HEMPEL

CONVERSION TABLES

Page 1D/5

CONVERSION TABLES
To convert

From

To

Multiply by

Distance:

mil

micron

25

micron

mill

0.04

inches
centimetre (cm)
feet
metre
yards
metre
nautical mile
km

centimetre (cm)
inches
metre
feet
metre
yards
km
nautical mile

2.54
0.3937
0.3048
3.2808
0.9144
1.0936
1.853
0.5396

Area:

sq.ft.
sq.metre (m)

sq. metre (m)

sq.ft.

0.0929
10.764

Volume:

US gallon
litre
Imp. gallon
litre
litre
cu.ft.

litre
US gallon
litre
Imp. gallon
cu.ft.
litre

3.785
0.264
4.55
0.22
0.0353
28.32

Area/Volume:

m/litre
sq.ft./US gallon
m/litre
sq.ft./Imp. gallon

sq.ft./US gallon
m/litre
sq.ft./Imp. gallon
m/liter

40.74
0.0245
48.93
0.0204

Weight:

lbs
kg

kg
lbs

0.4536
2.2046

Density:

kg/litre
lbs/US gallon

lbs/US gallon
kg/litre

8.344
0.1198

V.O.C.:

g/litre

lbs/US gallon

0.0083

Pressure:

atm.
atm.
atm.
bar
bar
bar
kp/cm
kp/cm
kp/cm
kp/cm
p.s.i.
p.s.i.
p.s.i.

bar
kp/cm
p.s.i.
atm.
kp/cm
p.s.i.
atm.
bar
p.s.i.
MPa
atm.
bar
kp/cm

1.013
1.033
14.70
0.987
1.02
14.50
0.968
0.981
14.22
0.098
0.068
0.069
0.07

Notes:

Issued:

(25.4 is the correct value,

but rounded in this book)
(0.0394 is the correct value,
but rounded in this book)

atm. is the so called physical atmosphere (the pressure of 760 mm mercury).

The technical atmosphere, at, is identical to kp/cm2.

1 bar = 105 Pa (Pascal) = 105 Newton/m.

MPa = MegaPascal = 106 Pascal = MegaNewton/m.

The so-called kilogram forces/cm is considered equal to Kp/cm.

October 1999

HEMPEL

CONVERSION TABLES

Page 2D/5

To convert

From

To

Calculate

Temperature:

Celcius
Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit
Celcius

(9/5 x C) + 32
5/9 x (F - 32)

Film thickness:
(micron)

Wet

Dry

wft x VS%
100

Dry

Wet

dft x 100
VS%

wft = wet film thickness, dft = dry film thickness, VS% = Volume Solids

CALCULATION OF
Theoretical Spreading Rate (on completely smooth surface)
VS% x 10
desired dft (micron)

In m per litre =

In sq.ft. per US gallon =

VS% x 16.04
desired dft (mil)

Theoretical Paint Consumption (on completely smooth surface)

In litre

area (m2 ) x desired dft (micron)

VS% x 10

In US gallon

area (sq.ft.) x desired dft (mil)

VS% x 16.04

Practical consumption:
The practical consumption is influenced by i) simple losses, by ii) additional consumption to fill up the "dead volume" of
the surface roughness, but especially iii) by the "waviness" of the paint surface. However, the term "loss factor" is still
used in parallel with the term "consumption factor" to describe a relationship between the theoretical, calculated
consumption and a practical either observed de-factor consumption or an "aimed at" consumption.
Practical consumption

area x consumption factor

theoretical spreading rate

However, as
Consumption factor

100
100
z%

VS% x 10
DFT

(z = "loss" = simple loss + dead volume loss + waviness loss)

and
theoretical spreading rate

the practical consumption could be written as

10 x DFT x area
VS% x (100-z%)

where it is very important to use the "loss"for z and not the consumption factor.

