of something.
2.
Inorganic chemistry = the study of the huge variety of substances that fall outside the
realm of organic materials.
The chemistry of everything else
3.
4.
Physical chemistry = applies methods of physics to the properties of matter and the
accompanying energy changes.
5.
Matter =
b. Compounds -
2. Mixtures
Properties of the individual components are maintained.
A mixture which is not uniform throughout is called
- hetro means not the same
Mixture that has uniform properties throughout is a
- homo means same
- Also called a solution.
Solids:
2.
Liquids:
3.
Gases:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Shape
Definite
Variable
Variable
Volume
Definite
Definite
Variable
Fluid
No
Yes
Yes
Compressible
No
No
Yes
4
1.3
Chemical properties =
Chemical change (reaction) - change in which one or more kinds of matter are
transformed into one or multiple kind(s) of new matter.
Example: Cu (s) + 4 HNO3 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
Physical properties =
Physical change- = a change in the form of matter but not in its chemical identity.
No change in chemical composition.
Physical properties are usually altered.
Energy may be absorbed or released.
Physical properties can be further classified according to whether or not they depend on
the amount of sample present.
Extensive properties Volume, energy, mass, etc.
Extensive properties with the same units can be added to one another.
Intensive properties
Density, temperature, etc.
Intensive properties cannot be added to one another.
All chemical properties are intensive properties.
Classification of Changes:
o Chemical Change
One or more substances are used up (at least partially).
One or more new substances are formed.
Energy may be absorbed or released.
o Physical Change
No change in chemical composition (no new substances formed).
Physical properties are usually altered significantly.
Energy may be absorbed or released.
Examples =
Distillation:
Exponent
7
299792500
o Derived units are those resulting from a combination of a combination of any of the
above base units.
o Metric and SI systems are decimal systems; prefixes used to indicate powers of ten.
Common Units
o Mass- Measure of the amount of matter in a sample or object.
Weight- force exerted by an object or sample due to gravity.
o Basic SI unit =
Generally use the gram (g)
Conversion: 1 pound (lb) = 0.4536 kg = 453.6 g.
Origin: 1 gram = mass of 1 cm3 of liquid water at 4.0 Celsius, pressure = 1
atm.
9
o Length.
Basic SI unit =
Non SI unit = ngstrom
1 ngstrom = 0.1 nm = 1 x 10-10 m ~ size of atoms
1 in = 2.54 cm (exactly); 1 m = 39.370 inches (in);
Origin: 10,000,000 meters = distance from N Pole to Equator through Paris,
France.
o Temperature
Is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance.
It can also be thought of as the
An
property.
Basic SI unit
Called absolute temperature because 0 K is the lowest possible
temperature (absolute zero).
Celsius (C) scale (named after Ander Celsius):
0C = freezing point of water at sea level.
100C = boiling point of water at sea level.
Fahrenheit (F) scale (named after Daniel Fahrenheit)
0F = freezing point of ammonium chloride/ice mixture.
100F = average human body temperature.
o Temperature conversion equations (Section 1.6):
10
degree.
o 0C = 32F, so:
o
m
d=
V
o For solids and liquids, usually expressed as g/mL, which is the same as g/cm3.
o Water has a density of 1 g/mL at 4 C.
o 0.998 g/mL at 20 C.
o Problem: 3.0 mL of liquid Hg has a mass of 40.8 g. What is its density in
g/mL?
11
Good accuracy
Poor precision
Good precision
Poor accuracy
Significant Figures (sig figs) those digits in a measured number (or in the result
of a calculation with measured numbers) that include all certain digits plus a final
digit having some uncertainty.
The meaningful digits are in a reported number.
12
The more sig figs, the more precise the measurement/ number.
For glassware, more (further) graduations give more precise
measurements.
30
24
24
20
23
23
22?
23.4?
23.39
Addition and subtraction - answer is only known to the same place as the
measurement with the least number of places.
Logarithms Answer will have as many decimal places as there were significant
figures in the original measurement.
(35.683 - 35.324)
55.85
14
1.6
15
16
17
Percentage
x 100%.
Example: If the same percentage of men in the class (from the previous example
problem) applies to the entire student body, and there are 12,000 students, how many
women are enrolled?
18
Chapter 1 Summary:
Classification of Matter
Elements, substances, hetero/homogeneous mixtures.
Phases of matter.
Physical/chemical processes & properties.
Extensive vs. intensive properties.
Units
SI units
Dimensional Analysis
Unit conversions
Significant figures
NOTES:
19