throw outward and toward the fron of the car (throw 1), straight outward (throw 2), or outward and toward the back of the car (throw 3)? Explain, (Ignore ar resistance.) enecMe rrordmonon tne Iso Nos The TOMWON ‘i \e. Cams LE hewavds the book Fo fellOn pod a intone drew. menerds to include ores ets Reese opennste ‘Ss. ‘sqqualond Aotine Forword Ristuhecat ‘Yette and Zack are driving down the Freeway side by side with their windows rolled down, Zack wants fo toss his physics book out the ‘window and have it land in Ywette’s front seat. Should he direct his| throw outward and toward the front of the car (throw 1), straight ‘outward (throw 2), or outward and toward the back ofthe car (throw 3)? Explain, (Ignore air resistance.) Throw >. Yvette's corr isnot net goving Felotive te Zacks cor From ie OF OM Meaney Soest wi to tne Freeway : leook al cay nasa forward, Veo Vo Yuette's sand, Anevrete' yO" ‘Ss TOWN) Stroight out owe ad. ‘62008 by PearionEdbcato, le. publishing as Pesron Addison-Wesley©2008 ty Pearson Edoctoe, lc. publishing as Paros Adon-Wesky, 4-7 cuavren 4 . Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.5 Uniform Circular Motion 4.6 Velocity and Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion 18, a, The crankshaft in your car rotates at 3000 rpm. What is the frequency in revolutions per second? BOOOrev. [nin . Ky Lev Tmin * GOS O'S b. A record tumtable rotates at 33.3 rpm. What is the period in seconds? BB.Beev, \min 2 9.555 Sev bos Ss brain, 1 s T=5as5=!8s The figure shows three points on a steadily rotating wheel. a, Draw the velocity vectors at each ofthe three points. b, Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the angular velocities 0, «0, ‘and «3 of these points. Oner: 09, = Wa 2 Wg Ds Explanation: Each point traverses — Hye Same oNnale inthe Some time. AT points. onthe Wheel cotocte. With the Same period. ¢- Rank in onder, rom largest to smallest, the speeds vv and v9 ofthese pots oner > VD = Vp Explanation Vi = OW. Point 3 is fucther Owsoy From the Ovcis OF Corociont ownd Fanos a wks yeocer speed Yan poi Rand & which are ot te Some ¢ 05 each cther.AB cuanrnn 4 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 20, Below are two angular position-versus-time graphs. For each, draw the corresponding angular velocity- versus-time graph directly below it. 21. Below are two angular velocity-versus-time graphs. For each, draw the corresponding angular position: ersuntime graph dvecly below iv Assume 8p 0 ra a @ b LT of 4 — of : ‘ ¢ 22. A particle in circular motion rotates clockwise at 4 rads for 2 s, then counterclockwise at 2 rad/s for 4 s. The time required to change direction is negligible. Graph the angular velocity and the angular position, assuming 8p =O rad, > HH 0 7 10) 23, A particle rotates in a circle with a, = 8 mvs, What is if a. The radius is doubled without changing the angular velocity’ Oc = 1s? e's spood? Oct ™[s* The angular velocity i doubled without changing the particle's radius? Qe = OE b. The radius is doubled without changing the par 1 2006 by Porson Education, le, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley4-9. cuAPTER 4. Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.7 Nonuniform Circular Motion and Angular Acceleration 24. The following figures show a rotating wheel, Determine the signs (+ or) of « and a. > @ ol Speeding wp Sowing down ot om + a+ a an 25. The figures below show the radial acceleration vector , at four suecessive points on the trajectory of a particle moving in a counterclockwise circle a For each, draw the tangential acceleration vector dat points 2 and 3 or, if appropriate, write = 0, b Deering the aril “sss acceleration «is postive (), negative (=) of zero (0), 2 Re ° a= 26. A pendulum swings from its end point on the left (point 1) to its end point on the right (point 5). At ‘each of the labeled points: a, Use a black pen or pencil to draw and label the vectors dnd di at each point. Make sure the Jength indicates the relative size ofthe vector. - b. Use a red pen or pencil to draw and label the G20 O<20 total acceleration vector. ~ 5 Bock wn 7 =i Red a , 7B4-10 cuaprer 4 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 27. The figure shows the @-versus-r graph for a particle moving in a circle. The curves are all sections of parabolas. a, Draw the corresponding «-versus-f and ‘-versus-t graphs, Notice that the horizontal tick marks are equally spaced. 'b. Write a description of the particle’s motion. The ‘icle starts From, Test and steadily Speeds up Cew Ofound the citcle for one Full cycle , then Slows down Steadilyfor a second Cevoluction at Whicl time it Stops and veverses divection [ to steadily Speed Up ata Slower rate for half tre cicle; T+ then slows For the final nalf cycle ond stops after traveling cw for one cycle. A wheel rolls to the left along a horizontal surface, up a ramp, then continues along the upper horizontal surface, Draw graphs for the wheel's angular velocity « and angular acceleration a as functions of time. 6 | @ J * (more dimespent | __ ortop) (©2008 by Pearson Eéncton, In, publishing as Pearson Alison. Wesley(© 2008 ty Pearson vest, Ic. pblsing 8 Peon Aison- Wesley Force and Motion 5.1 Force 1. Two or more forces are shown on the objects below. Draw and label the net force Fg. Ener Fret 2. Two or more forces are shown on the objects below. Draw and label the net force Fa 5.2 A Short Catalog of Forces 5.3 Identifying Forces Exercises 3-8: Follow the six-step procedure of Tactics Box 5.2 to identify and name all the forces acting, con the object. 3, An elevator suspended by a cable is descending at constant velocity. I.System‘elevator 2 3 Environment: calble, ich Sigble oes otension Force T le 3. Lweignt Fe5-2 cuaprn 5 Force and Motion 4. Acar on a very slippery iey road is sliding headfirst into a snowbank, where it gently comes to rest with no one injured. (Question: What does “very slippery” imply?) [ Systenn i Coe Buaieonmer: Read, Sranbank — > The snorbonk arc road each bk Sent normal Sorces Fi. Bsr b.Weignt Fe a) t Rd Fs 5. A compressed spring is pushing a block across a rough horizontal table 1System : Block 2. Eenirenment: Spring folie . | 3. 5.Spring exerts Fy. . Table ther serial Force and kinetic Frickion 5, > i as, L.weignt F AEF. oN Sie. 6. Abrick is falling fom the roof of a three-story building. 3 LSystern : Brick 2. 3 Environment: none b. weight Fa 7. Blocks A and B are connected by a string passing over a pulley. Block Bis falling and dragging block A across a frictionless table. Analyze block A, I-System Block Enviv nmenct Tolle, Ste Table exerts normal force Fy Strigcrertstensiont 8, A rocket is launched at a 30° angle, Air resistance is not negligible. I. SyStem -Rocket Eawivonmne st! Ait exhaust ~ (©2008 by Pearson Eset, Ic, publishing as Pearon Addison-Wesley.12008 by Peason Eduction, In, publishing Psrson Addison-Wesley Force and Motion cHaptER S 5-3 5.4 What Do Forces Do? A Virtual Experiment 9. The figure shows an acceleration-versus-foree graph for. y an object of mass m. Data have been plotted as individual 1 points, and a line has been drawn through the points, raw and label, directly on the figure, the acceleration- versus-force graphs for objects of mass adm ».0.5m eset Use triangles to show four points for the object of ‘mass 2m, then draw a line through the points. Use squares mt for the object of mass 0.50. 10, A.constant force applied to object A causes A to { |, accelerate at 5 m/s*. The same force applied to abject B q 1 a 3 4 causes an acceleration of 3 m/s?. Applied to abject C, it Force (rubber bans) ‘causes an acceleration of 8 m/s” 4. Which object has the largest mass? “BS ., Which object has the smallest mass? Ce 6. What th ratio of mass Ato mass B? (mang) = 2/5. 11, Aconstant force applied to an object causes the object to accelerate at 10 m/s?, What will the acceleration ofthis object be jf [2 a The fore is doubled? OEE) b. The massis doublar SH 5) The frei dele andthe mas ole? Sage, [O'S = $2) {Tees dnl nie nas ich? FOMS 8B) 12. A constant force applied to an object causes the object to accelerate at 8 mis? What will the eration of this object be if ¢ a The force is halvea? AES ». Thema pve? [LS (fn) ot frei ved ond he mas ishad? ie (222. 4. The force is halved and the mass is doubled? OX GEB) 5.5 Newton’s Second Law 13, Forees are shown on two objects. For each: ‘a, Draw and label the net force vector. Do this tight on the figure. b. Below the figure, draw and label the object’s acceleration vector, = = Fret Fret = a5-4 cuapran 5 . Force and Motion 14, Forces are shown on two objects. For each: a, Draw and label the net force vector. Do this right on the figure. ». Below the figure, draw and label the object’s acceleration vector. Faet 4 15, In the figures below, one force is missing. Use the given direction of acceleration to determine the missing force and draw iton the object, Do all work directly on the figure. * . N 7 z 16, Below are two motion diagrams for a particle. Draw and label the net force vector at point 2. . : . a os net 17, Below are two motion diagrams for a particle. Draw and label the net force vector at point 2. Feet i é 3 a 3 i a i z & iForce and Motion carrer S55 5.6 Newton's First Law 18, Ifan objects at rest, can you conclude that there are no forces acting on it? Explain No. The dbject's stote of rest only Fells Us aout the net Force orvector Sum of fhe. Forces, winicy\ musts 2e00. There may be any nuMloec counterloaloncing forces. Tra force is exerted on an object is it possible fr that object to be moving with constant velocity’? Explain TSthereis anet force ontne doject, tmust hove AChox "99 Velocity vectors The okject will Move oF constant velocity if tne, Vector Sum of ne forces. acting onit iszero. 20. A hollow tube forms three-quarters of a circle. Its lying flat on a table, A ball is shot through the tube at high speed. As the ball ‘emerges from the other end, does it follow path A, path B, or path C? Explain your reasoning, The fool will Follow podta C- After leaving the tube he atl nolonaer is in contact \\ view tom above ) ) with tne Wall of the tube owed, een Wilane net Force, will continue = in astraignt line.5-6 carne S - Force and Motion 21. Which, if either, of the objects shown below is in equilibrium? Explain your reasoning alia > Fret ?, A Thepipove claject A isnot in Laonium. IFalolF Later 1S nek downworel force on A. 3 Fa 5 < +B Onject B is nequililorium Trovectsrrqum OF forces Pe, +¥3c0 22. Two forces are shown on the objects below. Add a third force F, that will cause the object to be in equilibrium. 7 : Np we ¥3 >< 23, Are the following inertial reference frames? Answer Yes or No. a. Acar driving at steady speed on a stright and level road. Yes b, A car driving at steady speed up a 10° incline. . Acar speeding up after leaving a stop sign. 44. Acar driving at steady speed around a curve, «. Ahot air balloon rising straight up at steady speed. A skydiver just after leaping out of a plan. The space shuttle orbiting the earth, Yes No No Yes No No (©2008 by Pearson Eéocaton, In, publishing as Pearon Addison-Wesley.(©2008 ty Pearson EdacatasInc, pubishng as Pearson Adison- Wesley Foros and Motion CHAPTERS 5¢7 5.7 Free-Body Diagrams Byercises 24-29: + Draw a pitore and identify the forces, then + Draw a complete free-body diagram forthe objec, following each ofthe steps given in Tactics Box 5.3, Be sure to think carefully about the direction of Fox "Note: Draw individual force vectors with a black or blue pencil or pen. Draw the ner force vector Fg with ‘red pencil or pen. 24. A heavy crate is being lowered straight down at a constant speed by a steel cable. Tension T YF x 3 Weight Fay 25. A boy is pushing a box across the floor at a steadily increasing speed. Let the box be “the system” for analysis. = Fo Fay q Fret vee bylooy w Fact = 7% te eS Frey Necmal fore R ‘3 Koneticrgetion Fk ‘deta’ 26, Abie shedig tb down ail ito smell, bt ai rnc NA L fir resistance dD vr rag B > Normal a ™ Weight 3 27. You've slammed on your car brakes while going down a ill. You're skidding to a halt. y . % R Foes formal fofoe x Fiction, Faget % Wi ea * Fa5-8 carrer S - Force and Motion 28, You are going to toss a rock straight up into the air by placing it on the palm of your hand (you're not ‘gripping it), then pushing your hand up very rapidly. You may want to toss an object into the air this way to help you think about the situation. The rock is “the system” of interest. 2 As you hod the rock at rest on your palm, before moving your hand = Free? z @ ‘ > Yorma wleiger Fy, Norge oF ind * Nees normal Porce TT — ES z weight Fy 3 «, One-tenth ofa second after the rock leaves your hand Yi Roe © > % V Fret Weight fy 4d. After the rock has reached its highest point and is now falling straight down, y ©. 7 Ya Weight Fa 29. Block B has just been released and is beginning to fall. The table has friction, Analyze block A. G TenstonT y z t Normal Ferce we Kl Fy GrickionFarce by me YF Weight Fy, (©2008 by Peason Eaton, Ine, publishing a Pesan Adin: Wes.(© 2008 by Pease Education, Inc, polishing a eston Adon Wes Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line 6.1 Equilibrium 1 The vectors below show five forces that can be applied individually or in combinations to an objec. Which forces or combinations of forces will use the object to be in equilibrium? aN |. 2. The free-body diagrams show a force or forces acting on an object. Draw and label one more force (one that is appropriate to the situation) tht will eause the object tobe in equilibrium. 3. Ifyou know all of the forces acting on a moving object, can you tellin which direction the object is ‘moving? Ifthe answer is Yes, explain how. I the answer is No, give an example. No. LF youknow all of the Forces Hhenyou Know the direction ofthe ascererortion , not themetion. Foc EXAMPLE | Q.COF MOVING forW or condi nek farce fry word iF Ipockword i¢ sk aun: Rogier forge ok at Eating a6-2. cuaeree 6 . Dynamics i Motion Along a Line 6.2. Using Newton's Second Law 4, a. An elevator travels upward at a constant speed. The elevator hangs by a single cable. Friction and air resistance are negligible, Is the tension in the cable greater than, less than, or equal to the weight of the elevator? Explain. Your explanation should include both a free-body diagram and reference to appropriate physical principles. Peacouse the elevator 1s not becaleros then nek sesh it = ore tne, eee: Ord we yt mus oe Fa Alin Maa opposite in wiuleand b, The elevator travels downward and is slowing down. Is the tension in the cable greater than, less. than, or equ tthe weight ofthe elevator? Explain, Becoucs the elevator isslowi down 5 Occeletack on sie irectic ‘(ON ion. Hecke Recor elev ion isqrenser tin tre weight " oy Exercises 5-6: The figures show free-body diagrams for an object of mass m. Write the x- and y-components ‘of Newton’s second law, Write your equations in terms of the magnitudes of the forces Fy, Fp,... and any ‘angles defined in the diagram, One equation is shown to illustrate the procedure. 5, , > mma,- Fe mma,~ Fg0oS857F,cas®, naj Ps na = € Sim + FSi, ~ Fy ln. publishing as Peston Adison-Wesley 108 by Peaon Et(© 2008 by earn Eéncato, le, publishing as Paros Addison-Wesley 63. cuarun 6 - Dynamics I: Movon Along a Line sma = Fs 008 05~ Fa ma, = Fyc0sO- Fy sin® mna,= F ¢FgSinQ, - Fy na, = F008 8 Exercises 7-9: Two or more forces, shown on a free-body diagram, are exerted on a 2 kg object. The units of the grid are newtons. For etc *+ Draw a vector arrow on the grid, starting atthe origin, to show the net force Foy + In the space to the right, determine the numerical values of the components a and a. Bow a B =C> D. sion In, pobishng as Peston Addson-Wesky. 1 a 3 = 101s > me we we ower [2 23 Explanation: AF-4e leavingtne bow, the Ce ove ne herizonto Forces On the arrows ( we Gren lecting aL fesistonce). The! Fores on Phe Orreuls isthe. See force! pe Qrovity. (© 2008 by Pearson65. cuaPrer 6 » Dynamics i Motion Along a Line 6.3 Mass, Weight, and Gravity 14. An astronaut takes his bathroom scales to the moon and then stands on them, Is the reading of the scales his weight? Explain The Sales will read his on the moon They wei feacl-theWeight Hod he Ws O71) Earth! 15, Suppose you attempt to pour out 100 g of salt, using a pan balance for measurement, while in an levator that is accelerating upward. Will the quantity of salt be too much, too little, or the correct amount? Explain You will still peeganscoeres asrount. Theva) pporert Weiaht Tangeegesi iw Pine elevahor tains wouleleod raped peatitte Onaspri Competes ao at woppane Poured withthe moss, te lode dliect. Bolin masses ase affected ie Acce leroction inthe some way, 16, An astronaut orbiting the earth is handed two balls that are identical in outward appearance. However, ‘one is hollow while the other is filled with lead, How might the astronaut determine which is which? Cutting them open is not allowed. ‘The Force required fo occelerote mee Oa Ostrom aut chanced wue hich boll is ‘pollo Oxnd which is. sy Ngchvetin \eoal neni Rock oF Cousin: cyto Occelerote wrth awenforce. The force requited fo accelerate HneWollow ballis less dueto its lower moss. i & 3 a i ‘ 2 °6-6 HAPTER 6 . Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line 17, The terms “vertical” and “horizontal” are frequently used in physics. Give operational definitions for these two terms. An operational definition defines a term by how it is measured or determined. Your definition should apply equally well in a laboratory or on a steep mountainside. Nene. com Be defined i bythe, ’NEAPIUM_ bol Makes dovn ducelo foagea ty t ees comloe defined eutnest The surfoce peatig wricl For £ eSof An ef orby sain sone \enel. 18. Suppose you stand on a spring scale in six identical elevators. Each elevator moves as shown below. Let the reading of the seale in elevator n be S,. