DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LATTICE STEEL TRUSS

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE
A DESIGN PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

R. NAVEEN

310911103054

M. PRAVEEN

310911103061

G. PRABHAKARAN

310911103057

R. VIGNESHWARAN

310911103340

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

JERUSALEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERISTY, CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2014

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LATTICE STEEL TRUSS

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE
A DESIGN PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

R. NAVEEN

310911103054

M. PRAVEEN

310911103061

G. PRABHAKARAN

310911103057

R. VIGNESHWARAN

310911103340

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

JERUSALEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERISTY, CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2014

ANNA UNIVERISTY, CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this design project report DESIGN OF LATTICE STEEL
TRUSS PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE is the bonafide work of R.NAVEEN,
M.PRAVEEN, G.PRABAKARAN, R.VIGNESHWARAN who carried out
the project under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE

MR.N.S.ELANGOVAN

Ms. S.KUNJAVI DEVI

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR

Department of Civil Engineering

Assistant professor

Jerusalem College of Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

Chennai- 600 100

Jerusalem College of Engineering

Chennai- 600 100

Submitted for the viva voce examination held at Jerusalem College of

Engineering on 25 - 10 - 2014.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We submit this project with at most reverence to the almighty for his
blessings which enabled us to complete our project.
We express our sincere thanks to the management of Jerusalem College of
Engineering and Prof. M. Mala , CEO and Dr. Ramalingam, principal for
extending all the facilities needed to carry out this project work.
We are much thankful to Dr.N.S.Elangovan (H.O.D) , Dr.S.Anne Ligoria,
Prof.S.Sellapa, Ms.Kaviya, Ms.Gowri and all other staff members of Civil
Engineering department who have been kind enough to help us in completing
this project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude and heavy thanks to our guide
Ms. S. Kunjavi Devi, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Jerusalem College of Engineering for the encouragement, guidance and giving
all the technical and moral support throughout the project work.
We thank our parents for their encouragement and co operation during the
course of the project work. Last but not the least we thank our class mates for
their help during the course of project work.

iii

ABSTRACT
A lattice steel truss pedestrian bridge with a shallow type of foundation is
analysed and designed. The superstructure is a steel structure at a height of 5m
from the ground level. The analysis and design of the super structure is done
using STAAD PRO software. Each member in the truss structure has been
connected to each other with the help of High Strength Friction Grip bolts.
However the entire structure is made up of steel, the staircase and foundation are
designed in concrete. Welding connections have also been used in order to
connect the entire steel structure with column and the same for staircase with
staircase column.
The design of staircase and foundation has been done manually based on
the limit state design method. The staircase designed is a general dog-legged
type of staircase with the general tread, rise distance and other typical
specifications. The foundation is a shallow type of foundation as the chosen
location is a rocky region. The components of the lattice steel truss pedestrian
bridge viz. the lattice steel truss, steel flooring plate, steel roof covering, cross
beams, gusset plates, High Strenth Friction Grip bolts, steel column, foundation,
staircase and handrail.
The entire structure is designed and analysed with the reference location
of Medavakkam T road junction where the structure is assumed to be
constructed over the shozhinganallur route.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO.

1.

2.

3.

TITLE

PAGE
NO.

ABSTRACT

iv

LIST OF TABLES

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

1.2 NEED OF THE STUDY

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 Primary Objective

1.3.2 Secondary Objective

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

2.2 PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE REVIEW

METHODOLOGY AND SITE SELECTION

3.1 OVERVIEW

3.2 METHODOLOGY

3.3 PLAN OR STRUCTURE TO BE DESIGNED 8

3.4 SITE SELECTION
v

11

CHAPTER
NO.

4.

TITLE

PAGE
NO.

3.5 LOAD CALCULATION

12

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

13

4.1 GENERAL

20

4.2 ANALYSIS OF THE STEEL TRUSS

20

4.3 DESIGN OF MEMBERS

23

4.3.1 Design of steel plates

23

4.3.2 Design of Roof for Truss

25

4.3.3 Design of Bottom Cross Beam

27

4.3.4 Design of Top Cross Beam

28

4.3.5 Design Forces in Truss Members

29

4.3.6 Design of Top Chord Member

33

4.3.7 Design of Bottom Chord Member

34

4.3.8 Design of Diagonal Member

35

4.3.9 Design of Vertical Member

36

4.3.10 Total Design Load of Steel Truss

36

4.3.11 Design of Staircase

37

4.3.12 Design of column for truss

51

4.3.13 Design of Column for Staircase

52

4.3.14 Design of Foundation for Truss

54

4.3.15 Design of Foundation for Staircase

55

vi

CHAPTER
NO.

TITLE

PAGE
NO.

4.3.16 Bolted Connections

57

4.3.17 Design of welding of Column with

Gusset plate of staircase

59

4.3.18 Design of welding of Column with

Gusset plate of Truss Main Beam
4.3.19 Design of Gusset Plates
5.

60
71

CONCLUSION

41

5.1 GENERAL.

41

5.2 SUMMARY.

41

5.3 FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS.

42

REFERENCES

43

APPENDIX

44

vii

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE

TITLE

PAGE

NO.

NO.

3.1

Design Loads in the Structure

18

4.1

Properties of chosen columns

53

4.2

Design details of members

56

4.3

Properties of typical HSFG bolts.

62

4.4

Design details of HSFG bolted connections

66

4.5

Design detais of gusset plates for

Main Truss components

4.6

75

Design detais of gusset plates for

Staircase Truss components

viii

75

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE

FIGURE DESCRIPTION

NO.
1.1

PAGE
NO.

