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Digital Communications
Autumn 2015
Problem Sheet #1
Due date: August, 25
Important instructions for doing the problem sheet
Note that the problem sheet is to be done by each student individually.
Be neat. Make sure your solution look nice and organized. Justify your answers.
1) The probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a random
variable X are fX (x) and FX (x), respectively. A random variable Y is defined as
Y = aX + b;

a<0

a) Determine the CDF of Y in terms of the CDF of X.

b) Determine the PDF of Y in terms of the PDF of X.
2) The input X(t) in the circuit shown in Fig. P2 is a stochastic process with mean E[X(t)] = 0, where
E[] denotes the expectation (statistical averaging) operator and autocorrelation function RX ( ) =
2 ( ), where () denotes the Dirac delta function, i.e., X(t) is a white noise process.
R

X(t)

Y (t)

Fig. P2
a) Determine the spectral density SY (f ).
b) Determine the autocorrelation function RY ( ) and E[Y 2 (t)].
3) Determine the mean, the autocorrelation sequence, and the power density spectrum of the output of
a system with unit sample response
h[n] = [n] 2[n 1] + [n 2],
where [] denotes the Kronecker delta function, when the input X[n] is a white-noise process with
2
variance X
.
4) Consider {bn } is a sequence of uncorrelated binary-valued (1, -1) random variables that occur with
equal probability. Determine the autocorrelation function of the sequence {an }:
an = bn bn2 .
5) The random process Z(t) is defined as
Z(t) = X cos(2fc t) Y sin(2fc t)
where X and Y are random variables. Show that Z(t) is wide-sense stationary if and only if
E[X] = E[Y ] = 0, E[X 2 ] = E[Y 2 ], and E[XY ] = 0.
6) For a PCM signal, determine L if the compression parameter = 100 and the minimum SNR
(signal-to-quantization-noise ratio) required is 45 dB. Determine the output SNR with this value of
L.
The LNM-IIT, Jaipur, Rajasthan

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7) Signals x1 (t) 
= 104 rect
 (10 t) and x2 (t) = (t) are
 applied at the inputs of ideal low-pass filters

H1 () = rect 40,000 and H2 () = rect 20,000 , as in Fig. P7. The outputs y1 (t) and y2 (t) of
these filters are multiplied to obtain the signal y(t) = y1 (t)y2 (t).
a) Draw the spectra of x1 (t), x2 (t), y1 (t) and y2 (t).
b) Determine the Nyquist rate of y1 (t), y2 (t) and y(t).

x1 (t)

H1 ()

y1 (t)
y(t) = y1 (t)y2 (t)

x2 (t)

H2 ()

y2 (t)

Fig. P7
8) A compact disc (CD) records audio signals digitally by using PCM. Assume the audio signal
bandwidth to be 15 kHz.
a) What is the Nyquist rate?
b) If the Nyquist samples are quantized into L = 65, 536 levels and then binary coded, determine
the number of binary digits required to encode a sample.
c) Determine the number of binary digits per second (bit/s) required to encode the audio signal.
d) For practical reasons, signals are sampled at a rate well above the Nyquist rate. Practical CDs
use 44, 100 samples per second. If L = 65, 536, determine the number of bits per second
required to encode the signal, and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the encoded
signal.
9) The information sequence {an }
n= is a sequence of independent and identically distributed (iid)
random variables, each taking values +1 and 1 with equal probability. This sequence is to be
transmitted at baseband by a biphase coding scheme, described by
X(t) =

an p(t nT ),

n=

where is a random variable that is independent of the value of an and uniformly distributed over
0 < T and p(t) is shown in Fig. P9.
p(t)
1
T
2

Fig. P9
a) Find the autocorrelation function of X(t).
b) Find the power spectral density SX (f ) of X(t).
c) Draw the SX (f ) and determine the first null bandwidth (FNB) of the signal X(t).

For every disciplined effort there is a multiple reward. - Jim Rohn (1930-2009)
The LNM-IIT, Jaipur, Rajasthan