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the six scale readings 5; to Sg. Some may be equal. Give your answer in the form A> B=C> D. ( al () A) \t da AV HN ie | J dL ff me | J ad ff etme of SL ee 1 Ones 5,253 25y > 53> Sg 7 Explanation’ The Stole. teastiva our Tegan int y dhe twaagitudl aneaty, of occelerthon ony . S1,2.0nd Holl iny! Ne US rodiony Sothe scale reads your Weight. CoseS (eacls less thon Jour Weidlrt because “E Youe Gecglerorion ISAownWerd Foy re Scale. Teoding Suwill toe: ZR2v0. (©2008 by Pearson Eucton, Ine. pbs Psuton Adon WesleyIn, pblshing 2s Person Ada 6-7 cuavree 6 . Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line 6.4 Friction 19, A block pushed along the floor with velocity ¥ slides a distance d after the pushing force is removed. a, If the mass of the block is doubled but the initial velocity is not changed, what is the distance the block slides before stopping? Explain The block will slike thesame popertenaticmemaio S| nal et Petes tesponge tothe + Ponce, iSolso onal tone mess, ee ceaclorien isthe some. b, IF the initial velocity of the block is doubled to 25, but the mass is not changed, what isthe distance the block slides before stopping? Explain. The black will slide adistor ort “Because tredeerieratisr iso ed it Willtoke- Hrestime. Swe fo lose wice ceimel@ety aise close cl the SRS oN Evel 20, Supphes fou pests beck against the wall with your hand. The book snot moving a, Identify the forces on the book and draw a free-body diagram. Thefervas ore Fe Feu 10 mES Fy “FF a2 0 . Now suppose you decrease your push, but not enough for the book to slip. What happens to each of the following forces? Do they increase in magnitude, decrease, or not change? Fin CecreoSes, k Same i deereoses i Some. Fos CeerenSes68 cuavrnn 6 - Dynamics I: Motion Along 8 Line 6.5 Drag 21. Consider a box in the back of a pickup truck a, If the truck accelerates slowly, the box moves with the truck without slipping. What force or forces act on the box to accelerate it? In what direction do those forees point? Thestotic friction Force occelerotesthe box-The Stodic Friction force points inthe Same direction os the Decelexotion of the ruck. , Draw a free-body diagram of the box. y ‘c, What happens to the box if the truck accelerates too rapidly? Explain why this happens, basing your explanation on physical models and the pr ee fe in this chapter. RES an eyeauiy isves gees ‘dedi see a sete case, the Beck” i i 7 i ‘ (© 2008 by Pearson Eaton, pu1g as Peon Adivon- Wesley i é 3 2 6-9. cuarrur 6 » Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line 2, Three objects move through the air as shown. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the three drag forces Dj, Da, and Ds, Some may be equal. Give your answer in the form A> B = C > D. Oui ower D 2 Dg D3 esplnaton Usingd= AW oe Door Ne then Dy: “ba Game: } samme van 9 BS = 8.0, 5 \ge by, so Ave BF (EAM, AaV3=(EYAN, 50 Dg6D, 23. Five balls move through the air as shown. All five have the same size and shape. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the magnitude of their accelerations a, to as. Some may be equal. Give your answer in the form A > B =C > D. ate QO © Onder: Oug }OK,7 Og. > OLY > OS Eagan “Os i ns iS aren ‘eotest becouse, and atout fpstiytne dic “Qusdes - Wenhce there is NOdtmq force if v=20. The. qe Force is Wet propoctonal te Sseaine acceleration of pet fpalldl wsareaker Trantor of boll experences the same drag (force, owt bait" 4 experiences a greater gravitational Force.6-10 CHAPTER 6 . Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line 24. A 1 kg wood ball and a 10 kg lead ball have identical shapes and sizes. They are dropped simultaneously from a tall tower. a. To begin, assume that air resistance is negligible. As the balls fall, are the forces on them equal in ‘magnitude or different? If different, which has the larger force? Explain. TMheferce ote lead loall is lodienes eater due fe its ote Teorter MASS The, rou ty Is -ma, b, Are their accelerations equal or different? If different, which has the larger acceleration? Explain. wo Thou Weer onhe (ead S| a pees | tS SIS) pene aise ace te nine (-eng= ma or 02-9 Fo both) c. inh Dall hits the ground first? Or do they ht simultancously? Explain nwtronedus ly Theos Oe te Othe Sametime From, the: ne ian we SOMe deeslerpstion’ exerore they the sometime. d ane resistance is present, each ball will experience the same drag force because both have the same shape, Draw free-body diagrams forthe two balls as they fallin the presence of air resistance. Make sure that your vectors all have the correct relative lengths. es P or {Cougtrtne forces ace. Sat TF dence Klaine i Sort tesbelowt) €. Whei ir resistance is included, ae the accelerations ofthe balls equal or different? If not, which has the larger acceleration? Explain, using your free-body come and senna s te Trelendtioad Nos a otcelerotic , sr Been i KCL |S oF HEROS Will have ard Rescnairess =P. ANN Ne less N- Usine Newsoxs Tal= Tem = se DY AE HG D/m 24-Dlem THas ine Taraer rhassot tne lead alt ta Taree rseettay eaten ends uasmalicl terae in he £-Wn tal nots th ground ist? Or othe it sinned? Exp The leo oll Ll Wik Inst Hheamuans, Fist Tonya ocrelerat n.Newton’s Third Law 7.1 Interacting Objects 7.2 Analyzing Interacting Objects Exercises 1-7: Follow steps 1-3 of Tactics Box 7.1 to draw interaction diagrams describing the following situations. Your diagrams should be similar to Figures 7.6 and 7.10. Syston AsBat @r* ® B-Ball seuin) age Jovnity EE*EntiveE arin 2. Amaslss string pull box actos the Noor. Fition tnt neil Srensish er (AE -y- Box érickon Al Novena S=Suvfoace eroit Ske Striny 1 EEs Entire Earth Gyovity 3. A boy pulls a wagon by a rope attached to the front of the wagon. The rope is not massless, and rolling friction is not negligible. W2eWagen BeBoy Re Pope. sesurfece Ene Entice Barth rs7-2 cuavren 7» Newton's Third Law 4, A skateboarder is pushing on the ground to speed up. Treat the person and the skateboard as separate objects. e 4, P=Person, we Ma, Ske Skotelooowrd Si S=Surfoce 3 E€zEntice Eon E) 5, The bottom block is pulled by a massless string, Friction is not negligible. ‘Treat the two blocks as separate object, i ; cet Ensen T=toep block, 2 Strin Se SUF NCR Es Entire Bort 6, Acctate in the back of a truck does not slip as the truck accelerates forward. Treat the crate and the truck as separate objects. Cz Crore, Tetruck S= surface (food) EE Entice Eon ; : i i i erousity Grouty 7. The boxtom block is pale by @ masless sting, Friction is not neil ‘Treat the pulley as a separate object (4 1 the pulley as a separate object.152008 by PeassonEtcton, Ine, publishing a Pearson Adie Newton's Thné Law. cHaptER 7 7-3 7.3 Newton's Third Law 8 Block Ais pushed across a horizontal surface at a constant speed by a hand that exerts force Fy aq. The surface has fection a. Draw two ftee-body diagrams, one forthe hand and the other for the block, On these diagrams: Show only the horizontal forces, sch as was done in Figure 7.14 of the ex. Label force vectors using the form Fe ap + Connect aetion/reaction pairs with doted ines, ; + On the hand diagram show only Fy yy. Don't include Fen + Make sure vector lengths correctly portray the relative magnitudes ofthe forces. _--- Block A HendH L - >. <= > Fast Jeastecaanh Fyfone », Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the magnitudes of all of the horizontal Forces you showed in part a. For example, if Fo opp is the largest of three forces while Fp gq and Fp are smaller but equal, you can record this &8 Fe en > Foaac = Foot Or Flom Faonn Fsurfaccon A Explanation; fon 77 FAsn due to Newton's Third Low. These ore On gochion- eackivn GOLT. Fuona® “Seutaceema DECOUse tne block, ismoving af constant Speed Because Hee are the only two forced onthe lolock Ghorizontally ney mush be equal ond opposite sotnot Finet® 0. c. Repeat both part a and part b for the case that the block is speeding up. Yordlh TT Bho = S z Front sont, Hon Fiona Fran? “sont “The force. of He ond on block A iS equal ond oppesite-totty force eck Aare Fone duet Nein Se inthe ON ackion—(eOckion Paik. Fyonn iS loraer thom the force & frickin (pecouse tre eck, is eplesin wp.I+ MUS WANE Net Force inthe direckn OF HS Acceleration:7-4 cuaprer 7 - Newton's Tied Law 9. A second block B is placed in front of Block A of question 8. B is more by iassive than A: my > ma,'The blocks are speeding up. { 4 Consider a frictionless surface. Draw separate free-body diagrams vs) for A, B, and the hand. Show only the horizontal forces. Label | forces in the form Fyn, Use dashed lines to connect action 7 reaction pairs __Wiet Howe BrockA RlockB aa “les 7 Te a, eet Ss we Finan Fron Fann Front ». By applying the second Iaw to each block and the third law to each action/reaction pair, rank in ‘order all of the horizontal forces, from largest to smallest. Or Frama * Fon > Fama” Fens Explanation The onty horizontal force onBis by Block A. In orcler for Block A to be O1S0 speeding up the ret force on it Must bt towards B. Thus, Fron MUSt be Greater tron, Faant by Newton's Second law. c. Repeat parts a and b ifthe surface has friction, Assume that A and B have the same coefficient of kinetic friction Hand - a B < Front fog Seen Fane ts > Frond - Fong, Front Fuona > Frone”Faend >Fsond ?Fsona TS block Bis Speedinguo,tnen Fao. F. hers Second lo Sine for ior a tena zsgns Ov Newtons Front >Faonnt fone “Syne >Fzann becouse BOCK Bis MOTE moseive thon bleck A lending to agrecker normal force ONB OMA, thus, copeoter fictional force, loerouse FEM yi: 16 2006 by Perso Edveation, ne, publishing as Peso Adon3 2 i é é 3 Newton's Thind Law» cuarrea 7 7-5 10, Blocks Aand B are held on the palm of your outstretched and as you it hem straight up at constant speed. Assume mi, > ma an that hang =O 5 a. Draw separate fee-body diagrams for A,B, and your hand i + Show all vertical forces, including the gravitational forces on the blocks. Ss + Make sure vector lengths indicate the relative sizes of the forces. + Label forces in the form Fe cap, + Connect action/reaction pairs with dashed lines. Hond A A B Teen Krone Z 4 , ’ po * 2 TR gon® Haw SN ~ en Regen EsEortn b. Rankin onder, fom lagest to smallest al of he vera foes Explain our asin. Tron” Muon” gana" pond Fagen > Fg zona A Newtonstnitdlaw — RetignReoeki ‘ Betton Reaction Par BORSA Brack is reore Constant Speed For lock A Gorton Spec, Fnef Oon® 11, Amosqoito colhdes head-on with « ea traveling 60 a How do you think the size ofthe force tha the car exerts onthe mosquito compares to the sizeof the force thatthe mosquito exerts om th The force of tne mesquite onthe car is equal tothe Goren oF the cor ont mosquito. Trewosqpito undergoes much xraer Occelerakion hanence,lecoAse oF ts wen Si AOSS KE Fret/y. , Draw separate free-body diagrams of the car and the mosquito at the moment of collision, showing only the horizontal forees, Label forces in the form F gq. Connect action/reaction pairs with dotted lines. Core Mosquito m qe Fimsac. Fearn7-6 cuavrer 7. Newt's Thin Law Exercises 12-16: Write the acceleration constraint in terms of components. For example, write (ay), = (x) if that isthe appropriate answer, rather than d = dy, 13, | Constraint: (Ons). ~(oady Constraint: (Ox =~ (Og) 12. Push inal - Conseaine: (O61 x = (a) x 4 Pulley fears] [ va Is Constraint: (dy 2-(Q, aly Consent: (0,4), ~2l0n)y (© 208 by Person Eden, Ine, publiing sPeuson Adin Wesley,7.4 Ropes and Pulleys ercises 17-22: Determine the ean ofthe spring scale + All the masses are at rest. ‘The strings and pulleys are massless, and the pulleys are frictionless, + ‘The spring scale reads in kg, sae 5k £ Ske seae= 10 kg [| sate= 5K Seale = cnwance ke +respring scale isheld m place lo oes = 440 es Spe Horns Tr# fan 433 te send Site Tee On’ whe etn Mi other Cases, sng yiott Lor Provides Me Force “We line oooh ed athe Wait7-8. cuapren 7 » Newon's Third Law 7.5 Examples of Interacting-Objects Problems 23, Blocks A and B, with mg > m, are connected by a string. A hand pushing on the back of A accelerates them along a frictionless surface. ‘The string (S) is massless. 1, Draw separate free-body diagrams for A, S, and B, showing only horizontal forces. Be sure vector lengths indicate the relative size of the force. Connect any action/reaction pairs with dotted lines B Ss wes oe oS Too os Ths Thom Phonak Rankin onder, fom largest o smallest al ofthe horizontal fores, Explain Futana > Tena * Mons > Teens * Tans Fuona MUSH ke areoder ton Taina 19 occelerpse Ailey Newton's low. Trectring 1S massless ond go there iSno ned force onthe string Lor else-to occhlerote would be infinite) The Pemainino Faces are Oction- . Repeat parts a and b ifthe string has mass, TROCHON ROWS Sresarces, oncihestring, B s a A con + oo Face Fens Tans. Teen Fone Because ie Shing 0S MeEs dred is octelerndie Thong > Tpons Similorty, by Newtons See017d OW | Fenn Stank Fizena > Rane? Tons > Udons® TsonB —~—~, Adion-Reoakion Actin-Reaction Pic Pale 4. You might expect to find Foo > Fyona because my > ma. Did you? Explain Why Fyuey > Fico is ors nota correct statement. Foon? Fron a’S 14 COPTER Fxgnn>Feones Frenn's Partial Kiser by Tsona Sothot tre net Coreg on AL eectnan the Net force onB. There isns cher force onBexcept Kons: Temoy be ndloful tothink OF A'S, NAD Logger So Anos Fong OS 40 OcKAlerabe OM ARR. Teen OMY Occalecores B. (© 2008 by Pearson Education In, publishing as Pearson Addison Wesleyng as Peanon Adison-Wesley. 1 2008 by Person Eateston, In. 7 Newton's Thicd Law cnaprar 7 7-9 24, Blocks A and B are connected by a massless string over a massless, frictionless pulley. The blocks have just this instant been released from rest Roccelerates dow ,B accelerates US S| recause Ais more Massive. pe ‘Ed b. Draw a separate free-body diagram for each block. Be sure vector lengths indicate the relative size of the force. Connect any action/reaction pairs or “as if” pairs with dashed Lines. n ~ Feo Faken cc. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, all of the vertical forces. Explain, Fagonn >Teona” Tone? Fatons Recouse Aig mare massivetonB, will accelerate down is Weialek pias oe recto Toon Thani ona pytentons gray FBrck Boccelerokes upward. Therefore Trend >F zen Loy Newtoris and law: «d. Compare the magnitude of the net force on A with the net force on B. Are they equal, or is one larger than the other? Explain, Thener farce on A isoreoker thon the netforce onB. Both Hooks have He Same Mpa Ate Oeste onthe, Force mustloe ageoter on A 48 produce thesame Veceler acrion Qeouse iris move Massive: . Consider the block that falls. Is the magnitude of its acceleration less than, greater than, or equal to 3? Explain, The occelerocrion 15 1es5 thang” becouse tere iS Pre Force OF the tension’ Teong Wert ig inthe. Opposite direction from Reeve Teak” M9 = MQ 30 On? 9 +The eu7-10 cuavroe ? . Dynamics I: Interacting Objects 25. In case a, block A is accelerated across a frictionless table by a hanging 10 N weight (1.02 kg). In case b, the same block is accelerated by a steady 10 N tension in the string, Is block A’s acceleration incase b greater than, ess than, or equal to its acceleration incase a? Explain Block A's occelewari ovisareoter™ incoge o. Tn Cose a, tne Nanaiing ION Weialk musk alerote both the Mass Of A ond pas WAVY TWO’ leaching fo 0 Senor accelerosion Fino xe lo Where the enPive ION force OCtS, 5 only to Oecelerode Block A» Coe a ZAON = (Mt JON TAB Raye eee i verses 26-27: Draw separate re-boy “iawn PN Mtock94 and B. Connect ny acti reaction pairs (or forces that act as if they are action/reaction pairs) together with dashed lines, 26. A NBewna = Sean oo a ie in Faun Fagena (© 2008 y Peso Etcaton, In, publishing as Pearson Adon. Wesleysoo, In, poblising as Peseon Addison-Wesley (©2008 by Peano Et Pe Dynamics IT: Motion in a Plane 8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions 1. An ice hockey puck is pushed across frictionless ice in the direction shown. The puck receives a sharp, very short-duration kick toward the right as it erosses line 2. It receives a second kick, of equal strength ‘and duration but toward the left, as it crosses line 3. Sketch the puck’s trajectory from line I until it crosses line 4 Bictseye view xk puck 2, A rocket motor is taped to an ice hockey puck, oriented so that the thrust is to the lef. The puck is sn a push across frictionless ice in the direction shown. The rocket will be turned on by remote control as the puck crosses line 2, then turned off as it crosses line 3. Sketch the puck’s trajectory from Tine 1 until it crosses line 4 Bint eaye view ot ockey pack 848-2. cuapren 8 » Dynamics Ii Motion ina Plane 3. An ice hockey puck is sliding from west to east across frictionless ice, When the puck reaches the point marked by the dot, you're 4 going to give itone sharp blow witha hammer: After hing t,you 4 ‘want the puck to move from north to south at a speed similar to its initial west-to-east speed, Draw a force vector with its tail on the lotto show the direction in which you will aim your hammer BOW. 4, sey at The blow will be ot 45° South of West stiectsinict | in ovder to Stop the eastward motion, se Aird inmpourt On equal southward mston. 