The Great West Road Foot-Bridge

in Brantford, UK

1.2

Langkawi Sky Bridge, Malaysia

3.3

General Structure to be designed

3.4

3-dimensional rendered view of the structure

3.5

Methodology Flowchart

10

4.1(a)

Entire STAAD PRO analyzed structure

13

4.1(b)

3-D modeling of the structure with loads

14

4.1(c)

Displacement of the structure

14

4.1(d)

Bending Moment Diagram

15

4.1(e)

Shear Force Diagram

15

4.2

Details of Influence Line Diagram(I.L.D) of truss

22

4.3

Reinforcement Details of Dog-legged Staircase

28

4.4

Types of Connections

33

4.5

Gusset Plates with HSFG bolting

in truss members

38

ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

SYMBOL

EXPLANATION

Load acting on an area

length of the panel or member

bct

bending in axial compression

breadth of the panel

depth of the panel

va

average shear stress

stress in the area

vm

maximum shear stress

modulus of elasticity

moment of inertia

total load acting on an area

B.M

maximum bending moment

sectional modulus

thickness of the beam, base

plate

I xx

moment of inertia about x axis

I yy

moment of inertia about y axis

I zz

moment of inertia about z axis

Iuu

principal moment of inertia about

u axis

SYMBOL
Ivv

EXPLANATION
principal moment of inertia about
v axis

permissible deflection

maximum deflection

D.L

dead load

L.L

live load

W.L

wind load

VZ

design wind speed

Vb

design wind speed in the locality

k1

probability factor

k2

terrain, height and structure size factor

k3

topography factor

pz

wind pressure intensity

area of the section

rmin

minimum radius of gyration

kL

effective length

slenderness ratio

fcd

design compressive strength

fy

yield strength of steel

total depth of the section of I beam

width of the flange of I beam

greater projection of flange of column

from base plate
xi

SYMBOL
b

EXPLANATION
smaller projection of flange of column
from base plate

bs

permissible bending stress in slab base

total force acting at the node

number of interfaces

co-efficient of friction

corresponding proof load of the member

Vsf

shear force acting in the joint

Vdsf

shear capacity of bolts in the joint

Fs

factor of safety for a HSFG bolt

tread distance in a dog-legged staircase

rise distance in a dog-legged staircase

wu

factored load

Mu

maximum bending moment corresponding

to factored load

Ast

area of steel

pt

percentage reinforcement

HSFG

High Strength Friction Grip bolts

HYSD

High Yield Strength Deformed bars

ISHB

Indian Standard Heavy weight Beam

ISLC

Indian Standard Light weight channel

ISA

Indian Standard equal leg Angles

xii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1

GENERAL
A steel pedestrian bridge is a bridge designed for pedestrians and in

some cases cyclists, animal traffic andhorse riders, rather than vehicular traffic.
Steel pedestrian bridges conventionally reduce the cost and provide easy
handling

of

construction,

maintenance

and

repair.

It

complements

the landscape and can be used decoratively to visually link two distinct areas or
to signal a transaction. In many developed countries, steel pedestrian bridges are
both functional and can be beautiful works of art and sculpture. For poor rural
communities in the developing world, a footbridge may be a community's only
access to medical clinics, schools and markets, which would otherwise be
unreachable when rivers are too high to cross.
An enclosed steel pedestrian bridge between two buildings is sometimes
known as a skyway. Bridges providing for both pedestrians and cyclists are
often referred toas green bridges and form an important part of sustainable
transport movement towards more sustainablities. Footbridges are often situated
to allow pedestrians to cross water or railways in areas where there are no
nearby roads to necessitate a road bridge. They are also located across roads to
let pedestrians cross safely without slowing down the traffic. The latter is a type
of pedestrian separation structure, examples of which are particularly found near
schools, to help prevent children running in front of moving cars. Some
examples of steel pedestrian bridges are shown in Fig 1.1 and 1.2.
1

Fig 1.1 The great West Road Footbridge in Brentford, UK

Fig 1.2 Langkawi Sky Bridge, Malaysia

2

1.2

NEED OF THE STUDY

The project focuses on meeting the increasing pedestrian traffic on road

crossings, junctions and inaccessible road terminals in the cities of our country.
Unlike subways, steel pedestrian bridges are less economical, easy and fast to
construct. The need of the study is to determine the combined strength and
efficiency of the steel pedestrian bridge.
The increasing population and urbanization in the cities has led to more
number of traffics in urban and sub-urban areas of the country. In order to
facilitate better control over traffic on urban roads, separation of pedestrian
traffic from roads must be maintained. Pedestrian bridges save the time of the
pedestrians to cross the road. The design of a steel pedestrian bridge poses a
grave challenge to engineers due to its connections.
The pedestrian bridge provides safe and sustainable crossings and
provides technical assistance to local government and communities need simple,
easily applied guidelines on the selection and construction of effective water
crossings. Much rural travel takes place on local paths, tracks and village roads.
These provide essential access to water, firewood, farm plots and the classified
road network. Communities and/or local government are generally responsible
for this infrastructure.
To ensure footbridges are accessible to disabled and other mobilityimpaired people, careful consideration is also given to provision of access lifts
or ramps, as required by relevant legislation (e.g. Disability Discrimination Act
1995 in the UK). Some old bridges in Venice are now equipped with a stairlift so
that residents with a disability can cross them.
3

1.3

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

A pedestrian bridge is generally designed in an aim to facilitate the

pedestrians to cross the road or along the roadway rather than vehicular traffic.
They generally complement the landscape and can be used decoratively to
visually link two distinct areas or to signal a transaction.

1.3.1

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE

To obtain the knowledge of the design and analysis of steel truss

pedestrian bridge using manual calculations by IS codebook provisions and
STAAD pro V8i analysis software.

1.3.2

SECONDARY OBJECTIVE

a) To analyze and design the steel truss pedestrian bridge.

b) To design a shallow foundation for steel truss pedestrian bridge.
c) To analyze and design the connections of steel sections in steel
pedestrian bridge using bolting technique .
d) To design the gusset plates for the connections of each distinct steel
section in steel pedestrian bridge.
e) To design staircases for steel pedestrian bridge.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1

GENERAL
This study deals with the analysis and design of steel pedestrian bridge.

Detailed review of literature was conducted in order to have an overall

understanding on the concept of the project. Different design and ideologies
were gathered from various papers obtained from different countries all over the
world. The most relevant papers observed among those are presented in this
chapter.

