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Basic
Introduction to
Japanese Scripts

Particles
Introduction

FundamentalStructure

Particles play very important role in Japanese language and probably it is the most difficult and confusing
aspect in a Japanese sentence. A particle (/) is a word that shows the relationship of a word, a
phrase, or a clause to the rest of the sentence. There are also particles that have a peculiar usage which is
not found in English. Most particles are multi-functional. Below is the explanation of some particles used
frequently in Japanese language, but please note that these explanations are not all explanations about
particles.

Greetings

ga()

Hiragana
Katakana
kanji Structure

Usage

Verbs
Verbs Conjugation

Indicates direct object

Particles


Basu ga kimashita.

Adjectives
Demonstrative Words
Appendix
Practice Sheets
Counters

Means

Bus has come.

It stresses the word before . It is much used in a answer to interrogative.


()
Kyou wa dare ga kimasuka?
()
Inoue san ga kimasu.

Who will come today?


Mr.Inoue comes.

It makes a sentence a part of bigger sentence.


()
Kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu.
() ()

Kono eiga ga omoshiroi koto wa jijitsu desu.

This movie is interesting.


It is fact that this movie is interesting.

NOTE: In this function, '' indicates a subject and '' indicates topic of the sentence. There are many
sentences in which subject of the sentence matches for topic of the sentence. For example, in upper
sentence, can be called not only as a topic but also as a subject of the sentence. But in the
sentence below, subject is different from the topic of the sentence.
(no)
Usage

Means

Noun1 (no) Noun2


()
Watashi no hon.

My book.

()
Tom san no tokei.

Tom's clock.

wa()
Usage

Means

Indicates direct object



Watashi wa igirisu jin desu.

I am British.

()
Kyou wa yasumi desu.

Today is a holiday.

(wo)
Usage

Means

Indicates direct object


() () ()
Watashi wa hon o yomimasu.

I read a book.

I read a book.

() () ()
Watashi wa hon o yomimasu.
(ni
Usage

Means

time/date (ni
7() ()
Shichiji ni okimasu.

I get up at seven.

()10() ()
Kaigi wa juuji ni hajimarimasu.

Meeting starts at ten.

place (ni/ Goal of movement


() ()
Gakkou ni ikimasu.

I go to school.

() ()
Akihabara ni ikimasu.

I go to Akihabara.

(de)
Usage

Means

(de) Something
I go by bus.

()
Basu de ikimasu.
place (ni/ Goal of movement
()
Pen de kakimasu.

I write with pen.

() ()
Tokyo de shigoto o shimasu.

I work in Tokyo.

(to)
Usage

Means

Noun to () Noun
() ()

Watashi wa suupaa de niku to sakana o kaimasu.

I will buy meat and fish at the supermarket.

() () () What's the time difference between Tokyo and

London?
Tokyo to London no jisa wa nanjikan desuka?
Something with to ()
() () () ()

Tomodachi to eiga o mi niikimashita.

I went to see a movie with my friend.

()() () ()

Raishuu haha to ryokou ni ikimasu.

I'm going to travel with my mother.

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