4, Tarzan swings through the jungle by hanging from a vine. — a, Draw a motion diagram of Tarzan, as you learned in Chapter 1. Use it to find the direction of Tarzan’s acceleration vector a i, Immediately after stepping off the branch, and ii, At the lowest point in his swing, Lowest Point b. At the lowest point in the swing, isthe tension Tin the vine greater than, less than, or equal to ‘Tarzan’s weight? Explain, basing your explanation on Newton's laws. For the occelerotion ts le Upwards, ~ the Net Force Must be Upwards. T The only hwo Forces ove the veh Tension andthe Wela\et “Thevebore, fnetension mest veoter thon, the wei at: ¥e 1 2008 by Pearson Education, ln. paling a Pearson Adon Wee.5 Pearson Addison-Wesley t & g i : i : i Dynamics I: Motion ina Plane cuavree 8 8-3 8.2 Velocity and Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion 8.3 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 5. The figure shows a top view of aplastic tube that is fixed on = a horizontal table top. A marble is shot into the tube at A. On Gs the figure, sketch the marble’ trjoctry after it leaves the tube atB The morbleconhnues in a (( 7 Straight line. tevcds oe Nea / Jap ofiine poge) es 6.Atallswingn ert cl ona ig Duingone chon ven spite” /“A pednew te sings tern oS at lowes pve Shah in aren taco fi all cals aor oan fee tot lic Fa inorizontall 4 launched projectile 7. The figures are a bird's-eye view of particles on a string moving in horizontal circles on a table top. All are moving at the same speed, Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the string tensions 7; to T,. GAGE oueTy >, =Ty Ta Explanation: 8 | % Case Scambines a larger Te Ross ond smaller. Coxe 4 isthe same oa Case | becouse beth tre mass ondtherodius ate daubled.8-4 cuapree & - Dynamics I: Motion in a Plane 8. Aball ona string moves ina vertcal circle, When the ball is tits lowest point i the xy tension in the string greater than, less than, or equal to the balls weight? Explain, (You may wantto include a free-body diagram as partof your explanation) Abie lowest point, treacceleration Ord Thus, thetersion > St be areoterttyenn ne T wei Wnt For the net Foree to be upward E. & 9, A matbe ols around the inside ofa cone. Draw a free body diagram of the marble when itis on the left side ofthe cone and afee-body diagram of the marble when it son the right side ofthe cone. OS 7 On left side On right side 8.4 Circular Orbits figure, which shows an edge view of the earth's orbit Fret AE Fae force vector to show the net force acting on the earth or, Sache summer Soumera wine if appropriate, write F=6, 11. A small projectile is launched parallel to the ground at height = I m with sufficient speed to orbit a completely smooth, asless planet A bug rides ina small hole inside the projectile. Is the bug ‘weightless? Explain, The bua is weight 23 ih We Sense is iW Free Fall with the projectile The 23 still Fas aweignt oF = Mng (© 2008 by Pearson Bacaion I ablishing es Pearon Adis. Wesley(©2008 ty Peason Edncton, Inc, polishing a Pessoa Adion-Wesey Dynamics: Motion ina Plane - cuarreR 8 85 8.5 Fictitious Forces 8.6 Why Does the Water Stay in the Bucket? 12. A stunt plane does a series of vertical loop-the-loops. At what point in the circle does the pilot feel the heaviest? Explain. Include a free-body diagram with your explanation. The pilot feels heaviest okthe At boottom: At top: jpebom of Hever ti ical {oP z = Lok point Pre NEHA Force onthe alloy is qreatest, 3f f Fa, s This onalysis assumes the is ree Og qreamparolele 13, You can swing a ball on a string in a vertical circle x a swing it fast enough, «a. Draw two free-body diagrams of the ball atthe top of the circle. On the left, show the ball when itis ‘going around the circle very fast. On the right, show the ball as it goes around the circle more slowly. lok % z %, ¥ Very fast Slower b. As you continue slowing the swing, there comes a frequency at which the string goes slack and the ball doesn’t make it to the top of the circle. What condition must be satistied for the ball to be able to complete the full circle? Fret MA =e mw*r. The minimum downword force . Y : > or We = iste weight, SO ME = MIE Win? TN Uae flr «, Suppose the ball has the smallest possible frequency that allows it to go all the way around the circle, What is the tension in the string when the ball is at the highest point? Explain, F2O At the Smallest Frequency, tye onl Yockical Ly frword Force is he Force of ego, Hoe wieiatr8:6 cuapree 8 » Dynamics If Motion ina Plane 14, It's been proposed that future space stations create “artificial gravity” by rotating around an axis. a. How would this work? Explain, Floor Tre outside Wot! of the station. would provide the Foot aind He ineereat {force rea uived tokeep ona Contents \Neial weer palates ORs ostiFicial gtouity, Bove b sa the artificial gravity be equally effective throughout the space station? If not, where in the space station would the residents want to live and work? The Apparent Weiant Would be due toon word normal fy provided Layne octwiourd WO: As ane Moves inward, tneowkificiol aout ity Would become, Weoker QMoller WCILS. Fe mw 8.7 Nn Circular Motion 15, For euch, figure determine the signs (+ or~) of w and a. 1 CO) op OC). oma Siig dom Spesting sp o + o ot oT a + a + a7 a7 16. The figures below show the radial acceleration vector Gat four sequential points on the trajectory of a particle moving in a counterclockwise circle. a. Foreach, draw the tangential acceleration vector at points 2and 3 or, if appropriate, write «= Determine whether a is positive 4), negative -), or cr0 (0). C9 € a= (FY -(0) ee) (© 2008 by Peason Baran, In publishing as Parson Addison-Wesleynas Peanon Adison Wesey © 2008 by Persea Eduestion, re, pa 9 Impulse and Momentum 9.1 Momentum and Impulse 9.2. Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems 1 Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the momenta (p;); 0 (Py)s. 208 208 10g Gs | > BI Tan Sime Bi ms Order: Pa)g>Pa) 2 Px) 52 xs Pd, 2. The position-versus-time graph is shown for a 500 g object. Draw the corresponding momentum- vversus-time graph, Supply an appropriate scale on the vertical axis, (0) 2.0408) wo. 4 5 aft oF gor 19) Ot ry or? s ass Tass 3, The momentum-versus-time graph is shown for a $00 g object. Draw the corresponding acceleration: versus-time graph, Supply an appropriate scale on the vertical axis, P.0se 0) 2.¢as?) 10. Io 10) 0 ot9-2. cuapreR 9 Impulse and Momentum 4, A2 kg object is moving to the right with a speed of 1 m/s when it experiences an impulse due to the force shown in the graph. What is the object's speed and direction after the impulse? a FAN) b. ROD 2 2 | —_— Tye BN OSB=-INS AR Sx=g-IN Is-g -N1s =O web WS ose Bo Neg Nige Ne I-06 4O5E] Ny, = [|B tothevighet 5. A2 kg object is moving to the left with a Speed of | m/s when it experiences an impulse due to the force shown in the graph. What is the abject’s speed and direction after the impulse? a EN) bem 2 2 wy ° “9 ° 0 | ass > 2 SySON-0.58 5 1N-S 2 AP, Sxe-9N-|s=-ONS = AR, AY AR « INS 29.58 any: Bik BMS. 19 NiNathly= IESE eos] Ve eV EAS 6.A2kg object has the velocity graph BS ‘a, What isthe object’ initial momentum? “P= “kas , What isthe object's final momentum? “P, kat ¢. What impulse does the object experience? ye thas 4. Draw the graph showing the force on the object. a4 1) as Pearson Adin: Wes 4 i a 5 a z(© 2008 ty Pearson Ecation fe. publishing os Peano Adon Wesley, Impulse and Momentum. cHarreR 9 9-3 at it, You're offered a very bouncy rubber ball and a very sticky clay ball of ‘equal mass, Assume that you can throw them with equal speed and equal 7. Acamival game requires you to knock over a wood post by throwing a ball @-—» j accuracy. You only get one throw. a. Which ball will you choose? Why? Grasse he bauney Tubler batt Because, int cubber ball bounces bock itexperiences Aafedter Chomae MMOMe ry 4 e gaits tesone Auta) Speed “Thevetare, . impacts & InpUlge on tne POS and 1S MOse likely 1S knock, it OVE Let’ think aboit the situation more carefully. Both balls have the same inital momentum p,just before hitting the post. The clay ball sticks, the rabber ball bounces off with essentially no loss of speed, In terms of pqvhat is the final momentum ofeach ball? Cartan O rasertatpu= ~Phy Hint: Momentum has a sign. Did you take the sign into account? Cyt: n= “Py rubtervatane “OP, Theouncy Culsker ball experiences aarenterr impulse, Oscar Woe keen From its afester clnontie in, nowotony ¢, From Newton's third law, the impulse thatthe ball exerts on the post is equal in magnitude, although ‘opposite in ditection, to the impulse that the post exerts onthe ball. Which ball exert the larger impulse on the post? The rubber boil exerts alarger impulse because of the greocter impulse on it £. Don't Ghange your answer to part a, but are you still happy with that answer? IF not, how would you change your answer? Why? SHU Noppy swehope. 8. A falling rubber ball bounces on the floor. a Use the language of force, acceleration, and action/reaction to describe what happens, “The ball exerts aForee anthe Moor ancttne 4S onequal jut Se force Bacco tne ook ee Eee Acceleror ion) is loge, ; the Fleoe's j Jiailole. becouse oF Ks Mugs MOSS. Ht is difficult AE tne, Forces ond the oceelerotion without knawing more! b. Use the language of impulse and momentum to describe what happens Because of the impulse from the Hoos the culdo Mt Momentum Cl Be Syrore tnarine noc poss eas Iu O erent as ihe Hear Cecelves Ontqual impulse WV Me “i . ae TORE =e a Nas no measux 2 Velocity9-4 CHAPTER 9 ~ Impulse and Momentum 9. A small, light ball $ and a large, heavy ball L move toward each other, collide, and bounce apart. a ‘a, Compare the force that S exerts on L to the force that L exests on S. That is, is Fs oq1 larger, smaller, (oF equal to F;, og 5? Explain, Foon? Fens. These He forces ave anaction-feoction, Pair, equal ond oppasite lay Newtor's third law: ’b. Compare the time interval during which $ experiences a force to the time interval during which L, experiences a forve. Are they equal, or is one longer than the other? Tie time intervals are alse equal c. Sketch a graph showing a plausible Fon, a8 function of time and another graph showing a plausible Fg: aa function of time. Be sure think about the sign of each force. 4. Compare the impulse delivered to Sto the impulse delivered to L. Explain The Forces are quot ond are exerted aver the some ime interval. There fore the impulses are eq UA, tart oppasite m direction. «. Compare the momentum change ofS to the momentum change of L, The mroment urn Chonags ae eA U0 in, moanttude, lout Oppasite indirection Tec ecach. £, Compare the velocity change of $ to the velocity change of L, TheNelocity Chonaes are nek equal: Sexperences a Tmucn opesttse Chirag because its moss 15 much smaller ‘2: What is the change in the sum of the momenta ofthe two balls? Is it positive, negative, or zero? There is 10 cl 2 Inthe Sum of the momercta of the wo balls because Here cromaes ae equdland opposite: (©2008 by easoe Education, Ine, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley‘© 2008 by Peano Education. ne. publishing as Pessoa Adlon Wesley Impulse and Momentum CHAPTER 9 95 Exercises 10-12: Draw a momentum bar chart to show the momenta and impulse for the situation described. 10. A compressed spring shoots a ball to the right. The ball was initially at rest NLoF he Final momentum Comes from the impulse Provided. by he spring: ‘A rubber ball is tossed straight up and bounces off the ceiling, Consider only the collision with the ceiling, Foraperfectty clastic Collision with the ceiling, thecl e WK) Mornent istwice Me Anal momentum. Theimpulse is provided by Pre. ceiling. A clay ball is tossed straight up and sticks to the ceiling. Consider only the collision with the ceiling, The ceiling provides On impulse equal ond Oppssite to the mitial Marnextrun:9-6 cuarran 9 + Impulse and Momentum 9.3 Conservation of Momentum 13, A golf club continues forward after hitting the golf ball, Is momentum conserved in the collision? Explain, making sure you are careful to identify te “sytem.” At themament of collision it may be T20SONalole, 1 the momentum of just re cluld onal aol Os ore ogee Sust before ond atrer the collision, would Woe Hecessay Fo include the op lFex and even the carta 0S part oF Yy the system: 14, As you release a ball, it falls—gaining speed and momentum. Is momentum conserved? a. Answer this question fom the perspective of choosing the bll alone asthe system. The momentum oF the ball is not conserved. The Weiavrt Is on Uunlorianced force from an agent exbed \Fothesystem, », Answer this question from the perspective of choosing ball +earth as the system, TS Me earth is included, then momentum } Conserved. While tre ball is gain ra downward MOEN Teco is Qaanin ual magnitude OF Loward momentvyn “By ite we he =e SARS ols oss,) ue meosticen, ‘Two particles collide, one of which was initially moving and the other initially at rest, 1. Is it possible for both particles to be at rest after the collision? Give an example in which this happens, or explain why it can't happen, Both pacticles Connst lee OF Pest immediately ALE frecollision. Tr they were both ob fest Aner some, momentum ould ete be lost to a Mnivd object Prat is park of tne System: ing 8 Peso Asion Wesley, . Isit possible for one particle to be at rest after the collision? Give an example in which this happens, or explain why it can’t happen. A dhe mosses ove alana tre collision elastic the moving Parti cle will Stop aNd ave AlLOL MS mom eae neously Sestins aac Agee comping When alorlliavel loall calls ci into onthe FesHing loilliond (eo boatl eellsdireety15 2008 ty Feason Eduction, loc, publishing PessonAdison-Wesiey, Impulse and Momentum - cuarran 9 9-7 9.4 Inelastic Colli: 9.5 Explosions Exercises 16-18: Prepare a pictorial representation for these problems, but do not solve them, + Draw pictures of “before” and “after.” + Define symbols relevant to the problem. + List known information, and identify the desired unknown. 16. ASO kg archer, standing on frictionless ice, shoots a 100 g arrow at a speed of 100 m/s. What is the recoil speed of the archer? Before After Wig)? 0 1. 50k. a ie oto, (Ve) = (008 Ni) 9 lass} atu! oO * o Find (Veoreher 17, The parking brake on a 2000 kg Cadillac has failed, and itis rolling slowly, at 1 mph, toward a group of small innocent children, As you see the situation, you realize there is just time for you to drive your 1000 kg Volkswagen head-on into the Cadillac and thus to save the children. With what speed should ‘you impact the Cadillac to bring it to a halt? Before Wis) zlmpls cee) —_—_+—— 3 Wa, ° Aww Agiec Find Widvw 18, Dan is gliding on his skateboard at 4 m/s. He suddenly jumps backward off the skateboard, kicking the skateboard forward at 8 m/s, How fast is Dan going as his feet hit the ground? Dan's mass is 50 kg and the skateboard’s mass is 5 kg. M = 50k, yom messy, Nid Wine AS he . ¥ Wag8 Fina Wiel948 cuAPYER 9 - Impulse and Momentum 9.6 Momentum in Two Dimensions 19, An object initially at rest explodes into three fragments. The ‘momentum vectors of two of the fragments are shown. Draw the ‘momentum vector p; of the third fragment 20, An object initially at rest explodes into three fragments. The ‘momentum vectors of two of the fragments are shown. Draw the ‘momentum vector py of the third fragment. 21. A500 g ball traveling tothe right at 8.0 mv collides with and bounces off another bal. The figure shows the momentum ‘vector i of the first ball after the collision, Draw the ‘momentum veetor fi ofthe second ball. 22, A500 g ball traveling to the right at 4.0 m/s collides with and bounces off another ball. The figure shows the momentum vector ofthe first ball after the collision. Draw the ‘momentum vector of the second ball 2,050 08) 2,604.08) Gum PGs) 2,608) (© 2008 by Pearon Fat, Io, poblishng a Peon Addison Wesleypublishing as Peson Adio Wesley. ©2008 ty Peason Easton, 1 1 i(0) Energy 0.2 Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy 0.3 A Closer Look at Gravitational Potential Energy 1. On the axes below, draw graphs of the kinetic energy of a. A1000 kg car that uniformly accelerates from 0 to 20 mis in 20 s, b. A 1000 kg ear moving at 20 mis that brakes to a halt with uniform deceleration in 20s. cc, A 1000 kg car that drives once around a 130-m-diameter circle at a speed of 20 mis. Calculate K at several times, plot the points, and draw a smooth curve between them, Ko Kw «Ko 20.0 280.00 2n.00 - 200000 - 13000 150,000 10000 100000 sao | - 0,000 ° —- 10) 1 ot pe 7 ss a 5 aD 2. Below we see a I kg object that is initially 1 m above the ground and rises to @ height of 2m. Anjay, Brittany, and Carlos each measure its position, but each of them uses a different coordinate system. Fill in the table to show the initial and final gravitational potential energies and AU as measured by our three aspiring scientists Anny Britany Calo Enishee © ue | aw ° ay (ABT [6S VAST | Britany [O98 T fst | | cis [8S | 0 [49-85] 3, A roller coaster car rolls down a frictionless track, reaching speed vat the bottom, a oo ‘want the car to go twice as fas at the botiom, by what factor must you increase the VisKe — Kgegm(2V)*24K soyopmust t igcreage tne afactor maf E ON" ke-oide when sau pegs : 6, Does your sve ert rack is sight or 0? Explain No the afoviteti onal potertiol enemy depend: only ontne hei SAY Cepencs tof the track? 