2.2

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE LITERATURE REVIEW

The Bob Kerry Pedestrian bridge is a 3,000-foot

(910 m) footbridge across the Missouri River between Council Bluffs, Iowa,
and Omaha, Nebraska. It opened on September 28, 2008.
University located on the Missouri River adjacent the Omaha landing of
the bridge. The bridge lights include programmable controls that can display
multiple colors in the large lights at the top of the towers and alter brightness
and timing of the lights that run the entire length of the bridge. The lights were
officially unveiled in a ceremony on September 13, 2008. The bridge lights were
turned on while the Phil Collins song "In The Air Tonight" was played over a PA
system. The event was accompanied by fireworks.
The bridge is north of the Interstate 480 (I-480) girder bridge and
connects the Port of Omaha's Miller Landing to One Renaissance Center in the
5

former Dodge Park Playland in Council Bluffs. The lights on the bridge were
donated by Gallup, which has their corporate headquarters and Gallup.

Musunuri Vasundhara
Managing Director at QBD Prestressing Systems
CHENNAI: Five foot over-bridges or skywalks are set to be completed
in various parts of the city by the end of next week. Two are on Grand Southern
Trunk Road - near MEPZ and near government hospital in Chromepet. Two
others are on Taramani Link Road - near Perungudi and in Baby Nagar,
Velachery. The last is on Jawaharlal Nehru Salai, near SBOA School in Anna
Nagar.
However, the foot over-bridges with escalators will be thrown open to
the public only after the elections are over, said a state highways department
official.
Work on the projects started at the beginning of last year. "Everything is
set and we believe it will be a great boost to pedestrians. People have already
started using the FOB near MEPZ even though it is not formally opened and the
escalators are not working," said an official from the highways' metro wing.
Holabird & Root's award-winning glass and steel pedestrian bridge is the
new destination for residents and visitors of Davenport, Iowa, to experience the
Mississippi riverfront. The structure, a distinctive cable-stayed style bridge with 99
foot columns, spans 575 feet over a parking garage, highway, and heavily used
railroad tracks as part of the city's "River Renaissance" redevelopment project. At
night, LED lights create a rainbow of colors and penetrate glass panels set in the
floor of the walkway, illuminating the streetscape.
6

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY AND SITE SELECTION
3.1

OVERVIEW
This section briefly describes the procedure adopted in the design of the

lattice steel truss, roofing, flooring, column, staircase and foundation. The site
for the proposed project has been selected considering environmental,
economical and aesthetic factors.

3.2

METHODOLOGY
The methodology of this design project commences with the drafting of

the plan for the lattice steel truss followed by the location of the columns. The
complete drawing of the structure is shown in fig 3.2.1. Instead of normal
flooring, beam design, the entire structure has been designed in steel. Steel
flooring and steel roofing has been provided with larger space where columns
are also located at equal distance as shown in the figure. The flooring and
roofing are nothing but galvanized steel plates provided with larger space. The
columns are hence located at the ends of the structure and in mid span of the
structure. As the roadway is a two-way road, the mid-span columns are located
at the centre median of the roadway. The lattice truss, flooring, roofing and
column are then drafted. The design loads are applied and analysis of the
superstructure is done using STAAD PRO software.

3.3

PLAN OR STRUCTURE TO BE DESIGNED

The structure to be designed comprises of steel plate flooring, roofing,

cross beams, truss framework consisting of vertical member, diagonal member,

main primary beam, top chord member, staircase, columns, foundation, gusset
plate and bolts.

Fig 3.3 plan of the entire structure

The pedestrian bridge spans upto 18m length c/c. In addition to it, the

staircase is being joined to the truss bridge on either side of the it. Although the
pedestrian bridge is fully designed in steel, the staircases are designed in
concrete. The staircase designed here is a dog-legged staircase and a truss is
designed for the staircase also. The pedestrian bridge is at a height of 5m from
the ground level. The site of construction is at Medavakkam-Shozhinganallur T
road junction point.

Load 1

8
As per the above general specifications and with the help of the above
layout of the lattice steel pedestrian bridge, the design calculations are
performed manually and the analysis is also done using STAAD PRO V8i
analysis software and the results are obtained and are compared with the results
obtained using manual calculations.
Following is the 3-dimensional rendered view of the lattice steel truss
pedestrian bridge as designed in STAAD PRO V8i analysis software.

Fig 3.4 3-dimensional rendered view of the entire structure

9
The flow of the project is described in the following fig 3.5.
Plan or layout of the
structure

Design of flooring and

roofing

Design of truss
components

Design of columns

Design of staircase and

foundation

Fig 3.5 Methodology flow chart

10

3.4

SITE SELECTION
The ideal site for a lattice steel truss pedestrian bridge must satisfy the

following criteria:
(a)

The proposed site must be situated in a more congested and accessible

area.

(b)

The Safe Bearing Capacity of soil in the site should be checked

accordingly for the bridge to be constructed in the locality.

(c)

The site must not disturb the vehicles crossing from one route to another
or to the pedestrians moving by.

(d)

The site must be chosen in such a way that the pedestrian bride to be
constructed in the site would facilitate the pedestrians to have easy
access to the routes so that they can move to their destination places with
comfort.

(e)

The pedestrian bridge should be constructed in such a way that it can be

even extended to longer length in future either straight or perpendicular
to 18m span bridge.
Considering the above mentioned factors, the location of the proposed

project has been selected as T road junction of Medavakkam, Chennai, Tamil

Nadu. The structure is proposed to be located at a distance of 16 km from
Velachery. The pedestrian bridge in medavakkam will especially prevent the
disturbances given to the ambulances by road traffic so that the ambulances can
reach their respective Global Hospital, Shozhinganallur which is located 3.6km
from the site.

11

3.5

LOAD CALCULATION
The loads constructed in the analysis of the project are dead load, live

load and wind load. The magnitude of each load is specified below
Table 3.1 Design load in the structure
S.NO.

LOAD

MAGNITUDE

Dead Load

Self-weight of the structure.

Live Load

4 kN/m2

Wind Load

50 m/s.