Issued:

October 1999

HEMPEL

CONVERSION TABLES

Page 3D/5

FORMULAS FOR ESTIMATING

SURFACE AREAS OF SHIPS
Bottom (incl. boottop):

A = ((2 x d) + B) x Lpp x P
where

d = draught maximum
B = breadth extreme
Lpp = length betw. perpendiculars

(as per Lloyds)

(as per Lloyds)
(as per Lloyds)

P = 0.90 for big tankers, 0.85 for bulk carriers, 0.70-0.75 for dry cargo liners
or
V
A = Lpp x (Bm + 2 x D) x Bm x Lpp x D

where

Boottop:

A = 2 x h x (Lpp + 0.5 x B)
where

Topsides:

h = width of boottop
Lpp = length betw. perpendiculars
B = breadth extreme

(to be informed by owner)

(as per Lloyds)
(as per Lloyds)

A = 2 x H x (Loa + 0.5 x B)
where

Weather Decks incl. upper

decks on superstructure,
foundation, hatches and
top of deck houses:

D = mean draft at paint line (m)

Bm = breath moulded (m)
Lpp = length between perpendiculars
V = displacement (cubic metre) corresponding to the draft

H = height of topsides (depth - draught) (as per Lloyds)

Loa = length over all
(as per Lloyds)
B = breadth extreme
(as per Lloyds)
A = Loa x B x N

where

Loa = length over all

(as per Lloyds)
B = breadth extreme
(as per Lloyds)
N = 0.91 for big tankers and bulk carriers,
0.88 for cargo liners, 0.84 for coasters, etc.
(accuracy depends on your choice of N which indicates
the actual area in relation to its circumscribed rectangular)

Issued:

October 1999

HEMPEL

CONVERSION TABLES

Page 4D/5

ESTIMATING SIZE OF SURFACES:

Plates:

Plate thickness
mm

sq.m/
ton

Plate thickness
mm

sq.m/
ton

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

254.5
127.2
84.8
63.6
50.9
42.4
36.4
31.8
28.3
25.4
23.1
21.2
19.6
18.2
17.0

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

15.9
15.0
14.1
13.4
12.7
12.1
11.6
11.1
10.6
10.2
9.8
9.4
9.1
8.8
8.5

The indicated values are for both sides. If one side only, reduce by half.

Pipes:

Exterior area (sq.m/m):

pi x eD
pi = 3.14
eD = exterior diameter in metres
iD
Interior area (sq.m/m):
eD

pi x iD
pi = 3.14
iD = interior diameter in metres

Issued:

October 1999

HEMPEL

CONVERSION TABLES

Page 5D/5

ESTIMATING SIZE OF SURFACES - BEAMS AND PROFILES, examples:

Disignation/
shape

Size

Weight
kg/m

Surface area
sq.m/m

sq.m/ton

HEB

100
160
220
280
360
600

20.4
42.6
71.5
103.0
142.0
212.0

0.57
0.92
1.27
1.62
1.85
2.32

27.8
21.5
17.8
15.7
13.0
10.9

INP

80
140
200
260
340
400

5.94
14.3
26.2
41.9
68.0
92.4

0.30
0.50
0.71
0.91
1.15
1.33

51.2
35.1
27.1
21.6
16.9
14.4

RHS

20x20
30x30
40x40
60x60
80x80

1.1
1.8
2.4
3.6
7.3

0.08
0.12
0.16
0.24
0.32

70.8
68.6
67.2
66.0
44.1

UNP

30
50
80
180
280
400

4.3
5.6
8.6
22.0
41.8
71.8

0.17
0.23
0.31
0.61
0.89
1.18

40.7
41.5
36.1
27.8
21.3
16.4

20x3
25x4
30x4
40x4
50x6
50x9
75x7
75x10
100x10
100x16
150x15

0.88
1.5
1.8
2.4
4.5
6.5
7.9
11.1
15.1
23.2
33.8

0.08
0.10
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.29
0.29
0.39
0.39
0.59

87.5
66.9
65.2
64.1
43.4
30.0
36.7
26.2
25.8
16.8
17.3

In the case of the HEB beam, the first illustration, height and breadth are equal up to the size of 280. The "size" is the
height and equal to the profile number.
In the case of the INP beam, the "size" is the height and equal to the profile number.
In the case of the UNP beam, the "size" is the height and equal to the profile number.
In the case of the v-profile, the two flanges are reckoned equal, the second digit being the thickness of the steel.

Issued:

October 1999