10-110-2 cHarrer 10 - Enemy 4, Below are shown three frictionless tracks. A ball is released from rest atthe position shown on the left, "To which point does the ball make it on the right before reversing direction and rolling back? Point B is, the same height as the starting position. PANY mas B nites witesion By Exereises S~7: Draw an energy bar chart to show the energy transformations for the situation described, i; 7 time later it swings through the lowest point on its arc. ‘| J. IZ 08 by PeasonBiocaton, In, publishing a Pearson Adon: Wes. ©:{© 2008 vy Peaon Econ, Ine, publishing as Pearson Adlsoo- Wesley Energy + cuAvreR 10 10-3 10.4 Restoring Forces and Hooke’s Law 8. A spring is attached to the floor and pulled straight up by a string, The string’s tension is measured. The ‘graph shows the tension in the string as a function of the spring's length L. re a. Does this spring obey Hooke's Law? Explain why or why no. Yes the plot is linea AT=kAL b. If it does, what isthe spring constant? AT..ION . JN = [00% AL jOem cm OR — 9. Draw a figure analogous to Figure 10.16 in the textbook fora spring that is attached to a wall on the right end. Use the figure to show that F and As always have opposite signs. Ese) Fee | unsttetched Gone pigtine «10-4 curren 10 - Energy 10, A spring has an unstretched length of 10 em, It exerts a restoring force F when stretched to a length of Tem, a, For what length of the spring is its restoring forve 3F? Fep2-K AK So For Fy 36, AX BAX = Bem JOem+BAx= 13am ’, At what compressed length is the restoring force 2F? F>-2F An >-Qax=-20m IDem-Jem = Fem The left end of a spring is attached to a wall. When Bob pulls on the right end with a 200 N force, he stretches the spring by 20 cm. The same spring is then used for a tug-of-war between Bob and Carlos. Each pulls on his end of the spring with a 200 N force. 1, How far does Bob's end of the spring move? Explain. JOem Thou ante 5) Ting Stretched dene ori oat way Centered Ri! pene Frat cose Coles provides. Felten Kevi oush Pontes 2 Wall except H + Nemoves b. How far does Carlos's end of the pring move? Explain ~ Oem Thetotal stretch under OA XON tension Mus! Sill be Fem hing as Pearson Akibon-Wesky. ©2008 by Peston Esato, inEnergy CHAPTER 19 105 10.5 Elastic Potential Energy 12, Aeavy objects release om rest at poston | above a spring. falls 5 and contac the spring at positon 2 The sping achive maximum aa Compression st poston ln the tbe blow onde whether cach ofthe uanis ae oO ring the tervals 192,293, nd 13, = 2 12 [293 [153 ‘ AK + = |0 af - t= wu |o | + | + 13, Rank in order, from most to leas, the amount of elastic potential energy (Uy to (Us stored in each of these springs. ‘ 2 Pa ‘ | AN QUAL Compressed d Seat d Suet Suet 24 Onter: (Us) y >CUs)3 >(Us)3= (Us), Explanation: Ls 9 etl =Lkis) ee re Skeeter we Laferedenery bya A spring gun shoots out a acto ‘all at oe % we spring is then compressed twice the distance it ‘was on the first shot. 4. By what factors the spring's potential ene increased? Ak(aasy= HE KU] HK b. By what fietor the al’ launch speed increased? Explain, FRESE Lf mv)” Ox Both Me Speedond As are Huared inthe energy expressions: as Peason Ain: Wes a " i 510-6 cuarrer 10 - Energy Exercises 15-16: Draw an energy bar chart to show the energy transformations forthe situation described. 15, A bobsled sliding across frictionless, Re Be H = horizontal ice runs into a giant spring. A + short time later the spring reaches its ‘maximum compression. 16, A brick is held above a spring that is es standing on the ground. The brick is | released from rest, and a short time later the spring reaches its maximum ‘compression. 10.6 Elastic Collisions 17, Ball J with an initial speed of 14 mvs has a perfectly elastic collision with ball 2 that is Afterward, the speed of ball 2is 21 mis, a, What will be the speed of bull 2 if the initial speed of ball 1 is doubled? Wendy 3m Win), Therefore doutsting (Vin), will dauble Wexda- Wydg2 o(@VS)= 495 4ay ». What will he the speed of ball 2 if the mass of ball 1 is dapblest From the previous porto. ol'= 5 ea) multiply by Se w, *, M ors red (HS) solve for Se ally at rest. Doubling m, yields 2 ok dren Wd eae? ) pS] (62008 by Peanon Eucation, Inc, publishing Paton Adion- WessPasso Adsison Wee, i ‘ i i Energy CHAPTER 10 10-7 10.7 Energy Diagrams 18. Te figue shows a potenial-energy curve. Suppose a Frew particle with total energy Eis at postion A and moving tothe right a For each ofthe following regions ofthe x-axis, does the panicle speed up, slow down, maintain a steady speed, or change direction? AwB Slows down Bwc Speeds, yp. coo Slowsdown DtoB Speeds up EwF — SIONSdown b. Whereis the particle's tuning point? F c. For a particle that has total energy Ep, what are the possible motions and where do they occur along. the xeaxis? The particle could loe moving ceteen Kd onde point iNdicot Aashed line behneen Ao The particle could be oscillatingaloout point cCletween tne Neowe dosed lines. {d. What position or positions are points of stable equilibrium? For each, would a particle in equilibrium at that point have total energy < Ey, between Ep and Ey, or 2 E)? Come E are pots OF stable equil iloriuy. AKC dhe tololeneray Cold loe < Ey orloetneen E, and £3 AK E, thetotaleneray must be belbween E,and £5. ¢. What position or positions are points of unstable equilibrium? For each, would a particle in equilibrium at that point have total energy S Ep, between E> and Fj, ot 2 E\? Bod D ore unstolle equilibrium points. The pacti cle world have oneneray between E,and Es :10-8 cuavrer 10 - Energy 19, A particle with the potential energy shown in the graph Energy is moving to the right at x = 0 m with total energy E. a. At what value or values of xis the particle's speed a At Am and Sm. Pe b, At what value or values of x isthe particle's speed a minimum? oitaad At 5m. ¢. At what value or vals of xs the potential energy a maximam? Ak 5m. 4. Does this particle have a turning point in the range of x covered by the graph? If so, where? The particle doesnot have a turning point on this graph: 20. cow area sof axes on which you are going to daw a potetial-energy curve. By doing experiments, ou find the following information 1A pile with nergy By osilates between positions D and {A price with energy Ey onillaes between posions Cand F +A pricl with energy £5 osillates between postions B and G {A pale with energy Zener from the righ bounees at, then never tues Draw a potential energy curve that is consistent with information. oerey ‘206 by Pearson Eto, In, gobihng as Pearon Addison-Wesley,a Pearson Akin: Wes, 2 i i 2 5 3 Work 11.2 Work and Kinetic Energy 11.3 Calculating and Using Work 1 Foreach pair of vector, isthe sign ofA -B positive (4), negative (-), oF zero (0)2 ae Force [Work | Sian Vig teen? Tension [Wr [+ F D Weigt [Wa ore ra fo 4, A descending: fe brakes to a halt ot 5. A box slides down’ frictionless slope. {©2008 by Peason Eto, oe. pblishing as Person Addison-Wesley,Pearson Aaion- Wesley & i 3 i i : 3 Work cuapren 113 7. Aball is thrown straight up. Consider the ball from one microsecond after it leaves your hand until the highest point of its trajectory. After 2 y a a PRefor. O, + + Force |Work [Sign wig_| = wWret | — PAK | F 8. You toss a ball straight up. Consider the ball from the instant you begin moving your hand until you release the ball 9. A.car turns a comer at constant speed. Force. Fricki 10. A flat block on a string swings once around a horizontal circle on a frictionless table. The block moves at steady sped. GveWead e=0 Foree_|Worlk | Sian Tension Tension | Wr | oO Weight | Wo oO Wa NormalWA caarren i. Work 11. A0.2 kg plastic cart and a 20 kg lead cart both roll without friction on a horizontal surface. Equal forces are used to push both carts forward a distance of 1 m, starting from rest. After traveling 1 m, is the kinetic encrgy of the plastic cart greater than, less than, or equal to the kinetic energy of the lead cart? Explain, Neer equol di SsotVatthesame work is Thekineric eneraies ove equal. Equal forces ore lied Sflacement ee oper done ov Coch. MS the Change in kineric on isthe Some. Recouse i= 0, ARs Kg. (The plastic Willow moving 10 times Faster, however.) Particle A has less mass than particle B. Both are pushed forward across a frictionless surface by equal forces for 1 s. Both start from rest. a. Compare the amount of work done on each particle. That is, is the work done on A greater than, less than, or equal to the work done on B? Explain. icle A Was leSs MOSS, it Willaccelerote. Becouse pork More ond Wovel Fuscter gern tne onesecond PUSM. Therefore the wor done’on A is aveaten ’b. Compare the impulses delivered to particles A and B. Explain. Because equal forces ore opplied for equal Himes te impulses are the Same. cc, Compare the final speeds of particles A and B. Explain, Awillbe CU) For equal momenta tne Lighter Foster MonB. Particle must be foster (adTheliahtter pacticlehas movekinetic EORAY lorcaUse more Wark NOS done an Making jb Foster (ByPachcle A hos aareoter gccelerakon urder the some free leading toa Ofester Final speed- (62008 by Pearson Fducaton, le. publishing s Petsson Adsoe-WeskeyWork cHarreR i 15 11.4 The Work Done by a Variable Force 13. In Chapter 9, we found a graphical interpretation of Ap as the area under the F-yersus-t graph from an initial time 4 to a final time f, Provide an analogous graphical interpretation of AK, the change in Awisthe Oven under the F versus- pasitionaropn: That ONeo. Tepresemmts tne net work done. 14, Apaticle moving along the x-axis experiences the forces shown blow, How much work does each foros do onthe parisle? What seach parce’ change in Kinetic nergy? a Fo bres 10 ‘| s 5 se) Tisase 10. “10. w=BUON) llom)= 30S w= ION Gm)-SN@m)=-ST ake 30S ake 53 15, A 1 kg particle moving along the x-axis experiences the foree shown in the graph. Ifthe particles speed is 2 m/s at x= 0 m, what is its speed when it gets to x= 5m? KisgZUQlaS)*s aT Wied QN)Ue)+(ON)Bm)-5 (any) Um) =OS Kee BSe Fy | say6 cuapron th» Work 16, In Example 11.8 in the textbook, a compressed spring with a spring constant of 20 Nim expands from 29 = -20 em =-0.20 mo its equilibrium position at x = 0 m. 2 Graph the spring force from x, =-0:20 m tox, Fse =-“KAK Fspi* oN, (om-630m))=4N Fse* 3° to i612 | 4S) 29.43% S The speed is Slightly qreoter intne absence OF Friction. 6 2008 by Fearon Bdueaton, ne. pulsing sPeeon Adon Wes.(© 2008 by earn Eaton, In, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Work cnarree 17 11.5 Force, Work, and Potential Energy 11.6 Finding Force from Potential Energy 17. A particle moves in a vertical plane along a closed path, starting at A ‘and eventually returning to its starting point. How much work is done on the particle by gravity’ Explain. No Work WAS done. bY ay aN thy. Wy" Mahy tree ,by=0. Any worl Sas Se ownwowrd Part oF the Morion Ww uindlone during We Upwosd parts. 18, a the force ona particle at some point n space is zero, must its potetial enerzy als be 20 at that point? Explain, No-the rote ot change of potential eneray with Respectto Hon my ee 2810 ott Baw a re vole of oh is Mor known i NE Spee sens point. FeiNg bribe poittal energy of particle at sonte pont in space is zero, mus the force on it also be zero at that poin? Explain No tne Zero poet forthe potential eneray is asoitory There will le afovce present He tine . Vote wenbnige ofthe potentioleneray with position 19. The graph shows the potential-energy curve of aparticle ey VS WOW-21O. moving along the 2st under the fence ofa 1, In which intervals of x is the force on the particle tothe right? From 0+0am From to8m * (wherever-the Slope 1S veqortive) _ cn b. In which intervals of xis the force on the particle tothe © «1 2 9 45 6 7 6 9 10 left? From dmte 5m, From Fm-o |Om- (Wrerever-Hne slope is positive) Atwhat value or values of xs the magnitude ofthe force a maximum? AX YEO, Xe 3-5m , k= bm, and X= 10m The mognitude of te Force iSO Moximiam where the. Slope has rs Ofeotest moanitude.WB cuapren tl» Work 4, What value or values of x are positions of stable equilibrium? Atte minivan X= din, = Bm. €. What value or values of are positions of unstable equilibrium? Dating maximo , K75M. f Ifthe particle is released from rest at x= 0 1, wll it reach 2 = 10 m? Explain, No. I¢ sescased Grom test, will never ove, More ener ies iitiol poterttiol en Ona counnot (woe alocats on wineve. Abo a Keockesr Won tks initial Value Tt will durnaronnd 11.7 Thermal Energy 20. A ball of clay traveling at 10 m/s slams into a wall and sticks. What happened to the kinetic energy the ‘clay had just before impact? “Lt wos dissi pated asthermal ene intne deformation of the alt Sak. 21, What energy transformations occur as a box slides up a gentle but slightly rough incline until stopping. atthe top? Kinekiceneray istronsformed into potentiol eneray to extevrt the look moves Upward, lout diSo Inecmal eneray dissipoted along gre interface loekweadn tne box andthe Tova incline: (©2008 ty eason Eéncaton, In, publishing as Pearson Adon Wesleyhing as Peuson Adison Westy. (©2008 ty Pearson Eden, le Work cuarree 11-9 11.8 Conservation of Energy 22. Give a specific example of a situation in which: a, Weg K with AU =O and AE = 0. Push apuck ac toss a Frickon less Surfoce. (eystem: puck) Gwe N= DRE Bins $ wny,*) . Woq > U with AK = 0 and AB = 0. LiFt a loook af constant Speed. (system: bookeartn) (Went: SF Moy . AULgeou) 6 KU with We. = 0 and Aly =0 Aloo.ll Paton Upword Just after release until encining tS Kk. (Srv? = maddy) (system: Bol Eat) A DUCK sliding into a Spring toits Waxinnwsen Compres ion. A vga Ayn anoamiay =a, EWN SDK Aloox pushed of Constont speed along horizontal suctace- (aystern: ox, Suttoce) Wi KEW) ce. U> Eq with AK=0 and Wey = 0. Alosx Slides at Constant Speed down a Yorne with Sri chon. Gystem :loox Sartoce forty) (mos =A Exe)TWO cuarren tL. Work 23, Asystem loses 1000, of potential energy. In K+ UW = RF Ue + AED the process, it does SOOJ of workon the * environment and the thermal energy inereases by 250 J. Show this process on an ‘energy bar chart. + . . TA, .Z Ke-K\= 950T toboolarce "| iz the chart. 24, A system gains 1000 of kinetic energy K while losing 500 J of potential eneray. The thermal energy increases by 250 J. Show this process on an energy bar chat. Wy? SOT te balance" ne chart. 25. A box is sitting atthe top of a ramp. An external force pushes the box down the ramp, causing it to slowly accelerate, Show this process on an energy bar chart. 4 Kit Ol + Meg = Ke FOS + REY. ° ad a 11.9 Power 26. a. Ifyou push an object 10 m with a 10 N force in the direction of motion, how much work do you do on it? Wek AF = ION -10m= 1005 b. How much power must you provide o push the object in 1s? In 10? In 0.1 8? P< Wes Ins , Ps loow At Inlos, Pe 1985 = iW Ols, P= (O08 ~ \QOOW ols ‘©2008 by Pea Education, ne, publishing ms Petron Adlon Wes.‘6 2008by Pearson Edscto, lnc. publishing as Parson Adion- Wesley \~2) Rotation of a Rigid Body 12.1 Rotational Motion J. The following figures show a wheel rolling on a ramp. Determine the signs (+ or ~) of the wheel’s angular velocity and angular acceleration, 2, Aball is rolling back and forth inside a bowl. The figure shows the ball at extreme left edge of the ball’s motion as it changes direction, a. At this point, is positive, negative, or ze10? © . Atthis point, isa positive, negative, or zero? _ 3, Awheel rolls to the left along a horizontal surface, up a > ramp, then continues along the upper horizontal surface. ™\, Draw graphs for the wheel's angular velocity w and Ne angular acceleration e as a function of time. = 124122. cuapren 12 - Rotation ofa Rigid Body 4, A wheel rolls tothe right along the surface shown. Draw aa graphs for the wheels angular velocity « and angular e+ Acceleration «until the wheel reaches its highest point a > con the right side. c B 12.2 Rotation about the Center of Mass 5.15 the center of mass ofthis dumbbell at point 1, 2, or 3? Explain. ete Seal 3. Thespheres are-the Same size, a bubthe steel sphere is more dense ond Solas ra peoke™ MOSS. 6, Matk the center of mass of this object with an x by Peanoo veut ne, publishing os Peron Adson- Wesley2.2008 by Fearon Edson In, ublihing 4 Poaron Aisne Wes. Rotition ofa Rigid Body cuarren 12 123 12.3 Rotational Energy 12.4 Calculating the Moment of Inertia 7. The figure shows four equal-mass bats rotating about their center. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, their rotational kinetic energies K; to Kg A nts Ke Kg 2Ky 2Ka. 53 ct ae ect Pus KesTo* Tesml so Le\e . Cocbot Kan Cero: Kxg-(Z)*(aur lek, Kuye<(2Le)? 8)" = Hg Ri rotational kinetic energy of sphere A, ‘a, What i the ratio Ry/R, of their radii? Recouse Kaes TO? ond LamR* gy K «R™ Re Ke — me . Would your answer differ if one sphere were solid and the other an equal-mass spherical shell? Explain, No, selong aslooth are. Fhe same type . The prefoctors concel. 9, Which has more kinetic energy: a particle of mass Mf rotating with angular velocity «in a circle of, radius R, or a sphere of mass M and radius R spinning at angular velocity «»? Explain. Kena WRAY?) Hepner EMR?) > Therefore ,Hre particle has o oreoter Kinetic eneray loecouse. OF tS large Moment of inertia.124 HAPTER 12 . Rotation of «Rigid Body 10. The moment of inertia of a uniform rod about an axis through its center is}; ML? The moment of inertia bout an axis at one end is 4ML?. Explain why the moment of neta is larger about the end than about the center When considered aloouk one end thennalf of-ne MOSS Isak AAistance From tne OX'S Mott is; yreocte Yon ony oF Khe MOSS if CONS ick avon’ eter The dotted mags, yes effectively been mated ovdword 06 Snowy). 11. You have two steel spheres, Sphere 2 has thee times the radius of sphere 1. By what factor does the ‘moment of inertia fof sphere 2 exceed the moment of inertia fy of sphere 1? Because sphere do dryree tienes the Ais iS Mass is opener ny AFackor OF twenty seven, (37).m=4st 734). The added MSs is also dist tilted Fuser Fromtne Corker MA, TH MC* leodS to Tem (Imi3O)* GIT,. 12. The profesor hands you two spheres. They have the sate mass, the same radu, andthe sume exterior surface The profesor elaims that one is slid sphere and thatthe oer shallow. Can you determine Which is which without cutting them open? I 0, how? Ir not why not? Tk will be easier +o Totate the Solid sphere, Are \nallow T, Ly. Explanation: a me? Tr aol) me 3. Beek” T,6 3m BY my Ae ny MOF e we? tT, “ys Ry ee WAR (©2008 by Peron Eatcation, Ln. ubishing 2s Parson Adon. Wesley5 é 3 # 2 a g ©2008 by Peco Rotation of a Rigid Body » carve 12. 