(a) Dead Load

The dead load of the lattic steel truss is calculated as the product of the
unit weight of steel and the area of the structure and its height. Similarly for
staircases designed in concrete, the dead load is calculated as the product of the
unit weight of concrete and the area of the staircase and its height.
(b) Live Load
According to the IS codes, the maximum design live load for a bridge
structure is 4 kN/m2. Hence a uniform live load of 4 kN/m2 is applied throughout
the structure.
(c) Wind Load
In accordance to the CWET (Centre for Wind Energy and Technology)
report, the wind speed in Chennai area is given as 50 m/s.

12

CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
4.1

GNENERAL
This section deals with the analysis of the entire structure including

column, foundation and staircase and other accessory structures. The analysis is
done using STAAD PRO software and hence the result for the entire structure is
obtained. The manual design of the entire structure and the other auxiliary
structures like gusset plates, cleat angles, bolted and welded connections are also
provided.

4.2

ANALYSIS OF STEEL TRUSS

The analysis report of the lattice steel truss by STAAD PRO is provided

in Appendix I. The Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams are given in the
following figures 4.1 (a)-(e).

3
3
2

3
3
2

Y
Z

X
3

Fig 4.1 (a) STAAD PRO analyzed structure

2
2

2
2

2
2

Y
Z

Load 1

Fig 4.1 (b) 3D modeling of the structure with loads

3
2

2
3

3
2

2
2
2

Y
Z

Fig 4.1 (c) Displacement of the structure

Fig 4.1 (d) Bending Moment Diagram

Fig 4.1 (e) Shear Force Diagram

15

4.3

DESIGN OF STRUCTURE

4.3.1 DESIGN OF STEEL PLATES

DATA
Type of truss

= N-type trusses.

Span of girder

= 18 m c/c.

Spacing of cross beams

= 2.25 m c/c.

Clear walking width between main beams

= 3 m.

Live load

= 4 kN/m.

Height of truss

= 2.4m.

Flooring

: steel plates flooring

Steel Plates
Span

= 2.25 m.

Live load

= 4.0 kN/m.

Assume thickness of plates as 30mm @ 77000N/m3 .

Self weight of plates

= 77000 x 0.03
= 2310 N/m2 .

Total load

= 4000 + 2310
= 6310 N/m2 .

Maximum B.M

= (wl2)8
= (6310 x 2.252)/8
= 3993.047 Nm.

Moment of resistance

= bct x ((1/6) bd2 )

16
Equating the moment of resistance to maximum Bending Moment.
1/6 bct x 1000 x302
bct

= 3993.047 x 103
= 26.62 N/mm2 < 45 N/mm2 .

Since, the obtained value of bct (bending in axial compression) is less than the
nominal value, the design is safe.
Maximum shear force

= wl/2
= (6310 x 2.25) /2 .
= 7098.75 N.

Average shear force, va

= 7098.75 /(1000 x 30)

= 0.237 N/mm2 .

Maximum shear stress, vm

= 1.5 x 0.237
= 0.356 N/mm2 < 0.8 N/mm2.

Since, the obtained value of maximum shear stress is less than the nominal
value, the design is safe.
Moment of inertia of the plate
= (1000 x 303 ) /12
= 225 x 104 mm4
Maximum deflection

= (5/384) x (wl4/EI)
= 4.679 mm.

Permissible deflection

= span/325
= 2250/325
= 6.932 mm > 4.679mm.

Since, the obtained value of permissible deflection is less than the value of
maximum deflection, the design is safe.

17
4.3.2 DESIGN OF ROOF FOR TRUSS
The non-corrugulated sheet is chosen for roofing and its thickness is assumed to
be 3mm.
Self weight of plate

= 231 N/mm2.

Maximum bending moment

= 146.18 N-m.

bct

= 0.097 N/mm2 < 10 N/mm2.

Since, the obtained value of bct (bending in axial compression) is less than the
nominal value, the design is safe.
Maximum shear force

= 259.875 N.

Average shear stress, va

= 0.087 N/mm2.

Maximum shear stress,

= 0.131 N/mm2 < 0.8 N/mm2.

Since, the obtained value of maximum shear stress is less than the nominal
value, the design is safe.
4.3.3 BOTTOM CROSS BEAM
The bottom cross beam has been designed in consideration with the clear
walking width between the primary beams, as clearly shown in the plan of the
structure. Hence, the steel plate flooring is going to be laid over the bottom cross
beam and its design is explained below.
Clear walking width between main beams
= 3.0 m.
Assume the length of cross-beam to be a little more, say by 0.3m.
This will also be equal to c/c distance between the lattice girders as the cross
girders will be supported over panel points of trusses.
Length of cross girders

= 3.3 m.

18
Load transmitted to the cross girder from the floor,
W1

= 3 x 2.25 x 6310
= 42592.5 N

Assume self weight of cross beam to be 200 N/m.

Total load,

= 42592.5 + (3.3 x 200)

= 43252.5 N.

Maximum B.M

= wl/8
= (43252.5 x 3.3)/8
= 17841.656 N-m.

Required section modulus,

= (17841.656 x103)/165
= 108131.249 mm3 .

ISHB 150 @ 271 N/m.

Check
shear force

= 43252.5/2
= 21626.25 N.

Shear stress, va

= (21626.25/(150 x 5.4))
= 26.669 N/mm2 < 100 N/mm2

Since, the obtained value of shear stress is less than the nominal value, the
design is safe.
1. Permissible deflection

= span/325
= 10.154 mm.

2. Maximum deflection

= (5/384) x (wl4/EI)
= 6.952 mm > 10.154 mm.

Since, the obtained value of maximum deflection is greater than the value of
permissible deflection, the design is safe.

19
4.3.4 DESIGN OF TOP CROSS BEAM
The top cross beam has been designed in consideration with the clear width
between the top primary beams, as clearly shown in the plan of the structure.
Hence, the galvanized steel sheet roofing is going to be laid over the top cross
beam and its design is explained further.
Load transmitted to the cross beam from the roof
= 1559.25 N.
Assuming self weight of cross beam as 150 N/mm.
Total load, W

= 2054.25 N.

