UWIN SB04 s45 Draft

Course : Statistika Bisnis I (1509SB04)
online.uwin.ac.id
Bachelor in Economics (S.E): Manajemen
UWIN eLearning Program
Session Topic : Pengukuran Nilai

Course: Statistika Ekonomi & Bisnis
By Burhan Primanintyo, B.Sc., M.Eng.
Content
Part 1
Nilai Rata2
Part 2
Nilai Tengah
Part 3
Dispersi
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-1509SB04-
Hal 3
Part1: Nilai Rata2
Pengukuran Nilai: Tujuan Pembelajaran
1. Mengkalkulasi nilai rata2(mean), nilai tengah (median), & nilai

modus (mode)
2. Menjelaskan karakteristik, penggunaan, keuntungan & kerugian
dari tiap pengukuran lokasi
3. Menentukan posisi nilai
a. Rata2 (mean),
b. Tengah (median), &
c. Modus (mode)
yg simetris (symmetric) maupun dgn kemencengan (skewed
distributions)
4. Mengkomputasikan jangkauan (range), deviasi rata2 (mean
deviation), variance & deviasi standar (standard deviation)
5. Memahami karakteristik, penggunaan, keunggulan & kekurangan
dari tiap pengukuran dispersi
-1509SB04-
Hal 5
Nilai Rata2: Karakteristik
Karakteristik dari Nilai Rata2 (Mean)

1. Perhitungan nilai rata2 (mean) adalah,
yg paling banyak digunakan utk pengukuran lokasi atau
pengukuran tendensi sentral (central tendency) dari sebuah
distribusi.
2. Pengukuran nilai rata2 memerlukan data skala interval
3. Karakteristik utama dari pengukuran ini:
a. Semua nilai dapat digunakan
b. Bersifat unik
c. Penjumlahan deviasi dari nilai rata2 adalah 0 (nol)
d. Nilai rata2,
dihitung dgn menjumlahkan nilai data &
membaginya dgn banyak (jumlah) nilai data
-1509SB04-
Hal 6
Nilai Rata2 Populasi: Definisi
Utk data yg belum dikelompokkan (raw data/ungrouped data),

>>Nilai rata2 populasi (population mean). Defn:
Penjumlahan dari seluruh nilai2 di dalam populasi...
...dibagi dgn total jumlah (banyaknya) nilai2 populasi.
Nilai Rata2 Populasi (Population Mean): =
Dimana:
: mu mewakili nilai rata2 populasi

N
: merupakan jumlah (banyak) nilai di dalam populasi
X
: mewakili suatu nilai tertentu
: sigma mengindikasikan operasi penjumlahan

X : penjumlahan dari nilai2 X di dalam populasi
-1509SB04-
Hal 7
Nilai Rata2 Populasi: Contoh
Terdapat 10 perusahaan produsen kendaraan di sebuah negara.

Daftar berikut menunjukkan banyak (jumlah) paten yg diberikan oleh
pemerintah negara tersebut...
...kepada tiap perusahaan di dalam suatu tahun.
No
Nama Perusahaan
Jumlah Paten yg diberikan
General Motors
500
Nissan
380
Daimler Chrysler
270
Toyota
255
Honda
240
Ford
234
Mazda
210
Mitsubishi
50
Volvo
36
10 BMW
23
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Hal 8
Nilai Rata2 Populasi: Contoh (Lanjut)
1. Apakah informasi di atas termasuk suatu sampel atau populasi ?

2. Berapa nilai rata2 dari paten yg diberikan ?
500 + 380 + 270 + 255 + 240 + 230 + 210 + 50 + 32 + 23
=
=
10
2190
=
=
10
-1509SB04-
Hal 9
Pengukuran Nilai: Parameter & Statistik
Suatu pengukuran karakteristik dari suatu...