12-5 12.5 Torque 14, Five forves are applied to a door, For each, determine if the torque about the hinge is n= ne. positive (+), negative (~), or zero (0). 15. Six forces, cach of magnitude either F or 2, re applicd nt to-a door Rank in order, fom largest to smallest the sx torques 7; to-74 about the hinge. Ls Onder’ Ts >T = Ts =Ty Ty, Expl nation: ° V4 » ts -LlOF) Ty EF sins , best bor arly T.25 UH) Tye FFs 2 T32 GO) T= LF sind <0 16, A bieyele i at eston a smooth surface. A force i applied to the bottom pedal us shown. Does the bicycle ol forward (to the righ, hckwat (the ef, or nt ll? Explain, The bicycle will not foilot all. Thougrtne dnain exerts aforque onthe rear \Wineel, which will TOKO ChockWise (as if Lomovethe Key cle Forwold) the icy che does not move forward becouse {ne SLUSowe iS Smonkn. The tire needs ts push opainst dre Sacfoce and ne Suckoce pus lock on Ine Hire to movethe loicycle forward:126 cuarree 12 + Rotation of a Rigid Body 17. Four forces are applied to a rod that can pivot on an axle, For each force, a, Use a black pen or pencil to draw the line of action. b, Use a red pen or pencil to draw and label the moment arm, or state that d = 0, Determine if the torque about the axle is positive (+), negative (-), or zero (0). Write your answer in the blank. 18, a. Draw a force vector at A whose torque about the axle is negative. a, b, Draw a force vector at B whose torque about the axle is zero. «, Draw a force vector at C whose torque about the axle is positive, Ht 19, a, Draw a second force that forms a couple with Fy Draw and label the distance between thet lines of action Is the torque positive, negative, or zero? Explain Positive , lotnlead toa oy, Counrterclackwise Potokion: aoe owt, ot 2 ts from Jargest to smallest, the torques 7), 72, and 73. 3 Explanation: Ain equal Force willlead tea cher forge if applied of 40! Afeeque applied ot 0 F \eods tone Same, Forque if applied of 0'+ g. sin @0-¢) = sin@ot¢) 1 2 (© 2008 ty Pearson Baucation, In. pabishng a Paras Adon. Wesley16 2008 by Pearson Eéncatos, In, publishing as Pearson Adisoa: Wes Rotation ofa Rigid Body « cuapreR 12. 12-7 12.6 Rotational Dynamics 21. A student gives a quick push to a ball at the end of a massless, rigid rod, Po" ‘causing the ball to rotate clockwise in a horizontal circle, The rod's pivot SQ is fictonless el a, As the student is pushing, is the torque about the pivot positive, negative, or 2er0? Neaotive After push has ended, does te Ball's angular velocity i. Steaily increase? ii, Increase for awhile, then hold steady? i, Hold steady? iv. Decrease for awhile, then hold steady? v. Steadily decrease? Explain the reason for your choice There is Momore torque atter +ne push ends. Therefore, tnere isno owquior dcceleroion. Top View Right after the push has ended isthe torque positive, negative, or zero? ZNO 22. a, Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the torques 7) to 75 ' 2 ont: Fy 2TQeT 3 IT Terk Tye deh Ty 6 9h ,Tydehe T= b. Rank in onder, rom largest o smallest, the angular accelerations ay 1 a TxTM soK= th (KEK 3 Soe 2 = a Tyr orare? Lae deg eh, Lystmnary, Tye Bmore ze 2 AF ~ Ss = 0642 Fe, og FOhs» yy = bake a Brot mot Tmo”128 cuaprun 12 . Rotation ofa Rigid Body 23, The top graph shows the torque on a rotating wheel asa function of time. The wheel's moment of inertia is 10 kg m?. Draw graphs of a-versus-t and w-versus-f assuming wp = 0. Provide units and appropriate scales on the vertical axes. TeTK 0 GY 109) 19) a ° a 4 24, The wheel tums on a frictionless axle. A string wrapped around the smaller diameter shaft is tied to a block. The block is released at ¢= 0's and hits the ground at r=). a. Draw a graph of «»-versus-t for the wheel, starting at ‘= 0 s and continuing to some time ¢> f). a i b. Is the magnitude of the block's downward acceleration greater than g, less than g, or equal to g? Explain, The block's acceleration is less Yran x The weiaWt of the block must also Huonthe axle. (© 2008byPeasonEancatoy, Ine. publishing as Pesos Adon Wesley,& é & ° Rotation of aRigid Body CHAPTER 12 129 12.7 Rotation about a Fixed Axis 25. A square plate can rotate about an axle through its center. Four forces of equal magnitude are applied to different points om the plate. The forces turn as the plate rotates, maintaining the same orientation with respect to the plate. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the angular accelerations a to ay. Ordez Ky SK >Ky =H, Explanation: Bow Fyand & ackalong aling Patoudn fine ax le And So Case Ne tome: 26, A solid eylinder and a cylindrical shell have the same mass, same radius, and turn on frictionless, horizontal axles. (The cylindrical shell has light-weight spokes connecting the shell to the axle.) A rope is wrapped around each cylinder and tied toa block. The blocks have the same mass and are held the ‘same height above the ground. Both blocks are released simultaneously. The ropes do not slip. ‘Which block hits the ground first? Oris it a tie? Explain, The lblock ottochved to theslid liner hits First. The Soiid Cylinder hos a Smoller Moment o& Mech aS and Apererate TRuires lesstorqueto rotate, allowing ne rook ts fol Foster. S 12.8 Static Equilibrium 27. A.uniform rod pivots about a frictionless, horizontal axle through its center. It is placed on a stand, held ‘motionless in the position shown, then gently released. On the right side of the figure, draw the final, equilibrium position of the rod. Explain your reasoning. LE Mne Cod 1S already bolonced ok ts Comber, Mnere is 10 Nex Forque to Couge ik ko Cotote - Tk is O\reody in equililorium.1210 curren 12 - Rotation ofa Rigid Body 28, The dumbbell has masses m and 2m. Force Facts on mass m in the direction shown. Is there a force #, that cat act on mass 2m such thatthe dumbbell moves with pure translational motion, without any rotation’ I's, Gray Fs, making sure that ts length shows the ‘magnitude of F, eative tof. I not, explain why not. FH muetbe twice he magnitude ondin tne Some dicection os E,. The Cerrter” oF mass of ne dumioell 13 213 oF Hne Woy Grom rte 30. Thus, F, combriloutes a rerque aooud tot Center oF MOSS Hot is Twice Who the Some force WONG Ce quire ocring 4 on om. 3 . Fores F and have the sume magnitude and are applied to. ———T the comers ofa square plate Is there a single force Fythat if applied co te appropriate point onthe pat, will cause the plate tobe in oa equilibrium’? I so, draw making sure t bas ‘the right position, orientation, and length. If not, explain a why not For the force SUM to 2ev0, Fs must ste De applies of USP aloote te rapt: 7, A, noriZonto ond howe. ov Trade + of (RIF, 1. For the torques Sum*o 2ex0 We Force F gust be applied 9 as fo Couse AClocKWise foPQUe oF mognitucde, FS + FoF =F, O Thus, Fy mustbeapplied ot a distance of 5. From tne center Wnesquose plate. 12.9 Rolling Motion ishing as Pearson Adison- Wes. 30, A wheel is rolling along a horizontal surface with the center- of-mass velocity shown, Draw the velocity vector ¥ at points 1 to 4 on the rim ofthe wheel \l =1Nal \g = WV3t f i a i(© 208 ty Peansoa Education, Ic publishing a Pearson Addison-Wesley Rotation ofa Rigid Body - ciearren 12 12-11 12.10 The Vector Description of Rotational Motion id Body 31. For each vector pair 4 and B shown below, determine if A x points into the page, out of the page, or iszero. a AxB inte page Ax Bout ef AxBoutet oe Axi Pas ‘Poeg Py 12.11 Angular Momentum of a Ri 32. Each figure below shows A and A x B. Determine if is inthe plane of the page or perpendicular to the page. IF Bis in the plane of the page, draw it. If B is perpendicular to the page, state whether B points into the page or out of the page. B iwke poag, Fouk of page B ints prog. 33. Draw the angular velocity vector on each of the rotating wheels 34, The figures below show a forve acting on a particle. For each, draw the torque vector for the torque: about the origin. * Place the tail of the torque vector atthe origin. + Draw the vector large and straight (use a ruler!) so that its direction is clear. Use dotted lines from the tip of the vector to the axes to show the plane in which the vector lies.RAZ _cuavran 12 + Rotation ofa Rigid Body 35. The figures below show a particle with velocity ¥, Fr each, draw the angular momentum veetor£ for the angular momentum eative tothe origin. Pace the til ofthe angular momenta veotr at the ogi, 36, Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the angular momenta Ly (0 L4- SIC One: Lg 7 = Lg = by Explanation: Te FxS LyzMo%eVe » ba? eels ae Lig* MedCNe , Ly* Brats 37. Disks | and 2 have equal mass. Is the angular ‘momentum of disk 2 larger than, smaller than, or equal to the angular momentum of disk 1? Explain, / Larger tron. Wels Tes 2EMeAw Lege 67, LatdmWay E)emrPv, UwiceL,) 3 Peron Adon Wes. i(© 2008 by Pearson Eaton, In, polishing as eason Addison-Wesley Newton’s Theory of Gravity 13.1 A Little History 13.2 Isaac Newton 13.3 Newton's Law of Gravity 1 Isthe earth's gravitational fore onthe moon larger than, smaller than, or equ tothe moon’s _xvitational force onthe earth? Explain, The afovitotional Forces are equal ond opposite “They OF On Action -CeAction Poa 2. SurA wie masive shar B They atincteahotber - fei ecorsbule patina ote deat nn, Plan Faun b. Is the acceleration of sar A larger than, smaller than, or equal othe acceleration of star B? Explain. The acceleration of Stor A is Smaller, For equal forces, the Smarter mass eXperiences the, areotter accelerotion becouse OF Fm 3. The gravitational force ofa star on orbiting planet 1 is Plant 2, whichis twice as massive as planet 1 and orbits at half the distance from the star, experiences gravitational force F, What is the ratio BIR?13-2. cirarren 13 » Newton's Theory of Gravity 4, Comets orbit the sun in highly elliptical orbits. A new comet is sighted at time fy a. Later, at time fp, the comet's acceleration ay is twice as large as the acceleration ay it had att, ‘Wat is the ratio ry/r, of the comet’s distance from the sun at to its distance at 1? For aj d0,, Fy =F, - mH 0 vo ~ | 2. 7 -So-a ew -2= Ro 7 NE — b. Si later, time the comet has rounded the sun and is headed back out tothe farthest reaches of the solar system. Te size ofthe free Fs. the comet ais the same as the sizeof fre butte came diane from the sun ron 90% of tance Asonomers ecopnize ht te comet has Tost nasa Pat OF twas "bled aay” bythe ea ofthe sun ding the ine of loses Sppronch thus fonming the comers a. Wha pean of nial mass dd the ome ose? > Fax I = Pa iTh= OA, Sd COM, = 0.3167 Therefore 3.70 Bim, 13.4 Little g and Big G 5, How faraway from the earth does an orbiting spacecraft have tobe in order forthe astronauts inside to be weightless? The astronauts can be Weidrtless at any distance because Oo oleject is said +8 le Weiahtless if it is. TMsreefall (asin cbih). Fore avostracr one force poloecome Zero Whe Space Cros} Would nave te be ay Insinite distance away. 6, The free-fall acceleration at the surface of planet 1 is 20 m/s, The radius and the mass of planet 2 are half those of planet 1. What is g on planet 2? 1 m aq & are Yap * oy {2008 by Pearson Fasc, ln, publishing as Peso Adon‘©2008 by Pearson Education, Jn. publishing as Pearson Adin Wek Newton's Thoory of Gravity CHAPTER IS 13-3 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy 7. Explain why the gravitational potential energy of two masses is negative, Note that saying “because thats what the formula gives” isnot an explanation. An explanation makes use ofthe basi ideas of force and potential energy : \ The avovitosional potevrtial energy IS Neqorive sae Wecvouge ro pioce tne dure eat of emrioleneray arintiniby (Was 0). Fromtnis Choice re grout ional potential anergy is negotive pecouse theconsenoarive Force oF aroatty 15 adtwoctive.. The HNo MASS WIllADIN Kinebic Sneray asthey approoeh each siinev? 13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies 8. Planet X orbits the stat Alpha with a “year” that is 200 earth days long. Planet ¥ ciscles Alpha at nine times the distance of planet X. How long is a year on planet Y? Fe lets nivel law,the orbital period | caeeate pro gocions\ 4p the, ocbitol FoUS oe Tax ¢ 3 Thus ot Fy) =AC, ; 12 ol ey)?= 3er9 & (3T) Ty= 977 Ayearon planet ¥ is S400 eactin dons long 9. The mass of Jupiter i Mypter = 300Meaci- Jupiter orbits around the sun with Tyopiqr = 11-9 years in an orbit with rypiee= 5.2rean. Suppose the earth could be moved to the distance of Jupiter and placed in a circular orbit around the sun, The new period of the earth’s orbit would be 1 yea Q@i19 years ¢. Beoween I year and 11.9 years. “d. More than 11.9 years. , Itcould be anything, depending on £,ILisimpossible for a planet of earth's mass the speed the earth is given. to orbit at the distance of Jupiter. Circle the ltr ofthe te statement. Then explain your choice The orbital period is independevd oF the mass OF Lhe orbiting loodly , provided thatthe, grbitinn bad Mass is Much less than the mass oF he loody being oroited.13-4 cuAPrER 13 . Newton's Theory of Gravity 10, Satelite A orbits planet with a speed of 10,000 m/s, Satellite B is twice as massive as satellite A and orbits at twice the distance from the center ofthe planct. What is the speed of satelite B? SotelliteBs moss isnot Celevamnt, but at twice te distance. its acbita| period isoveater ley aFactor OF [ae LS Bod Wedistonce it mnastrovel during each period is also greater oy afoactor OF B-THUS, its Speed is Be less ov & less Nyt O10 1Vg2 LOTS & 7X0? 5. 11, a Acrew of a spacecraft in a clockwise circular orbit around the moon ‘wants to change (0 a new orbit that will take them down to the surface, In which direction should they fire the rocket engine? On the figure, show the exhaust gases coming out of the spacecraft. On the figure, show the spacecraft's orbit after firing its rocket engine. ‘The moon has no atmosphere, so the spacecraft will continue unimpeded along its new orbit until either firing its rocket again or (ouch!) intersecting the surface. As it descends, does its speed increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain. As it descends, its speed increases, os it loses Betentioleneray ond oAins Kinetic energy ‘62008 by Pearson Education, lc. publshng as Peston Adion- WesleyPearson Ads 125 Oscillations 14.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 1. Give three examples of oscillatory motion. (Note that circular motion is not the same as oscillatory motion.) 1. Amoss hanging From a spring: 3. Arennis ba eine Volieyeddoock and forth: Ss Wasnboord road amps! if beating nea 5. AC elecktic current and Voltage. & Apendulum swingin 2, On the axes below, sketch three cycles of the displacement-versus-time graph for a, A particle undergoing symmetric periodic motion that is not SHM. », A particle undergoing asymmetric periodic motion, c. A particle undergoing simple harmonic motion. 141W-2 cartes Ht» Oxillations 3. Consider the particle whose motion is represented by the x-versus-t graph below. an a. Is this periodic motion? \Y@S b.tsthis motion Sot? NYO c. Whatisthe peioa? 4 SOC. 4. What isthe frequency? £2 5% * 0.95 Hz ce. You learned in Chapter 2 to relate velocity graphs to position graphs. Use that knowledge to draw the particle's velocity-versus-time graph on the axes provided. 4, Shown below is the velocity-versus-time graph of a particle. 4 What iste period ofthe motion? (oS. bh. Draw the particle's position-verse-time graph, suring from x=Oal¢= Os. +] 6) 5. The figure shows the position-versus-time graph * of a particle in SHM. 1a, At what times is the particle moving to the right ar maximum speed? Os b. At what mes isthe particle moving to the lft at maximum speed? aus c. At what times is the particle instantaneously at rest? 13,5,15 ings Penson Addison-Wesley, (©2008 ty Psion Edacaton, Ic, poh(© 2008 by Peon Education In publishing Pearson Adizon- Wesley Oscillations -cuapree 414-3 14.2. Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion 6, A particle goes around a circle 5 times at constant speed, taking a total of 2.5 seconds. = 1800" a. Through what angle in degres has the panicle moved? 9* Sled° = 180O' b. Through what angle in radians has the panicle moved? (OAT = BLL ads ¢. What the pails frequency 7? Seycles. 9, Sesles. 2.02 4, Use your answer to part b to determine the particle's angular frequency w. WratF-4Ts 19.604 /s ¢. Docs «(in rad/s) =+2af(in Hz)? NY es. 7. A patticle moves counterclockwise around a circle at constant speed. For each of the phase constants given below: * Show with a dot on the circle the particle's starting position, + Sketch two cycles of the particle's x-versus-t graph, a. ’ b. x ©, y d.U-4 cuapren Hf - Oscillations 8. a On the top set of axes below, sketch two eycles of the x-versus-t graphs for a particle in simple hharmonie motion with phase constants) by = 17/2 rad and it) dbp =~? rad. b, Use the bottom set of axes to sketch velocity-versus-time graphs for the particles. Make sure each velocity graph aligns vertically with the correct points on the 2-versus-f graph, x L gene * ii ‘a, What is the phase constant #9? Explain how you determined it. X= Acos (ust +o) Xy(k20)=-A Cosgyert (er0)=A , Congest bb, What isthe phase of the purticle at each of the three numbered points on the graph? rhascatt: OO” Pracar® [80° Phaeet LO’ (or 209) ¢, Place dots on the circle above to show the position of a circular-motion particle atthe times. corresponding to points 1, 2, and 3. Label each dot with the appropriate number. 