Maximum bending moment

= 847.378 N-m

Required section modulus, Z

= 5135.624 mm3.

From steel tables, page number 6,

Adopting ISLC 100 @ 79 N/m.
Check
1.Shear force

= 1027.125 N.

Shear stress, va

= 2.568 N/mm2 < 9 N/mm2.

Since, the obtained value of maximum shear stress is less than the nominal
value, the design is safe.
2. Permissible deflection

= span/325 = 10.154 mm.

Maximum deflection

= (5wl4)/(384EI)
= 2.918mm < 10.154mm.

Since, the obtained value of permissible deflection is less than the value of
maximum deflection, the design is safe.

20
4.3.5 FORCES IN TRUSS MEMBERS
The forces in members of the steel truss are calculated using Influence Line
Diagram method as diagrammatically represented in the figure 4.2.
The N- type truss used is shown in Fig.
Dead load from the cross beam

= (43252.5-(4000x2.25x3.0))/(2x2.25)
= 3611.667 N/m.

Dead load from top cross beam

= 2054.25/(2 x 2.25)
= 456.5 N/m.
Assume weight of each truss

= 1000 N/m.

Total dead load on each truss

= 3611.667 + 456.5 + 1000

= 5068.167 N/m.

Live load on each truss

= (4000 x 3)/2
= 6000 N/m.

Total load on each truss

= 5068.167 + 6000
= 11068.167 N/m.

wind load
Vz

= Vb k1 k2 k3
= 50 x 1 x 1 x 1
= 50 m/s.

pz

= 0.6 x 502
= 1.5 kN/m2 .

Hence total load on each truss

= 11068.167 + (1500 x 2.4)

= 14443.167 N/m.

21

Fig 4.2 details of Influence Line Diagram (I.L.D)

Top Chord
It is a compression member. Maximum force in this member will occur when the
whole span is loaded. Because of symmetry, forces in only left half of the
members are computed.
Member u0u1
Maximum force

= 14443.167 x 0.5 x18 x 0.82

= 106590.573 N (C).

22
Member u1u2
Maximum force

= 14443.167 x 0.5 x18 x1.406

= 182763.835 N (C).

Member u2u3
Maximum force

= 14443.167 x 0.5 x18 x 1.756

= 228259.811 N (C).

Member u3u4
Maximum force

= 14443.167 x 0.5 x18 x 1.875

= 243728.443 N (C).

Central bottom chord

It is tension member. Members L3L4 and L4L5 will be stressed the most.
Member L3L4 and L4L5
Maximum force

= 14443.167 x 0.5 x18 x 1.756

= 228259.811 N (T).

Diagonal member
Member U3L4
0.5/x

= 0.375/y

0.375x 0.5y

=0

And ,

x+y

= 2.25

Hence,

= 1.286m

= 0.964m.

Therefore, maximum force

= (14443.167 x 0.5 x 7.714

x 0.375) - (14443.167 x 0.5
x 10.286 x 0.5)

= 16250.368 N (T).
23
Vertical member
Member U4L4
0.514/x

= 0.686/y

=0

0.686x 0.514y

and,

x+y

= 2.25

Hence,

= 0.964m

= 1.286m.

Therefore, maximum force

= (14443.167 x 0. x7.714 x 0.514)

- (14443.167x0.5x10.28 x0.686)
= 22323.359 N (C).

4.3.6 DESIGN OF TOP CHORD MEMBER

Since members u3u4 and u4u5 are subjected to maximum compressive force, these
are designed and some section will be provided for all the other members of top
chord.
Maximum compressive force

= 243728.443 N.

Area required

= 243728.443 /80
= 3046.606 mm2.

2 ISA 80 x 80 x 12 mm.
Properties are
A
rmin

= 3596 mm2
= 23.9 mm
= (0.85 x 2250)/23.9
= 80.021.

24
ac (for fy = 250 N/mm2 )

= 166.962 N/mm2 .

Load carrying capacity

= 166.962 x 3596
= 600395.352 N > 243728.443N

Since, the design load carrying capacity is greater than the force acting at the
node, the design is safe.
4.3.7 DESIGN OF BOTTOM CHORD MEMBER
Since,members L3L4 and L4L5 are subjected to maximum tensile force, these are
designed and same section will be provided for all members of lower chord.
Maximum tensile force

= 228259.811 N.

Net area required

= 228259.811 /100
= 2282.598 mm2.

ISHB 200 @ 373N/m.

Load carrying capacity

= 1074822.352 N > 228259.811N

Since, the design load carrying capacity is greater than the force acting at the
node, the design is safe.
4.3.8 DESIGN OF DIAGONAL MEMBER
Maximum compressive force

= 16250.368 N.

Area required

= 16250.368 /80
= 203.13 mm2.

ISLC 100 @ 79 N/m.

Load carrying capacity

= 183823.914 N > 16250.368 N

Since, the design load carrying capacity is greater than the force acting at the
node, the design is safe.

25
4.3.9 DESIGN OF VERICAL MEMBER
Maximum compressive force

= 22323.359 N.

Area required

= 892.934 mm2.

ISHB 150 @ 271 N/m.

Load carrying capacity

= 755218.888 N > 22323.359 N

Since, the design load carrying capacity is greater than the force acting at the
node, the design is safe.
4.3.10 TOTAL LOAD OF THE STEEL TRUSS
Total load for 18m span

= 1426426.688 N.

Factored load

= 1.5 x 1426426.688
= 2139640.032 kN.

Total number of column used

=6

Therefore, load for each column

= 400 kN.

4.3.11 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Data
Type of staircase

: dog-legged, 13 steps in a

flight.
Tread, T

= 300 mm

M25 grade concrete

Rise, R

= 180 mm.

Fe415 HYSD bars.

Effective span
Effective span

= 4200 mm.

Thickness of waist slab

= 210 mm.

overall depth, D

= 210 mm.
26

Loads
Dead load of slab on slope,

ws

= 5.25 kN/m.

Dead load of slab on horizontal, w

= 6.122 kN/m.

Dead load of steps per metre length

= 2.25 kN/m.

Finishes

= 0.53 kN/m.

Total dead load

= 8.902 kN/m.

Factored load, wu

= 19.353 kN/m.

Bending Moments
Mu

= 0.125 x wu x L2
= 36.795 kN-m.

Check for depth of waist slab

Depth, d

= 106.403 mm < 185 mm.

since, the obtained value of effective depth is less than the design value, the
design is safe.
Main reinforcement
Mu

= 0.87fy Ast d ( 1- ((fy Ast )/(bd fck )))

Substituting the values and solving the equation,

we get the area of steel, Ast

= 581.178 mm2

Hence, provide 12mm diameter bars at 145mm

Spacing c/c as main reinforcement.
Distribution reinforcement
Distribution reinforcement

= 252 mm2.

Provide 8 mm diameter bars at 60 mm spacing c/c.

27

Fig 4.3 Reinforcement Details of Dog-legged Staircase

Check
Mu /bd2

= 1.076

From table 2 of SP :16 for fck = 25N/mm2 ,

Percentage reinforcement, pt
Hence, area of steel, Ast

= 0.287.
= pbd/100
= 530.358 mm2 .

Therefore, the reinforcement quantity is the same as that obtained by analytical

method.

28
4.3.12 DESIGN OF COLUMN FOR TRUSS
Total load for steel truss

= 2139.64 kN.

Number of columns

= 6.

Load for one column

= 400 kN.

Length of column

= 5m.

Area required

= 2666.667 mm2.

Adopting ISHB 250 @ 510N/m. (steel tables, page no.4 )

Area provided

= 6496 mm2.

rmin

= 109.1 mm.

Effective length

= 0.85L
= 4250 mm.

kL/r

= 38.955 ;

fy

= 250 N/mm2.

From steel tables, table 30,

Design compressive strength, fcd
Hence, load carrying capacity

= 213.732.
= 213.732 x 6496
= 1388.403 kN > 400 kN.

Hence, the load carrying carrying capacity is greater than the factored load
carried by the column. The design is safe.
4.3.13 DESING OF COLUMN FOR STAIRCASE.
Total load for entire staircase

= 343709.496 N.

Number of columns

= 4.

Load for one column

= 90 kN.

Length of column

= 2.5m.

Design column

ISHB 150 @ 271 N/m.

29
Table 4.1 Properties of chosen columns.
Properties

ISHB 250 @ 510 N/m

ISHB 150 @ 271 N/m

Sectional area, A
Depth of section, D
Width of flange, bf
Thickness of flange, tf
Thickness f web, tw
Moment of inertia, Izz
Moment of inertia, Iyy
Radius of gyration, rmin
Modulus of section

6496 mm2
250 mm
250 mm
9.7 mm
6.9 mm
7736.5 x 104 mm4
1961.3 x 104 mm4
109.1 mm
618.9 x 103 mm3

3448 mm2
150 mm
150 mm
9 mm
5.4 mm
1455.6 x 104 mm4
431.7 x 104 mm4
65mm
194.1 x 103 mm3

4.3.14 FOUNDATION FOR TRUSS

Type of foundation

: shallow foundation.

Load of a column

= 400kN.

Safe bearing pressure of concrete

= 0.25fck
= 0.25 x 25
= 6250 kN/m2.

For ISHB 250 @ 510N/m,

D = 250mm

B = 250mm.

Required area of slab base

= 0.064 m2.
30

Provide a square base plate,

Side of the base

= 300 mm.

Thickness of base plate,

t

= ( (3w/bs)x(a2-0.125b2))1/2

Where, w

= 400000/3002
=

4.444 N/mm2

= (300-250)/2
= 25mm.

bs

permissible bending stress

= 150 N/mm2
Hence, substituting the values in the formula.
Therefore, t

= 30mm.

Provide a base plate

= 300mm x 300mm x 30mm.

Concrete pedestal

= 700mm x 700mm x 70mm.

4.3.15 FOUNDATION FOR STAIRCASE

Type of foundation

: shallow foundation.

Load of a column

= 90kN.

Provide a base plate

= 200mm x 200mm x 20mm.

Concrete pedestal

= 500mm x 500mm x 50mm.

31
Table 4.2 Design details of members

Structure

Members

Design

Steel Truss

Bottom chord
Top chord
Vertical member
Diagonal member
Flooring
Roof
Bottom cross beam
Top cross beam
Column for truss

ISHB 200 @373 N/m

2 ISA 80 x 80 x 12 mm
ISHB 150 @ 271 N/m
ISLC 100 @ 79 N/m
Gal steel plate, 30mm thick
Gal steel plate, 3mm thick
ISHB 150 @ 271 N/m
ISLC 100 @ 79 N/m
ISHB 250 @ 510 N/m

Staircase

Bottom chord
Top chord
Vertical member

2 ISA 50 x 50 x 5 back to back.

2 ISA 50 x 50 x 5 back to back.
2 ISA 40 x 40 x 4 mm back to

Diagonal member
Flooring
Roof
Bottom cross beam
Top cross beam
Column for staircase

back.
ISLC 75 @ 57 N/m
Dog-legged staircase
Gal steel plate, 3mm thick
ISHB 150 @ 271 N/m
ISLC 100 @ 79 N/m
ISHB 150 @ 271 N/m.

32

4.3.16 BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Foundation for truss
Size of slab base

= 300mm x 300mm x 30mm.

There is only one interface between column flange and slab base.
Type of bolts

= HSFG bolt.

The design force to connect gusset plate with

column flange

= 200kN.

Friction coefficient

= 0.5.

Fig 4.4 types of connections

Design force, F

= (nT)/Fs.

Corresponding proof load, T

= 560 kN.

Let us try M14 bolt

Proof load of M14 bolt

= 68.8 kN

(IS 3757-1972,table 84)

No of bolts required

= 12 bolts of 14mm dia.