3 i é (©2008 by Pearson Edson, Ine, polsing a Pearson Adin: ‘© 208 hy Pearson Eaton, I, Oscillations - CHAPTER I 14-5 14.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 10, IL ‘The figure shows the potentil-energy diagram of 8 Exew 0) particle oscillating on a spring a. What isthe spring's equilibrium length? is 20cm b. The particle's turing points are at 14-em and 26cm. Draw the total energy line and label it TE. cc. What is the particle's maximum kinetic energy’ “LST d. Draw a graph of the particle's kinetic energy as a function of position. e. What will be the turning points if the particle's total energy is doubled? fom) ~ Wem —2asen A block oscillating on a spring has an amplitude of 20 em, What will be the block's amplitude if its, total energy is tripled? Explain Emox =x? The enes Varies asthe amplitude, €,_ $k 3s x? ‘saces ro aripe the energy Cequires ee SS 2 a fZincrease in he amplitude. BRM ‘i a. %t Age Bem 113+ BA -leem A block oscillating on a spring has a maximum speed of 20 cm/s. What will be the block's maximum, speed if its total energy is tripled? Explain E> de E, Va \> 2-@) Ve 22) Va VB Vye WINS = 34S1-6 Hartree M. Oscillations 13, The figure shows the potential energy diagram of a particle. Eneay 0) a, Is the particle's motion periodic? How can you tell? 3 Yes thereare hacning paints ot ve ler ouncot Tem ond ockicle, aT TE oscilloces between these Hno points. b. Is the particle's motion simple harmonic motion? How / an can you tell? avr ata No The PE curve is not Ko quadratic. af 2 ¢. What is the amplitude ofthe motion? 3em, ot poem or ar) d. Draw a graph of the particle's kinetic energy as a function of position. Equation 14:25 in the textbook states that $ka? = Jmvg.,. What does this mean? Write a couple of sentences explaining how to interpret this equation. Goes istronsfetred back and forth 37 aN pots vio ener ay oF He efreores ES are ol Ki eR sey ALLTOP Doin (Ss) (5 on! Tresquation dacs ns Poy in Prod tne particle ever has amplitude A. Png speed Vinox, The equation relotes “ expeessions For fo foetne erergy or two 1 PeasonAédion-Wesk. {© 2008 by PeasonEdueto, ne.pulsing ns Pearson Ado (© 208 by Peanon Ede Oscillations cuuneran MH 14-7 14.4 The Dynamics of Simple Harmonic Motion 14.5 Vertical Oscillations 15, A block oscillating on a spring has period T= 4s. ‘a. What is the period ifthe block’s mass is halved? Explain. Note: You do not know values for ether m or k. Do not assume any particular values for them. The required analysis involves thinking about ratios. T= OT) So if tre enass ishalved,Hne. Pperisdwill decrease by IA Se Tis ane = 3 (adie) eT Tie 238s ', Wha is the period ifthe value of the spring constant is quadrupled? Stn ata segs Teams UME) - T's 3s. «. What i the petiod ifthe oscillation amplitude is doubled while m and k are unchanged? The periadis Unchanged. Tine ooaplitude does not ct He, peciced: T'a4s For graphs a and b, determine: + The angular frequency «, + The oscillation amplitude A + The phase constant @. Note: Graphs a and b are independent. Graph b is not the velocity graph of a a. st b vea . A \ a cod, o- BNO > (lay om = 3-[ Bem Wn A) do= 730°14-8 cuapren 1 - Oxillaions 17. The graph on the right is the position-versus-time graph for a simple harmonic oscillator. af a. Draw the v-versus-f and a-versus-t graphs. ». When x is greater than zero, is a ever greater than zero? "| 7 If so, at which points inthe eycle? 7 No ’ cc, When » is less than zero, is a ever less than zer0? If so, at which points in the cycle’? No - dd, Can you make a general conclusion about the rela- tionship between the sign of x and the sign of a? on The s ans OF Kardon ore o : + oppsite ¢. When xis greater than zero, is v ever greater than zero?“ Ifs0, how is the oscillator moving at those times? Yes. TF x50 and V>O the abject is Slowing devin OS Htappreaches & poink. 18. Forthe osilaion shown on heletbelow,, 4 ° 4 What is the phase constant op? COSHy* Sp Po? - LO b. Draw the corespondng v-versus graph on the axes below the -versus raph 6. On the axes on the rat, sketch vo cele ofthe x versus and the versus graphs ifthe valu of $4 found in part ais replaed by ts negative, “4 a a 4. Describe physically what is the same and what i different about the initial conditions for two osillators having "equal but opposite” phase constants 4g and ~¢. “Me initial starting point ig the Some, For $e and -G,. Inthe First case. Jngweveds fre oretion is wading towards waxitmurn displacement, while ints Second COSC IF 1S moni Fowiords ne, waililocivann Bee For ¢ Hoe inirial Velocity is positive. For ~Bs iris nee We (62008 by Pearson Eéocaton, In, publishing a Pearson Adon: Wes2 § i (©2008 by Pesson Education fc, publishing 3 19. The top graph shows the position versus time for a mass oscillating on a spring. On the axes below, sketch the position-versus-time graph for this block forthe following, situations: Note: The changes described in each part refer back to the original oscillation, not tothe oscillation ofthe previous part of the question, Assume that all other parameters remain constant Use the same horizontal and vertical scales as the original oscillation graph. 4. The amplitude and the frequency are doubled. b, The amplitude is halved and the mass is quadrupled. cc. The phase constant is increased by 77/2 rad. 4d. The maximum speed is doubled while the amplitude remains constant. Oscillations -cuapveR M 14-9.W-10 cuapreR 14» Oxillations 14.6 The Pendulum 20. A pendulum on planet X, where the value of g is unknown, oscillates with a period of 2 seconds. What is the period of this pendulum if a, Ts mass is tripled? Note: fou do not know the values of m, L, or g, so do not assume any specific values, is independent of themnass, [T= 35} b. Its length is tripled’? (Be Te BTR ¢. Its oscillation amplitude i tripled? The pericct is independent of the omplitude For-small onmles T=3s 21. The graph shows the displacement s versus time for an oscillating pendulum. a, Draw the pendulum’s velocity-versus-time graph. ', What isthe value of the phase constant $49? Cos$, =-0-107 $, 2 395° «In the space atthe right, draw a picture of the pendulum that shows (and labels!) + The extremes of its motion * Its position at #= 0s, + Tis direction of motion (using an arow) at = 0s Sma (© 2008 by Pearson Edin In publishing os Parson Addison Wesley(© 2008 by Peano Eécaton, Inc. poblishng as Pearson Addison-Wesley Oscillations cuavrer M W=11 14.7 Damped Oscillations 22. AF the damping constant b of an oscillators increased, «a. Is the medium more resistive or less resistive? _ WOR b. Do the oscillations damp out more quickly of less quickly? WOCE ce. Isthe time constant 7 increased or decreasea” Aeewreosed 23. A block on a spring oscillates horizontally on a table with friction. Draw and label foree vectors on the block to show all horizontal forces on the block. 4. The mass is to the right ofthe equilibrium point and moving away from it — 2 i ete : Fe bb. The mass isto the right of the equilibrium point and approaching it. 24, A mass oscillating on a spring has a frequency of 0.5 Hz and a damping time constant 7 = 5 s. Use the ‘rid below to draw a reasonably accurate position-versus-time graph lasting 40 s. ~106n | ~ oe 1s on ae wsW-12 cHaPreR HM - Oscillations 25. The figure below shows the envelope of the oscillations of a damped oscillator, On the same axes, draw the envelope of oscillations if a, The time constant is doubled. ». The time constant is halved. Ample A 14.8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance 26, What is the difference between the driving frequency and the natural frequency of an oscillator? Tine driving frequency is the Frequency ofan external Forcetnat applied to the system: The not isthe frequents of osciliarions dueto-ne Maken ey festering Force Wien displaced from equstokiam The Saving brequency ond nahin) Frequency One independent. 27. Acar drives along a bumpy roud on which the bumps are equally spaced. Ata speed of 20-mph, the frequsney of iting bumps is equa othe natural frequency of the er bouncing ont springs a. Drawa graph of the ea’ vera bouncing amplitude Angie asa function ofits speed if the cat has new shorkab- mast sorbers arge damping coeficien. b. Draw a graph ofthe car's vertical bouncing ampliude as. funetion ofits speed if the ear has worn out shock Aboorbers small damping coefiien). Draw both graphs onthe same aes, an label them as to whichis which i j é 2 i (© 2008 by Pearson Een (eh)as Pearson Addison- Wes : i i : iley Fluids and Elasticity 15.1 Fluids 1, An object has density p. ‘a, Suppose each of the object's three dimensions is increased by a factor of 2 without changing the ‘material of which the object is made. Will the density change? If so, by what factor? Explain. fine devicity it nok chor ow demoass ound Volume incre’ by O32 Seimnes, neit Patio is unchhanses, b. Suppose each of the object's three dimensions is increased by a factor of 2 without changing the object's mass, Will the density change? If so, by what factor? Explain, The density willdecrease Factor of $. The voluene as Iacceosed tee B Fines, lout not the moss so =e. 2. abe nn in a cylinder has density p= 1.4 kg/m® ‘a, What will be the density of the air ifthe length of the cylinder is doubled while the radius is unchanged? Dowdlin tne doubles tne. vorrei Se SRA Bees bb. What will be the density of the air ifthe radius of the cylinder is halved while the length is, unchanged? Edtcresses Padins is halved tre volume, ees = cregsccny ostoes Seer “oe 2 Sipe Ape Sole Shs 3. Aifenclosed it a phere has density p= 14 kg/m®, What wil the density be ifthe radius of te sphere is halved? The volume clecrenses boy times se pl=We = BP= NO ESend 1541WB-2_cuuavrnn 15 . Fluids and Blastcty 15.2 Pressure 15.3 Measuring and Using Pressure 4, When you stand on a bathroom scale, it reads 700 N. Suppose a giant vacuum cleanet sucks half the air ‘out of the room, reducing the pressure to 0.5 atm, Would the scale reading increase, decrease, of stay the same? Explain. The Scale Ceading would le. unchonaed PressQXe 1s Solo, Eke ting no net Upward force 5, Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the pressures at A, B, and C. ® ower k>C>B "Le Trepresure de | the depin trom oe enn Aisthe lowest (derge Sane From) ° a | opening oF B. Cis t c i ace Vick as deep os A- 6. Refer tothe figure in Exereise 5. Rank inorder, from largest to smallest, the pressures at D, E, and F. Oner E= FE >D Explanation Eomnd F arene some, depth From ineopenina ond Di not osdeep as*Eond F. ‘The gauge pressure at the bottom of a cylinder of liquid is py = 0.4 atm. The liquid is poured into another cylinder with twice the radius of the first cylinder. What is the gauge pressure at the bottom of the second eylinder? (Bee Dus ene Coss Sectione} sor Wieck cylinder isaqreater aractor a wl be Stolle by the cache Factor: APz rie co Therefore the decreost in dept cede He QPUSE PRE loy-the Same Factor, (© 2008 ty Pearson Bacon In, publishing as Pearson Adon. Wesley(©2008 by Pann Eduction, Ine, publishng ws Pearson Adlson-Wesky Fluids and Blasiciy carte IS 15-3 8. Cylinders A and B contain liquids. The pressure py at the bottom of A is higher than the pressure py at the bottom of B. Is the ratio p,/pa of the absolute pressures larger than, smaller than, or equal to the ratio of the gauge pressures? Explain. Fe Corin oF-the alosolute pressuce iS Smaller. The dlosolure Pressure isthe Seuss. pressuce. plus osmospreric pressure. ForPa >Py then Panpuge + Raton ‘Paoouse Paapane r Paes Prapuge 9. Aand B ar rectangular tanks full of water. They have equal — depths, equal thicknesses (the dimension into the page), but different widths. a, Compare the forces the water exerts on the bottoms of the tanks, Is larger than, smaller than, or equal to Fs? Explain, = \, Fa> Fe becouse the bottom of Ais larger. The Pressures ATE opel Souk F=PA- . Compare the forces the water exerts on the sides of the tanks. Is Fj larger than, smaller than, or equal to Fy? Explain, Faz Fe. The areas of thesides gceequal and the pressure ot any aiven dept isthe Same For both A ond B. 10, Water expands when heated. Suppose a beaker of water is heated from 10°C to 90°C. Does the pressure at the bottom of the beaker increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain The pressuse Stay 5 te Some... Attnovay the dept iNcreoses, athe why MUStalso decrease. The total moss 1S constowt as iS he, Une, Suerte the weight EOE RAS isn, oequa tops? Exlain Paz Pa ~ The pressure isdistrilbuted | Haroucrouttne Fiuidte be equalat eral deoths.A cuavren 15 . Fluids and Blastcty 12, The container showin holds a mixture of ol and water. To begin, the container is shaken vigorously mix the oll nto the water by breaking it into very tiny droplets. This is what happens when you shake ajar of salad dressing. Eventually, theo eparaes and rises to the top. Oil and water are immiscible, mcaning that the total volume Is the sime whether they are mixed or separated. The pressure atthe bottom ofthe container after the ol has separated is hot the same asthe inal pressure when the ol and water ate mixed although itmay take some careful tought to understand why. Ts the final pressure atthe boom higher or lower than the init pressure? Explain, Me Final pressure is less-The neck Hine contoiner Will inihally be Filed wit on oil- woster mixture Once-the oil TiS5eS Aeneck ecomes Si\ledonty with ail Theshape oF ine Container inthis case leads tothe Cembrod calunn Naving Oa peccentoge of oil ogrer then loefor leadingto a lower “S Final pressure- 13, Atsea level, the height of the mercury column in a sealed glass tube is 380 ‘mim, What can you say about the contents of the space above the mercury? Be tx pec as you ca, Theheidt one mercury Coban IS Want rt Would inoue loeer, ifthe Space olove Were competed evacenocted Thus, the Space iS Under o pressu® oF O.5etm- ode = TOemthg) 3 i ; iFluids and Elasticity cuarren 15 15-5 i 15.4 Buoyancy 14, Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the densities of A, Band C one: A>C>B A Ht Explanation = Themost dense ariect Float: Wikh He smaltest Fraction o ibsvolume aloove ine Fluid level. Me least dense Floats wilysne largest Fraction of Wsvolume aldove-the Suid level. 8 A,B, and Chave the same volume. Rank in order, from largest 0 smallest, the sizes of the buoyant forces Fy, Fs, and Feon A, B, and C, owe: Fy? Ege Fe Explanation Recouse they hovethe same Nolume ney each displace Ane Some Volume of Auid and Jencetne same loucyort Force (Note thatthe systemis Not in equililbrinm, tnecForees Nor SOW) Refer to the figure of Exercise 15. Now A, B, und C have the same density. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the sizes of the buoyant forces on A, B, and C. ous: Fy 2 Fe Fa Explanation Tr Hreic densities avethe same thenthe dejects With arester mass (And C)must alse occup 0 lavgerVolume-Thus, A and C. Wwillexperience, alacagy lousyart forcetmon B.17, Suppose you stand on a bathroom sae thats on tne bottom ofa swimming pool. Te water comes up to your waist Does the sal read more than less than, or the same as your ive weight? Explain, Thescale wil read your Weight. Our definition oF Weidnt isthe reading of a stole on which an doject ISS onary he Torre sory on youis feduced, however, tothe extent of Hie buxyant force. 18, Ships Aand B have te same height and the same mas ‘helt ross section profiles ae shown in the figure. Docs one ship ride higher inte water (more height above the Awill ride Wigner becousene a . ootom of Adisolaces water more. efFechely Mowing as ‘eoter Yolumne ob loner depths. Less of A's total hei airs needs, foe Si yo displace q Weia\st OF Woven equalto tine Weigirt of tne Sip: Edson, ne publishing 4s Pesson Aden Wesley (© 2008 ty Poa(0-208 by PeanonEcaton le. publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Fids and Blastcity carrer 1S 15-7 15.5 Fluid Dynamics 19, Gas flows through a pipe. You can't se into the pipet |_ a know how the inner diameter changes. Rank inorder, =} foo ams from largest to smallest, the gas speeds vy 10 ¥3 at points 1,2,and3, Onde Vg, >, >Vig Explanation Astine Speed increases Hie pressuce.is reduced OMowinatne Fuid forise Waker whenete a BRS Fastest oy toknow how the inner diameter changes, Rankin order, | | from largest 'o smallest, the flow speeds vt a points and 3. + ; ondee: Jay >V\ >No. Explanation Asthespeedof tne Huid increases the, pressure is reduced. 21. Liquid flows through this pipe. This is an overhead view. a Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the flow speeds vy to at points 1 (0 4. Order: J, >Ng,> Vg. > Vy oi Meareotest od occurs Where he. GOSS - Soe eHAl osed iS Smallest” sotnat the sore volume Fons per time: b Rank inorder, from largest to smallest, the pressures p, 0 py at points Ito 4 ove Py > Pa PRP, me weostest pressure _Oppears Where OW Speed is least. 22. Wind blows over a house. A window on the ground floor is open. Is there § > aan air flow through the house? If so, does the airflow in the window and Wing out the chimney, or in the chimney and out the window? Explain, The pressure is feduced atthe Onivaney ducccto ne aie loin: Thus Hne oir Clowbin the, = Windows ond out tre Chimney.15-8 cHapree IS - Fluids and Elasticity 15.6 Elasticity 23. A force stretches a wire by 1 mm. ‘a, A second wire of the same material has the same cross section and twice the length, How far will it be stretched by the same force? Explain. The Keond wive will be stretched by Imm becouse, Ane ornouict oF Stretching 1S 5 Propartional tothe. lemon oF the wire: fay, > Y,0--% Heheg ae SOL ’. A third wire ofthe same material has the same length and twice the diameter as the first, How far will it be stretched by the same force? Explain. Because ne Cross-Rctianal aren is increased, by 4 Fimes winerctine ai omneverisdoulcied Khe stretenirg, Wii oe. Y4 98 MUCK OF AL! “GAY ap = 0.2mm 24. A 2000 N force stretches a wire by I mm, ‘a. A second wire of the same material is twice as long and has twice the diameter. How much force is needed to stretch it by 1 mm? Explain. Because tne cross - sechional aven increages by Hi put the lengttsis only Sea aforee of ses oy ft tients isvequived: FAY EE p'HAY Se = ae b. A third wire is twice as ong as the first and has the same diameter. How far is it stretched by a 4000 N force? Tr is stretched by Hmm Bu 7a = =4AL 4s Peanon Adiso- Wesley 25. A wire is stretched right to the breaking point by a 5000 N force. A longer wire made of the same ‘material has the same diameter. Is the force that will stretch it right to the breaking point larger than, ‘smaller than, or equal to 5000 N? Explain, The lonaer wire will also break a 5000 N, “he Force per oxen is tne Same in loot COSeS. i : : 8 26, Sphere A is compressed by 1% at an ocean depth of 4000 m. Sphere B is compressed by 19% at an ‘ocean depth of 5000 m, Which has the larger bulk modulus? Explain. Sphreve Bias o larger bulk modulus lpecouse it takes a Greater pressure (oveotrer dep) to compress \t bythe some Fraction.‘©2008 by Pearson Eéncaon, In, publing as Pearson Addison: Wess A Macroscopic Description of Matter 16.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 1. A.Lx 10° m? chunk of material has a mass of 3 kg. 1, What is the material’s density? 2M, Bhy PeAT notes BO Fee b. Would a2 x 10° m? chunk of the same material have the same mass? Explain, No-Ttwouldnave +e same den: gut the Mass Would loz. nz pV = (2000 Sne)(OX10 4?) = LRG c. Would a 2.x 10° m* chunk of the same material have the same density? Explain, Yes. The density of dre material is constant 2. You are given an irregularly-shaped chunk of material and asked to find its density. List the specific steps that you would follow to do so, ace tne MUN oF Material rnrto A Known Bene oF Water in, aagasuoxed cy) inder+to measure teVolume oF te Material: Measure the WO Us pan balance. Calculate Ane density USiNg P= My 3, Object 1 has an irregular shape. Its density is 4000 kg/m? ‘4. Object 2 has the same shape and dimensions as object 1, but itis twice as massive. What is the density of object 2? = on0"uai Paz Mes AP 3 p= WOOO De b. Object 3 has the same mass and the same shape as object 1, but its size in all three dimensions is, twice that of object 1. What is the density of object 3? Ngz Lax waxhg = OL xdw,xdh,2 S(L Wx) 28V, 2M3a_Mi in 5 Pz eS We 4000") = 5005s 16-116-2. curren 16 + A Macroscopic Description of Mater 16.2 Atoms and Moles 4, You have 100 g of aluminum and 100 of led. a. Which has the greater volume? Explain, Va y= Mar. e100! : <5 Me ale Saas 7 3TOx10 o 2 Mre 0.1098. .¢ genio es ‘Ml Vu” SEP = Tpowsine = 8 BSAIO on! b Which Contin Tager umber of moles? Explain, Nae = 1003-2 2.J0msl Goal ST 3IRat > Na? py one Bg Eg 0 Hi cc. Which contains more atoms? Explain. Naz Maiq = B10 mel)( (09x10 4226) = 2.33% 10M atoms Now? Vigan = (0463mot) (4-03 Pers) = 29) x10" atoms pis 5. Acylinder contains 2 g of oxygen gas. A piston is used to compress the gas. After the gas has been compressed: ‘a, Has the mass of the gas increased, decreased, or not changed” Explain. Since. Hops molecules nove left+tne cylinders ne mass of the aps toyed nesome- b. Has the density ofthe gos increased, decreased, or not changed? Explain, Te MASS has Femained+ne SAME lout He Volume oS decreased. Teregore Mnedensity hos increased: ¢: Have the umber of moles of gas neresed, decreased, or not changed? apa, Since tnemass hos remained the some, Phe nUMbVr oF males is also UNdhanged.: 4. Has the number density othe gas inewased, decreased, or not changed? Explain The numloer oF parti cles isconstont, but the Volume nos decreased.So the Numloerdensity hos Increased:; 4 : i 2 pic Desrition of Matter - CHAPTER 16 16-3 16.3 Temperature 6, Rank in order, from highest to lowest, the temperatures T; = 0 K, Tz=0°C, and 73 = 0°. T,=OK Lowest Tk: we +973 Tee OC=313K Highest e 2 ,32)-3G-32)-17.8"¢ T320 Fea5sk et P38: 855K Tex 3 (ip- 33") = $ (A"-39") 30°C TeeTetd73> 96+ 373 = 093K 8, a. The gas pressure inside a sealed, rigid container is | atm at 100K, What is the pressure at 200K? PVenRT Q > presaive ig < lot so Woter boils at atemperatuce leas thon 160° . 19S sos », Suppose you place a beaker of liquid water at 20°C in a vacuum chamber and then steadily reduce the pressure, What, if anything, happens to the water? When the Pressure. i's lowered below the loounclowy line between, theliquid and ine dos OSes, ne Pree Will Cnavige From \\ quid +o ops: «sit ess dense or more dense han igi water? Refe tothe diagram as you answer. The density oF ice is less thon the density of liquid waster ©2008 ty PeasonBicaton, Ine, publishing a Pearson Adon Wesley‘A Macroscopic Desription of Matter CHAPTER 16 16-5, 16.5 Ideal Gases 11, Ibis well known that you can trap liquid in a drinking straw by placing the tip of your finger over the top while the straw is in the liquid, then lifting itout. The 88 liquid runs out when you release your finger. & a, What isthe net force on the cylinder of trapped liquid’? ZENO. b. Draw a free-body diagram forthe trapped liquid. Label each vector. 4 Lia il zap-A Fae Mugsa ¢: Is the gas pressure inside the sta, between the liquid and your finger, greater than, less than, ot equa to atmospheric pressure? Explain The pressure oloove the, Kouig is lessthanthe. odmospner ic. Sure Therefore jhe nex \ Srecaute Az to QOs aloove aang loelow 1e LLQUG iS POI DEIN WP: if Your ansNerto part as “greater” or ess,” how did the pressure change from the atmospheric pressure tothe final pressure? Winile the Strow isintne liquid tne atmos pheri Pressuw onthe Sariocg tne Cad enees oe Ceocrex cee Bushing ting ridthotnestrow, When thest rou is res Frontne liquid oon exaciacced Veajontios been to ppedl ketweentne tig 3 12, Ams sna sealed container. By what facor does the gs posse changeit; NG ANY? 1. The volume is tripled and the temperature is doubled? \WTr\, . (Neate) 2 Put. PoNe >) GER Ese. Siew ». The volume is halved and the absolute temperature is doubled?” ps BP te16-6. cHAPreR 16. A Macroscopic Description of Matter 13, A gas is in a sealed container. By what factor does the absolute gas temperature change if: 4 The volume is tripled and the pressure is doubled? Tos Bee «(ZY RE)T = oT, Ta CR RRT 14, The gas inside in a cylinder is heated, causing a piston in the cylinder to move outward. The heating ‘causes the temperature to double and the length of the cylinder to triple. By what factor does the gas. pressure change? 7 Pee Te PEE) 3h 15. You have a 100 cm? box of helium and a 100 cm* box of argon. a. Suppose both boxes are athe same temperature and contain the sarve numberof atoms. Is the helium pressure greater than, less than, or the same as the argon pressure? Explain The pressures ore the Same. The mons of the individual coms does not ofFect the pressure in the container, vilnich is HFuunchon of ine interaction loehween Heaters, geeasentially point pocticles. », Suppose both gases have the same pressure and the same mass. Is the helium temperature greater than, less than, or the same as the argon temperature? Explain THE Nelinm temperotureis lower, Beco.use theteatal MoSSWS WE Te Sdme We KNOW Hot there are Move, relive ofems nance dloraer NSo PY .T leadsto oR alower temperodrure: ‘2006 hy Pearson Education, ne, pblising as Fearon Addison Wes.(© 2008 by Pearson Evan, In, ublhng a Peaon Aion Wesley. [AMacroscopic Description of Matter » CHAPTER 16 16-7 16.6 Ideal-Gas Processes 16. The graphs below show the initial state of a gas. Draw a pV diagram showing the following processes: 1a, Anisochoric process that __b, An isobaric process that ¢. An isothermal process that doubles the pressure, doubles the temperature. doubles the volume. | —~ SK 17, Interpret the pV diagrams shown below by 1, Naming the process. b, Stating the factors by which p, V, and T change. (A fixed quantity changes by a factor of I.) I OIN Le Process Esechore process Dsothermal Process. Tse vane pohangesby “I pehangesby Ye % pohangesby | Vechanges by _! x. Vehanges by 2% Venanges by Ye T changes by SX. Tehangesby 1X Tchanges bye 18, Starting from the initial state shown, draw a pV diagram for the three- oppo i. An sochorc process that halves the temperature then i ii. Ansothemal proces that halves the pressure, then i Am save process that doubles he volume UT Label each of the stages on your diagram.16-8 cusarren 16 - A Macroscopic Description of Matter 19. Acylinder of gas has a tightly fitting piston. If the piston is pushed in, i. the pressure of the gas increases. fi, the pressure of the gas decreases, ili, the pressure of the gas remains the same. ‘we can't predict whether the pressure will increase, decrease, or remain the same. Which of these statements is true? Why? iv. We coxtt predict. We know Hak Hnevolume decreases ond VeORE | ut dais Celationship could be sokistied ever by T decreasing or P incrensing or some cornianetion: TF the process is isothermal , P must increase. TF isobaric, pdoes nokchanee. 20, Actnko ass iy fing ison. soni pai, 1 the emperors i. temperate ps oes te temper he seis sme secant peta ner te enperatre il ines, dorms ae hts sate sue? Wy? iv. Rapin, wecont predict because ertner deareasingT or increasing p will Ssoristy He Lelotionshie V2 ORT os Vdecresses land n Temnoins constant ). {© 2008 by Pearson Eaton, pulshing as Pearon Addison-Wesley(©2008 by Pearson Easton, In, pubshing as Pearson Adon. Wes Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 17.1 It’s All About Energy 17.2 Work in Ideal-Gas Processes 1. How much work is done on the gas in each of the following processes? a peo brew «poe 00 smo} of 2000: co 20004 SN 2000 t oo] | ' ‘on of} Ve vee) 0 — 0) TTF wT F4 — w-+4000d w-- 4000S, wet5000y 2. The figure on the left shows a process in which a gas is compressed from 300 em® to 100 em?. On the right set of axes, draw the pV diagram of a process that starts from initial state i, compresses the gas to 100 cm?, and does the same amount of work on the gas as the process shown on the left. * Ft Vem) bo 1 Veen) oa to 3, The figure shows a process in which work is done to compress a gas. ’ a. Draw and label a process A that starts and ends atthe same points | 4 but does more work on the gas. 3B b. Draw and label a process B that starts and ends atthe same points bbut does less work on the ga ws7-2 cuarren 17 » Work, Heat end the Fist Law of Thermodynamics 17.3 Heat 17.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 4, Metal blocks A and B, both at room temperature, are balanced on a see-saw. Block B is removed, heated to just below its melting point, then returned to hell] the exact same position on the see-saw, Afterward, is block A higher than, lower than, oF still level with block B? Explain. The some level}, Block B Now has more therma' energy out not more MSs. 5. Cold water is poured into hot metal container cotyner a What physical quantities can you measure tat tll you that the metal and / water are somehow changing? Temperotute, pressure Gnd volume: Hoxie . What is the condition for equilibrium, after which no ational changes take place? The wore onc the metal ave in chermal equil eorium when dey Cencin ne sametemperatuce ¢. Use the concept of energy to describe how the metal and the water interact. : The Faster moleculesinthe notmetol Collide wrth Hneslower moleaales inthe cold water: On overnae tHe, Foster molesileS lose enecay ONd he Slower moeule eanereray Se eneray is Wonsterred Fromtne era) to The wocter, 4, Is your description in part ¢ something that you can observe happening? Or is it an inference based ‘on the measurements you specified in part a? Peso Adion-Wesk. Tere isno mocroscopie SeServalole motion of the System The MicroScoPic CAlLISIoINS AE inFerced Trem the Measurements oF temperature ete. (©2008 by Pearson Edacation, Inc dishing08 by Prarson Education, ln. pablishing as Pssron Adon Wesley ox ‘Work, Hest, andthe Fist Law of Thermodynamics cnarre 17 17-3 6. Do each of the following describe a property of a system, an interaction of a system with its environment, or both? Explain. 4. Temperature: Temperoiuse is aSstote, voridlole. Lt iS a pro} DF ASYStem fqloted +o the thermo a ne Molecwle “But atemperatuce difference Man. Inkerackion dine System wikn its, aaa Tonner wikis eat is oneray Honsferred betweentne ‘eo System ots anviranmen’. So His, isominteracrion: c. Thermal energy: Thermal eneray isthe enecay OF the sys! Guero She mol A OF tS, Seas ond SEs. TWiS SA Property of the System, 7. Consider each ofthe following processes. a. Does the temperature increase (4), decease (-), or not change (0)? Are the work W and the heat Q positive (+), negative (-), or zero (0)? Does the thermal energy increase (+), decrease (-), or not ‘change (0)? Answer these questions by filling in the table. z q © You drive a nail into a board with a hammer You hold a nail over a Bunsen burner, + Ote ‘You compress the air in a bieycle pump by pushing down on the handle very rapidly. ‘You turn on a flame under a cylinder of gas, and the gas undergoes an isothermal expansion. flame turns liquid water into steam. High-pressure steam spins a turbine. +100 + ++ +101 GOt+ G +00 +140 4+ +43 ‘A moving erate slides to a halt on a rough surface. High-pressure gas in a cylinder pushes a piston - _ ° ‘outward very rapidly. \ b, Are each of your responses for W, Q, and AEy consistent with the first law of thermodynamics? If rot, which ones are not? Yes.7A cuarree 17 » Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 8. Consider an ideal-gas process that increases the volume of the gas in a cylinder without changing its pressure. a, Show the process on a pV diagram, ’b, Show the process on a first-law bar chart «, What kind of process is this? LSOBOMC- 1 5 | TT ——+ L | on ). Consider an ideal-gas process that increases the pressure of the gas in a cylinder without changing its temperature. a. Show the process on a pV diagram, b. Show the process on a first-law bar chart, ¢. What kind of process is this? LS OH WECM » Fa + WF B= Fur $ : NN aalt ‘The pV diagram shows two processes. ‘a, Is more work done on the gas in process A or in process B? > Or is W the same for both? Explain Morework is dene in process B. The Over WNART He P-V CUV is agenter far process Bond te work ene iS PSitivein loth processes. b. Is more heat energy transferred to the environment in process A or in process B? Or is Q the same for both? Explain, Because more work is done in erocess B lout lost howe tne Some Fina’ stove, ove neat enecgy Prey nSoned to the envivonmentt in 1s Pesan Aion: esky © 2008 by Person Bustin, Ine‘©2008 byPearon Eaton, ne. publishing Peston Adisoe-Weskey ‘Wok Heat, andthe Fist Law of Thermodynamics - CHAPTER IT 1755 17.5 Thermal Properties of Matter 17.6 Calorimetry 11, You have two 100 g cubes A and B, made of different materials. Cube A tis a larger specific heat than cube B. Cube A, initially at °C, is placed in good thetmal contact with cube B, initially at 200°C. The cubes are inside a well-insulated container where they don’ interact with their surroundings, Is their final temperature greater than, less than, or equal to 100°C, Explain. Less trom 100°C. Qa=MaCa STa= g?MgG, aT Since MaeMgrCadTa =Castg. Since. CyoCg, then STg > 5T pq . DAYC-Te >T,-O'C Therefore, Te 108. 12, A beaker of water at 80,0°C is placed in the center of a large, well-insulated room whose air temperature is 20,0°C. Is the final temperature of the water: i. 200° iv. Slightly less than 80.0°C @ Siihily above 200°C, ¥ 800° ii. 50.0°C Bxplain The total amount oF heos lost oy the wote, dine omnned Goines! lay ane oie Wectne roo Se Seg Aneve is So MRON Mare OV, tne Final equilitectustry yemperodxce Will lot closer tothe, artaino.| temperatuce oF tne air. 100 g of ice at 0°C and 100 g of steam at 100°C interact thermally in a well-insulated container. Is the final state of the system i. An ice-water mixture st 0°C? ii, Water at a temperature between O°C and 50°C? ii, Water at 50°C? iy. Water at a temperature between 50°C and 100°C? © A water-steam mixture at 100°C? Feplain Tocondense-the Steam Would Pequire an amount of eneray = Qe=MLy = (0-1kq)(G2.6xl0*E)= 921,000. [re sey yea femett theice =Bm=nLg=33 3005. arnpurct oF Meo +5 VAISR the temperochure, oF da oF woster boy lOO is OF (O.1ka)(H 1910") (ook) =41 aot. Thesteam has mote yon enon energy tomel+ Ane ice Od (ISL its temrpesadihre, boy f °C.7-6 cuarron 17 + Work Het andthe Fist Law of Thermodynamics 17.7 The Specific Heats of Gases 17.8 Heat-Transfer Mechanisms 14, You need to raise the temperature of a gas by 10°C. To use the least amount of heat energy, should you hheat the gas at constant pressure or at constant volume? Explain To use the least amount oF nent energy You Should heact Ae Gas ak constort volume Thery ACvAT {ba more thermal eneray per unit MOSS. Thus Bradiokes more. {© 2008 by Pearson Eston, le. poling Peston Addison-Wesleypublishing as Person Asoo The Micro/ Macro Connection 18.1 Molecular Speeds and Collisions 1. Solids and liquids resist being compressed. They are not totally incompressible, but it takes large forces to compress them even slightly. If itis true that matter consists of atoms, what can you infer about the microscopic nature of solids and liquids from their incompressibility? ArSmall distances there Savery large (epulsive Force between neionoor ina otorns tnok cesists he compression: 2. a. Gases, in contrast with solids and iquds, are very compressible. What can you infer from this observation about the microscopic nature of gases? Iw QASes, oromS ond molecules We Spaced MUA FUsrtne® Parr dd Mave MOTE independent y- b. The density of air at STPis about hg the density of water. How does the average distance between sir molecules compare tothe average distance between water molecoles? Explain Tne ove Cone distonce between odiocent air malecwles Nillloe ld Fimes greta ton tne overage distance oehween adjacent water molecuesysothot te Velie is 8 3 tines afeoter 3. Can you think of any everyday experiences or observations that would suggest that the molecules of a ‘gas are in constant, random motion? (Note: The existence of “wind” is not such an observation, Wind implies that the gas as a whole can move, but it doesn’t tell you anything about the motions of the individual molecules in the gas.) When olboottle of strong perfume js, VV oom okes Much [Sn er For ou eemelt i} on the opmsiteside oF Me room thon if 4he molecules traveled j ‘ \ freceaene IN Stras et (ine across 18118-2 cHarrer 18 . TheMicroMMacro Connection 4, Helium has atomic mass number A = 4, Neon has A = 20 and argon has A = 40. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the mean free paths Aye, Ane, and Ae at STP. Explain. The meontree does Not depandontne akoOMic Mass . rin Dad ne? he OST? 18.2 Pressure ina Gas 5, According to kinetic theory, the pressure of a gas depends on the number density and the ms speed of the gas molecules. Consider a sealed container of gas that is heated at constant volume. ‘a, Does the number density of the gas increase or stay the same? Explain. Thenumber density romoins constowk Nz Onstarct in aSenleckcontoiner and V2 Constant Therefore, S = constant b. Adtording othe ideal gas law, does the pressure ofthe gas increase o stay the same? Explain. The pressure increases. PU=ART with WV constant p xT. ‘c. What can you infer from these observations about a relationship between the gas temperature (a ‘macroscopie parameter) and the rms speed of the molecules (a microscopic parameter)? Asche temperature increoses the rms Speed Ales increnses. 6. Suppose you could suddenly increase the speed of every molecule in a gas by a factor of 2 1, Would the rms speed of the molecules increase by a factor of (2)"?, 2, or 2°? Explain. Tt Would incrense loy ofocter of 3.The Overdag iincreose iS AFactEC OF B.The UAE foot 6 Bsquoced iso. b. Would the gas pressure increase by a factor of (2)", 2, or 22? Explain. y The pressure Would Increase oy afoctor OF 3? becouse pave, Cos" (©2008 ty Peason Eduction, Inc. pulshing a Peston AAsion- WeslexPerson Adcison Westy. (©2008 by Peaon Education, Ie, “The MieroMacro Connection CHAPTER 18 18-3 18.3 Temperature 7, If you double the absolute temperature of a gas a. Does the average translational kinetic energy per molecule change? If so, by what factor? = I+ iperesesioy afoctor of Wo. Eni BAgT b. Does the root-mean-square velocity of the molecules change? If so, by what factor? Yes. Tt increnses by a Foctor oF IF = 14+ Vems? Sel 8. Lithium vapor, which is produced by heating lithium to the relatively low boiling point of 1340°C, forms a gas of Liz molecules. Each molecule has a molecular mass of 14 u. The molecules in nitrogen ‘gas (No) have a molecular mass of 28 u. Ifthe Lig and Np gases are at the same temperature, which of the following is true? 00 X vs OF Lip. 41 X Yims OF Lip. mig Of Lig TA Vim Of Lig. N2=0.50 X ving Of Liz, Explain Tre onevoge e. tyonslotional $ieticoneny ° rraiecute ts a 2 Zeer Pe Vin FR Tee, ee 9. Suppose you could suddenly increase the speed of every molecule in a gas by a factor of 2. Would the ‘absolute Zemperature of the gas increase by a factor of (2)", 2, or 222 Explain, Vee [Sear or Vis 7 Stet The temperoture OFHne ong will i byofacrer of 5 Spswill merease,18-4 CHAPTER 18 . The MicraMMacro Connection 10. Two gases have the same number density and the same distribution of speeds. The molecules of gas 2 are more massive than the molecules of gas 1 a. Do the two gases have the same pressure’ If not, which is larger? No. Pa>Pi t 2 pee Enig N (wens) pam b. Do the two gases have the same temperature? If not, which is larger? No. T3 >Th penkst pel ket 11. a, What is the average translational kinetic energy of a gas at absolute zero? Ak absolute Zero Ema0. All moteculos motion CRASS ACCOTAING fo clossi caltnesry-(Quontum As prevent taotionsfrom Och ually Ceosing b, Can amoledulé have negative translational kinetic energy? Explain, No. G= dmv? Veonineier be negative dand mn comnsk cement Ve. «e, Based on your answers to parts a and b, what is the translational kinetic energy of every molecule in the gas? E=dmv> Tee transloti ane Kine ic energy of i every Molecule is ApoSitive Value If-tnetemperntur io eoe trom aosalute Zerg. me & 4, Would it be physically possible for the thermal energy of a gas (o be less than its thermal energy at absolute zero? Explain. No: Ewe 2 teat The tempera wre Would nove to lbe less tion aksolutezero. «Init possible wo have a temperature less than absolute zero? Explain, No. the ov! etromslotional Kinetic energy Would nove to Weaotrive. € avy SRT (©2008 ty Peano Edsoo Adison Wess. : i i 5 E 5 Te Miow/MacroComecion -cuseren 18 185 18.4 Thermal Energy and Specific Heat 18.5 Thermal Interactions and Heat 12, Suppose you could suddenly increase the speed of every molecule in a gas by a factor of 2, a, Does the thermal energy of the gas change? If so, by what factor? If not, why not? Yes oy a Factor of Q?=tt. Eyz NE,= NGmVres) b. Does the molar specific heat change? If so, by what factor? If not, why not? No. Cdepends onty onthe number of dearees of freedom, 13, Hot waters poured into a cold container, Give a microscopic description of how sexe these two systems interact untl they reach thermal equilibrium / Themolectes inthe hot Water collide [ | Wittnthe Cold walls. Energy is trnsterred Gusina these callistons iicreasi the | saison waebales eer Co ore noveeeen : E ENENGY and Speed ON OVEN duscinane caltigi ons Weretore ine fempersiure of the prec Recreoses. 14 WSCA SES Ea tame a, What is a flame? Combustion isa Chemical process not lilberorres eneray. b. Give a microscopic description of how the flame inereases the water temperature. Tre Wigneneray, fost Moving Molecules inthe Frome Colliderwnith the beakers Energy Is tromsferved tothe molecules of the banker Femperature OF ne beaker ASes. As ie Worermmalecmles collide withthe alass aN Adin UN) Ondine “the write waltes Temperotrart oF wine18-6 cunarren 18 . The Miero/Maero Connection 15. The rapid compression ofa gas bya fast-moving piston increase the gus temperature, For example, you likely have noticed that pumping upa bicycle ie causes the bottom of the pump to get warn. Consider a gas that is rapidly compressed by a piston, 4 Does the thermal energy ofthe gas increase or stay the sane? Explain, The Wecmol enesgy increases because we. re heteases ET b. Istere a transfer of heat energy to the gus? Explain This isan adiolotic Compression, of Hne gas. Because itis Capid there iS NS time For aheat +romaster, cts work done on a0? Expl There isworls done onthe gas becouse Me piston moves. 4 Give a microscopic description of why the gas temperature increase ste piston moves i As the volume decreases the number densi Inerenses Ord tre mean free pad decwases. Nowdne numer oF collisions unit time Will MECesse, OsNd He molecules will move Foster: 16, Acontainer with 0.1 mol of helium (A= 4), initially at 200°C, and a container fy ‘with 0.2 mol of argon (A = 40), initially at 0°C, are placed in good thermal |) contact with each other. After they have reached thermal equilibrium: 4. Is vim of helium greater than, less than, oF equal 10 Vg of argon? Explain, Neos +f Shel the Final reenpeces are tn sone lot Mac >Mie 5 Wers)ye ms b. Does the helinm have more thermal energy than, less thermal energy than, or the same amount of thermal energy as the argon? Explain, There ove twice os mony molecules of Argon at AMeSame temperodue Gnd so twice He tnermal enexay. i i i (©2008 by Pearson Easton,(©2008 by Pearson Eéwation, In, publishing as Para Addison Wesley “The MicrfMacro Connestion - CHAPTER 18 18-7 18.6 Irreversible Processes and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 17. Every cubie meter of air c -200,000 J of thermal energy. This is approximately the kinetic cenergy of a car going 40 n sn though it might be difficult to do, could a clever engineer design @ car that uses the therm: already in the air as “fuel”? Even if only 19% of the thermal energy ‘could be “extracted” from the air, it would take only =100 m of air—the volume of a typical living room in a house—to get the car up to speed. Is this idea possible? Or does it violate the laws of physics? No. Tt wouldtake more. en ts Peorder the disorder inthe thermal System tno Would be opined. If you place a jar of perfume in the center of a room and remove the stopper, you will soon be able to ‘smell the perfume throughout the room. If you wait long enough, will all the perfume molecules ever bbe back in the jar atthe same time? Why or why not? No.the erty py OF a iSplored System Never eeveoSes, There are For more wos Forte, waleewles to be found outsidethe jorV8-B cuarren 18 . TheMicro‘Macro Connection 19, Suppose you place an ice cube in a cup of room-temperature water and then seal them in a well- insulated container. No energy can enter or leave the container. a, Ifyou open the container an hour later, which do you expect to find: a cup of water, slightly cooler than room temperature, ora large ice cube and some 100°C steam? You expect to Find a ciup of water Slightly cosle Shon room tempecorucre. Thermoteneray Will not hoster Spontaneously Frow¥or Cooler system to a warmer System. bs Finding age ice ebe and some 100°C steam would ot violate the fist aw of thermodynaies. W=0J and 6-0), because the container i seald nd Ay =O J besuse he ncease in thermal hen of the water neces have become seam ofc by the dares in thermal energy of str molecules hat have tmed to ice, Boeray i conserved, yt we never sex a proses ie hi Why noe Tt Would violote the second law of Thermodynamics. Thermal energ covit tvansfery from the colder ice Culoe to became steam. : ze 4 3 i : {©2008 by Penson Edson(©2008 by Pearson fdcation Lo, publishing as Peawon Adsion Wesley, Heat Engines and Refrigerators 19.1 Turning Heat into Work 19.2 Heat Engines and Refrigerators |The figure on the left shows a thermodynamic process in which a gas expands from 100 cm? to 300 em? On the right, draw the pV diagram of a process that starts from state i, expands to 300 em, and does the same amount of work as the process on the left. Ts. ooo. ow 2. For each ofthese processes, is work done by the system (W <0, W,> 0), om the system (W> 0, W, <0), or is no work done? ap bp We workis SO LZ v, Workis 20 the System) Contnesystem) Rank in order, from largest 1 smallest, the thermal efficiencies 1; to n, of these heat engines, cet = an ou Ca ore Ma >= No? Ny Explanation: aWotr Wet Net Nae n,2& out 1 o Ne See Nye & 19-119-2. cunpror 19 - Heat Engines and Refrigerators 4. Could you havea heat engine wih > 1? plain No. Y= Wout . who you ct Gu Whak you hodto pay You commot ge out more Han You put int 5. Poreach engin shown, «a, Supply the missing value. », Determine the thermal efficiency. a - 03 i cor! oid n= TE? 0-08 = 1820-33 ” 6. For each refrigerator shown, 4 Supply the missing value. b. Determine the coefficient of performance. v2 fe 5 xe $2D eth 7. Does a efrgerator do workin ode tocol the interior? Explain No. Thework is not done by He System. The Work is done othe system extract heat Ge Fromane cold CesetVoir and exhaust 0 loner amount of heat Qu tothe Not reservoir. {© 2008 by Pearson Eaton, In, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley(© 2008 ty Peanon Educate, Inc, publishing as Peon Adtson- Wesley Heat Engines and Refrigersors ~ CHAPTER 19° 19-3 19.3 Ideal-Gas Heat Engines 8, Starting from the point shown, draw a pV diagram for the following processes. 1. An isobaric process in which work is . An adiabatic process in which work done by the system, is done on the system. a \ a \ ocho J ce, An isothermal process in which heat is, 4. An isochoric process in which heat is added tothe system removed from the system. , > | a igothese® | we v —v 9. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the amount of work (W,), (0 (W,), done by the gas in each of these cycles. tela 2 Onder Wa>W, =W3 >Wy Explanation: The amount of Work iseq ual Neo Msi the closed cycle lbop sol tothe osfen inside Wy=1x3=3 W323x 123, Wa=sOBK4S Wy2 LEUIEL19-4 cuaoren 19 . Heat Engines and Religeators 10. The figure uses a series of pictures to illustrate a thermodynamic eycle. sua ve sss Sq H otf | eprwcompench Tepisishstdateooamt —Thefome sumed und Te pol i ns mec ate ipmmtioucde poten ie, met, 4. Show the eyele asa pV diagram, Label the thee stages. ». Whats the energy transformation during each stage ofthe process? (For example, stage in which work energy is transformed into heat energy could be represented as a Woo) stage) WOE an 3 stage OW n ' stages ak? Q Y 11. The figure shows the pV diagram ofa heat engine a. During which stages is heat added tothe gas? Ly H hs sue? Dating whichis heat removed from the gas? HE Tse ¢. During which sages is work done on the gas? EP 3 suse 4. Dating which is work done by the gos? , e. Draw a series of pictures, similar to those of Exercise 10, to = ilustratethe stages ofthis cycle Give a brief description of what, = |________y happens during each stage. ta % Shae _ Stone Steaed Stage S =» Stage L e b> v qj 4 Pp w/4 K “ RWW AN ston i Piston is Pistoni: Gos aolgot ‘Rake ie ace Feesnwligvce ocked sy COnstank pressure ‘is\eoted heoted’ lace. Gnd Volume constont constant Px co, decreoses WaMe PHESS\ yemperotute, decmeos ‘neteasee te Py S HHpaindsto asqascacls t Ip, PESSUCe ?S, ak Constant eee canstanh Volume, ac pa boyheoting, x publishing as Pearon Adison- Wes © 2008 by Fearon Ebest{©2028 Person Edtcato, In, publishing a Pesan Adon: ese. oat Engines and Reeigeraors - CHAPTER 19 1945 12. Aheat engine satisfies Woy: = Qnex- Why is there no AEj term in this relationship? Heot is added to -tne System and Work 1S clone loy the System onthe surroundings Allo constarrhtemperorure. 13, The thermodynamic cycles of two heat > > cengines are shown, Which engine has a | aie a larger thermal efficiency? Explain » ., Thermal ef¢ iciency is | | [7 lavogr durin eyclel. + " The Same amnotrt of heat L— ay Le Qyisoddedto coc cycle © , : lout cycle | hos a lareee Wout duets Hnelorger enclosed oven. = ey 14. The thermodynamic cya two eat , engines ae shown, Which engin hs Tage heal eiceney? Expl, n Hen Ne Sa The amount of Work done isthe same dur: ng enc cycle \recausethe ench areas are equal- But dneheot intothe mM Quy isafeoter during cycle . (Durinathe odiatoorie processes G=0.)19-6 Harrie 19 - Heat Engines and Refigerators 19.4 Ideal-Gas Refrigerators 15. a. The figure shows the pV diagram of a heat engine. > During which stages is heat added to the gas? B. Aa soc tts During which is heat removed from the gas? 1D During which stages is work done on the gas? AK During which is work done by the gas? c Circle the answers that complete the sentence: ‘The temperature of the hot reservoir must be Saxe > ik = ii, < the temperature 1.7, (RYTs i. Ty tl Cire te answers that complet the sentence: "he temperate of he cl sega must be thetemperaue iT; Gt tT b. The figure shows the pV diagram of a refrigerator During which stages is heat added to the gas? Daring which is heat removed from the gas? During which stages is work done on the gas? During which is work done by the gas? rcle the answers that complete the sentence: "The temperature of the hot reservoir must be thetempernYs i, AT Circle the answers that complete the sentence: ‘The temperature of the cold reservoir must be > ii < the temperature iT iis GE 16, An ideal-gas device operates with the cycle shown. Isita—p refrigerator? That is, does it remove heat energy from a cold ne, publishing as Peuon Adison Westy. side and exhaust heat energy to a hot side? Explain. j No. This isnot arefrigeroctor: ; The Maret riaerater must J 5 USE BW Odi alooti ws Or. atlas : to lower Hhetemperactture, ANA AN AAIdlootie Compression, to raise tne ternperature‘0 2008 by Fearon Education, le publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Heat Engines and Refrigerators » CHAPTER 19 19-7 19.5 The Limits of Efficiency 19.6 The Carnot Cycle 17. Do cach of the following represent a possible heat engine or refrigerator? If not, what is wrong? i No. Cannot have, Yes. Heatrengine. No.7] >Nearnat I5Soug 2OTin Ne eta wyee 4 Te ¥ +00 NeacaatlFEHO-S —— Nearak BBO ‘. i e ~ dl fn yo 208 10} | we —_ = aE we ne No. Qy and Qe, Yes Refi ae todo. No. K>Kearnst Cannot loot lok. an ae°°* Ke 29 Win’ 60 10 sayy Koodo Hg = Keacaat | 18, Four Camot engines operate with the hot and cold reservoir temperatures shown in the table. 7 300 600 2 200 400 3 200 600 4 300 400 Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the thermal efficiencies 7} to mg of these engines, ones Ax N= NON Explanation: 3) BO ge Neocost Ej Til s~OS; ‘ 2|- 82. Te BS “05 Th pl-BeoeyT ee19-8 cuarren 19 . Heat Engines and Refigerators 19, It gets pretty hot in your unairconditioned apartment. In browsing the Internet, you find a company selling small “room air conditioners.” You place it on the floor, plug it in, and—the advertisement says—the air conditioner will lower the room temperature up to 10°F. Should you order one? Explain. No. This "air conditioner” Would lee Femavina heat From and expencitre Reot +o the 00 emis (en) > austen > Auseten 8 0a 0 “ V 08 © op Atr=0028 dop Atr=002s - xm - xem TTAyi TAYE J { + sem > mxs0em > Atx=0em (© 2008 ty Poason Ecaton Ie, pablishing as Peron Addison-Wesley