Assume cleat angle of nominal size 60 x 60 x 8mmon column flanges to keep

column in flange.
Same number of bolts are required to connect gusset angle with slab base.
Similar procedure on the other side of the column flange.
Table 4.3 Properties of typical HSFG bolts
THREAD (d)

NOMINAL STRESS

PROOF LOAD (N)

M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M39

AREA (mm2 )
58
84.3
115
157
192
245
976

33700
50700
68800
94500
115000
147000
586000

34
Check
From IS 800 : 2007, clause 10.4,
The choice of a particular bolt should satisfy the following condition.

Vsf < Vdsf , whereVsf

= shear force acting in that joint.

Vdsf

= shear capacity of bolts in joint.

Shear capacity of a bolt,

Vnsf

= fnekhFo
= 0.5x1x1x(0.7x800x3.14x162)/4
= 56297.34 N.

Vdsf

= Vnsf /mf
= 56297.34 / 1.1
= 51179.400 N.

Design capacity of joint,

Vdsf

= 12 x 51179.400
= 614.153 kN.

But

Vsf

= 200 kN.

Since, shear force acting in the joint (Vsf ) is less than shear capacity of bolts in
the joint (Vdsf ), the design is safe.

35
Table 4.4 Design details of HSFG bolts for the components
Components to be connected

Diameter of bolt

Number of bolts.

(mm)
Truss foundation with column of 14
truss

12

Staircase foundation with

column of staircase

10

Top cross beam with top chord

member

12

16

Lower chord with diagonal

member and vertical member

10

24

Bottom cross beam with bottom

chord member

12

16

Upper chord with diagonal

member and vertical member

10

24

Top cross beam with top chord

member of staircase

10

Lower chord with diagonal

member and vertical member in
staircase

10

Upper chord with diagonal

member and vertical member of
staircase

10

Bottom cross beam with bottom

chord of staircase

10

4.3.17 WELDING OF COLUMN WITH GUSSET PLATE OF

STAIR CASE
12mm thick gusset plate.
Properties of ISHB 150 @ 271 N/m.

Area, A

= 3448 mm2

Centre Of Gravity, C xx

= 75 mm.

at

Load, P

= 517.2 kN > 90 kN.

150 N/ mm2

The weld will be designed to transmit 517.2 kN.

The force resisted by the weld , P

= 258.6 kN.

Effective throat thickness

= 4.2mm.

L1 = L 2

= 575mm.

No of bolts
4.3.18

= 4 bolts of 14mm dia.

WELDING OF COLUMN WITH GUSSET PLATE OF

TRUSS MAIN BEAM

Properties of ISHB 250@ 510 N/m.

A

= 6496 mm2.

at

C xx

150 N/ mm2. P

125 mm.

1624 kN > 750 kN.

The weld will be designed to transmit 1624 kN.

Force resisted by the weld,P

812 kN.

Effective throat thickness

9.8mm.

L1

= L2

No of bolts

770 mm.
=

4 bolts of 39mm dia.

37
4.3.19

DESIGN OF GUSSET PLATE

Gusset plates are thick sheets of steel that are used to connect beams

and girders to columns or to connect truss members. Gusset plates not only serve

as a method of joining steel members together but they also strengthen the joint.
They can be used in bridges and buildings along with other structures.
Galvanized steel offers more protection from rust, so when the gusset
plate is outside, galvanized steel is usually used. The gusset plate is usually
painted to match nearby steel and fixtures and to give it an extra layer of
protection. For channel section, the connection is done with the help of using
both gusset plate and gusset angle. The sizes of the gusset plates are designed
using the consideration of pitch and end distances.

Fig 4.5 Gusset Plate with HSFG bolting in truss members

38
Table 4.5 Design details of gusset plates for main truss components
Components to be

Type of connection

Size of gusset plate

connected
Foundation slab base
with column of truss

HSFG bolted connection

(mm)
340mm x 250mm x
16mm

Coumn with main beam

of truss

Welded connection

250mm x 250mm x
12mm

Upper chord with

diagonal and vertical
member in truss

HSFG bolted connection

220mm x 470mm x
16mm

Lower chord with

diagonal and vertical
member in truss

HSFG bolted connection

340mm x 430mm x
16mm

Gusset angle for diagonal HSFG bolted connection

member

25mm x 25mm x 8mm

Gusset angle for vertical

member

75mm x 75mm x 8mm

HSFG bolted connection

Top cross beam with ISA HSFG bolted connection

top chord

100mm x 200mm x
16mm

Bottom cross beam with

bottom chord

120mm x 200mm x
16mm

HSFG bolted connection

39
Table 4.6 Design details of gusset plates for staircase truss components
Components to be
connected

Type of connection

Size of gusset plate

(mm)

Foundation slab base

with column of staircase

HSFG bolted connection

340 x 120 x 16

Coumn with main beam

of staircase truss

Welded connection

140 x 140 x 12

Upper chord with

HSFG bolted connection
diagonal and vertical
member in staircase truss

180 x 160 x 16

Lower chord with

HSFG bolted connection
diagonal and vertical
member in staircase truss

180 x 160 x 16

Top cross beam with ISA HSFG bolted connection

top chord of staircase

200 x 100 x 16

Bottom cross beam with HSFG bolted connection

bottom chord of staircase

200 x 140 x 16

40

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1

SUMMARY

The section deals with the overview of the entire project report. The
lattice steel truss is analyzed on STAAD PRO and the result is obtained. The
manual design of the entire structure is provided, with reference to the result
thus obtained by STAAD PRO. The bending moment and shear force is checked
according to the STAAD PRO result. And hence, connections are provided to
the designed members. The design of welded connections and HSFG bolted
connections are described in the previous chapter.

5.2

CONCLUSION
The loads considered for the structure were the dead load, live load and

wind load ( wind speed of 50m/s ). Analysis of the structure by STAAD PRO
results in a dead load of magnitude of 194.537kN, live load of magnitude
363.6kN and a wind load of magnitude 226.8kN. For the above magnitude of the
applied load, the column for the structure and the foundation of the structure are
designed. Although the entire structure is designed in steel, the staircase and
foundation have to be designed in concrete. The design of lattice steel truss,
flooring and roofing are designed based on the provisions according to the code
book IS800 : 2007, steel tables. The design of staircase and foundation are
designed based on the provisions according to the code book SP16 and IS 456 :
2000.
41

5.3

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
a) The 18m span pedestrian bridge constructed on the T road junction of

medavakkam can be extended to an additional distance either straight or

perpendicular to the pedestrian bridge constructed.

b) To help physically challenged people access the pedestrian bridge in

order to cross the roadway, escalators can be designed instead of staircases.
c) The landing beam of staircase can be extended with the provision of
slab to help pedestrians to avoid road traffic.

42

REFERENCES
1. IS : 800-2007 General Recommendations For Steel.
2. IS : 3757-1972 General Recommendations For Steel.
3. IS : 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced concrete.

4. Krishna Raju, (2003) Design Of Reinforced Concrete Structures,

3rd Edition, CBS publishers.
5. N. Subramanian, (2011) Design Of Steel Structures, 1st Edition, Oxford
University Press, USA.
6. S.K. Duggal,(2011) Design Of Steel Structures, 3 rd Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private Limited.
7. SP16 Design Aids For Reinforced Concrete to IS : 456-1978.
8. Steel Tables, compiled by Dr.R.Murugesan, M.E.,Ph.D., (structures).

43

APPENDIX
TOTAL APPLIED LOAD ( KN METE ) SUMMARY (LOADING
SUMMATION FORCE-

0.00

SUMMATION FORCE-Y

-1066.54

SUMMATION FORCE-Z

0.00

1)

SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGINMX = 1611.16

MY

= 0.00

MZ = -9636.27

TOTAL REACTION LOAD( KN METE ) SUMMARY (LOADING

SUMMATION FORCE-X

0.00

SUMMATION FORCE-Y

1066.54

SUMMATION FORCE-Z

0.00

1)

SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGINMX=

-1611.16

MY

0.00

MZ = 9636.27

MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS ( CM /RADIANS) (LOADING

MAXIMUMS

1)

AT NODE

X = -2.00136E-01

747

Y = -3.85560E-01

746

Z = 9.59450E-02

76

RX= -1.17429E-03

1050

RY= -1.10740E-03

1505

RZ= 2.76852E-03

312

44
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL JOINT LOAD SUMMARY ( KN METE )JT

EXT FX/ EXT FY/

EXT FZ/

EXT MX/ EXT MY/

EXT MZ/

INT FX

INT FZ

INT MX

INT MZ

INT FY

INT MY

SUPPORT=1
37

0.00

-1.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.34

-84.02

0.24

0.50

0.00

-2.67

111111

38

39

40

41

42

60

61

62

0.00

-1.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.11

-10.03

0.02

0.05

0.00

0.14

0.00

-1.21

0.00

0.20

0.00

-0.26

-54.39

-207.56

-4.40

45.31

20.15

-29.31

0.00

-0.93

0.00

-0.06

0.00

0.26

53.83

-201.97

4.42

-42.94

19.91

30.60

0.00

-1.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.06

-16.48

-0.02

-0.02

0.00

-0.18

0.00

-1.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-1.20

-80.63

-0.23

-0.45

0.00

2.28

0.00

-0.40

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.67

-76.22

0.34

0.39

0.00

0.65

0.00

-0.40

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.46

-29.17

0.05

0.14

0.00

0.44

0.00

-0.40

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.80

-26.88

0.30

0.39

0.00

0.97

111111

111111

111111

111111

111111

111111

111111

111111

45
63

80

81

0.00

-0.40

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-1.32

-94.44

-0.13

-0.07

0.00

1.48

0.00

-0.40

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.63

-28.57

-0.03

-0.12

0.00

-0.67

0.00

-0.40

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.84

-76.89

-0.37

-0.43

0.00

-0.88

111111

111111

111111

82

83

0.00

-0.40

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.85

-27.01

-0.32

-0.41

0.00

-1.04

0.00

-0.40

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.39

-95.36

0.12

0.06

0.00

-1.56

TOTAL APPLIED LOAD ( KN METE ) SUMMARY (LOADING

SUMMATION FORCE-X

0.00

SUMMATION FORCE-Y

-216.00

SUMMATION FORCE-Z

0.00

111111

111111

2)

SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGINMX

= 324.00

MY

0.00

MZ = -1944.01

TOTAL REACTION LOAD( KN METE ) SUMMARY (LOADING

SUMMATION FORCE-X

0.00

SUMMATION FORCE-Y

216.00

SUMMATION FORCE-Z

0.00

2)

SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGINMX= -324.00

MY

0.00

MZ = 1944.01

46
MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS ( CM /RADIANS) (LOADING
MAXIMUMS

AT NODE

X = -8.49987E-01

36

Y = -1.28937E+00

33

Z = 6.71948E-01

20

RX= 5.41669E-03

19

RY= -4.80497E-03

36

2)

RZ= -4.27292E-03

30

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL JOINT LOAD SUMMARY ( KN METE )JT

EXT FX/ EXT FY/ EXT FZ/

EXT MX/

EXT MY/

EXT MZ/

INT FX

INT MX

INT MY

INT MZ

INT FY

INT FZ

SUPPORT=1
37

38

39

40

41

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.32

-32.59

-0.03

-0.04

0.00

0.66

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-1.92

-50.75

0.52

1.05

0.00

3.81

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

4.12

-24.67

0.13

0.28

-0.15

-1.54

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-2.05

-21.44

-0.13

-0.09

-0.55

0.99

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-55.57

-0.65

-1.28

0.00

0.00

111111

111111

111111

111111

111111

47

42

60

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.55

-31.38

-0.03

-0.06

0.00

-1.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.15

-0.68

0.02

0.03

0.00

0.22

111111

111111

61

62

63

80

81

83

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.14

0.31

0.00

0.01

0.00

0.20

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.03

-0.10

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.03

0.15

0.02

0.03

0.00

0.05

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.04

-0.21

0.03

0.05

0.00

-0.06

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.71

0.04

0.05

0.00

-0.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.04

0.19

0.02

0.03

0.00

0.06

48

111111

111111

111111

111111

111111

111111