1. Populasi dikenal dgn Parameter.
2. Sampel dikenal dgn Statistik
Population
All Items
Sample
Items selected from
the population
-1509SB04-
Hal 10
Pengukuran Nilai: Sifat Nilai Rata2 (Mean)
1. Setiap set dari tingkat data interval & tingkat data rasio memiliki
suatu arti.
2. Semua nilai2 dimasukkan ke dalam perhitungan nilai rata2.
3. Nilai rata2 bersifat unik.
4. Penjumlahan deviasi2 dari setiap nilai dari nilai rata2 adalah 0 (nol ).
-1509SB04-
Hal 11
Nilai Rata2 Sampel: Definisi
Utk data data mentah (raw data/ungrouped data),

>>Nilai rata2 sampel (sample mean). Defn:
Semua nilai sampel dibagi dgn jumlah (banyak) nilai2 sampel
Nilai Rata2 Sampel (Sample Mean): =
Dimana:
: X bar mewakili nilai rata2 Sampel

n
: merupakan jumlah (banyak) nilai di dalam Sampel
X
: mewakili suatu nilai tertentu
: sigma mengindikasikan operasi penjumlahan

X : penjumlahan dari nilai2 X di dalam Sampel
-1509SB04-
Hal 12
Nilai Rata2 Sampel: Contoh
Sebuah perusahaan telekomunikasi,

sedang mempelajari lama waktu penggunaan telepon genggam yg
digunakan oleh pelanggannya setiap bulan.
Suatu sampel acak dari 12 pelanggan bulan lalu menunjukkan hasil
sebagai berikut:
90
91
77
110
94
92
89
100
119
113
112
83
Berapa nilai rata2 dari banyaknya menit yg digunakan ?

=

90 + 77 + + 83 1170
=
=
=
= .
12
12
-1509SB04-
Hal 13
Pembobotan Nilai Rata2: Formulasi & Contoh
Pembobotan nilai rata2 (weighted mean),

Dari nilai2 X1, X2, ..., Xn dgn nilai/faktor pembobotan w1, w2, ..., wn
dihitung dgn formulasi:
Pembobotan Nilai Rata2 (Weighted Mean):
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
Contoh:
1. Sebuah perusahaan konstruksi,
membayar per-jam gaji pegawainya sebanyak $16.50, $20.00, & $25.00
per jam.
Terdapat 26 pegawai perusahaan,
a. 14 pegawai digaji pada
$16.50,
b. 10 pegawai pada
$20.00, &
c. 2 pegawai pada
$25.00.
-1509SB04-
Hal 14
Pembobotan Nilai Rata2: Contoh
Berapa nilai rata2 gaji per-jam yg dibayarkan kepada ke-26 pegawai ?

14($16.50) + 10($20.00) + 2($25.00) $481
=
=
= $.
14 + 10 + 2
26
2. Seorang Mahasiswa ingin,

menghitung nilai oktan rata2 antara 2 jenis bbm (premium & pertamax) yg
digunakan pada sepeda motor dgn kapasitas tangki 4 liter.
Nilai oktan...
a. Premium adalah 88 &
b. Pertamax adalah 92.
Mahasiswa mengisi 2 liter premium & 2 liter pertamax.
Berapa nilai oktan rata2 diperolehnya ?
=
2(88) + 2(92) + 2($25.00) 176 + 184 360

=
=
=
2+2
4
4
-1509SB04-
Hal 15
Part2: Nilai Tengah
Nilai Tengah: Definisi
Nilai Tengah (The Median). Defn:

Nilai yg diperoleh setelah diurutkan dari,
a. nilai terkecil ke nilai terbesar atau sebaliknya
b. dari nilai terbesar ke nilai terkecil.
Sifat/Karakteristik Nilai Tengah:
Nilai tengah
1. Memiliki keunikan utk setiap set data.
2. Tidak terpengaruh oleh,
nilai yg sangat besar atau kecil & pengukuran suatu harga dari
...tendensi sentral (central tendency) ketika nilai diperoleh.
3. Dapat dihitung utk,
Tingkat data
a. Rasio,
b. Interval &
c. Ordinal.
-1509SB04-
Hal 17
Nilai Tengah: Contoh
Contoh 1:
Suatu sampel umur dari 5 mahasiswa sebagai berikut: 21, 25, 19,
20, 22
Pengaturan data dgn urutan pertambahan (ascending order)
menjadi:
19, 20, 21, 22, 25
Sehingga nilai tengah (median) yg diperoleh adalah 21
Contoh 2:
Suatu sampel tinggi badan dari 6 pemain bola basket dalam
centimeter sebagai berikut: 130, 120, 115, 124, 128, 110
Pengaturan data dgn urutan pertambahan (ascending order)
menjadi:
110, 115, 120, 124, 128, 130
Sehingga nilai tengah (median) yg diperoleh adalah 122
-1509SB04-
Hal 18
Modus: Definisi
Modus (Mode). Defn:

Nilai dari observasi/pengamatan yg paling sering terjadi/muncul.
Jumlah responden yg menyukai aroma minyak utk mandi

-1509SB04-
Hal 19
Modus: Contoh
The annual salaries of,

quality control managers in selected states are shown below.
What is the modal annual salary ?
State
Arizona
Salary
State
$35,000 Illinois
Salary
$58,000
State
Ohio
Salary
$50,000
California
49,100 Louisiana
60,000
Tennessee
60,000
Colorado
60,000 Maryland
60,000
Texas
71,400
Florida
60,000 Massachusetts
40,000
West Virginia
60,000
Idaho
40,000 New Jersey
65,000
Wyoming
55,000
A perusal of the salaries reveals that,

the annual salary of $60.000 appears more often (6 times) than any
other salary.
The mode is, therefore, $60,000
-1509SB04-
Hal 20
Pengukuran Nilai: Mean, Median & Mode
The Relative Positions of the Mean, Median & the Mode
x
Mean = 20
Median = 20
Mode = 20
Years
Zero Skewness
mode = median = mean
Frequency
Skewed to the right

(positively skewed)
y
x
Weekly
Mode Median Mean Income
$300 $500
$700
Positive Skewness
mode < median < mean
-1509SB04-
Skewed to the left

(negatively skewed)
Frequency
Frequency
Symmetric
(zero skewness)
Tensile
Mean Median Mode Strength
2,600 2,800
3000
Negative Skewness
mode > median > mean
Hal 21
Geometric Mean: Formula
a. Useful in finding the average change

of percentages, ratios, indexes, or
growth rates over time.
b. It has a wide application in business &
economics because,
we are often interested in finding
the percentage changes in sales,
salaries, or economic figures,
such as the GDP, which compound or
build on each other.
c. The geometric mean will always be
less than or equal to the arithmetic
mean.
d. The formula for the geometric mean
is written:
GEOMETRIC MEAN
=
Example:
Suppose you receive a 5 percent
increase in salary this year & a 15
percent increase next year.
The average annual percent
increase is 9.886, not 10.0.
Why is this so ?
We begin by calculating the
geometric mean.
=
(. )(. ) = .
( )( ) ( )
-1509SB04-
Hal 22
Geometric Mean: Example
The Geometric Mean Finding an Average Percent Change Over Time

Example:
During the decade of the 1990s, & into the 2000s,
Las Vegas, Nevada, was the fastest-growing city in the United States.
The population increased from 258,295 in 1990 to 552,539 in 2007.
This is an increase of 294,244 people or a 113.9 percent increase over
the 17-year period.
What is the average annual increase ?
AVERAGE PERCENT
INCREASE OVER TIME
=
17
Value at end of period

1
Value at start of period
552,539
1 = 1.0457 1 = .
258,295
-1509SB04-
Hal 23
Dispersion: About
a. A measure of location,
such as the mean or the median, only describes the center of the data.
It is valuable from that standpoint, but it does not tell us anything about
the spread of the data.
b. For example,
if your nature guide told you that the river ahead averaged 3 feet in
depth,
would you want to wade across on foot without additional information ?
Probably not. You would want to know something about the variation in
the depth.
c. A second reason,
for studying the dispersion in a set of data is
to compare the spread in 2 or more distributions.
-1509SB04-
Hal 24
Dispersion: About (Cont.)
Histogram of Years of Employment at

Hammond Iron Works, Inc.
Hourly Production of Computer

Monitors at the Baton Rouge & Tucson
Plants
-1509SB04-
Hal 25
Part3: Dispersi
Dispersion: Formula
Measures of Dispersion
a. Range
Range = Largest value Smallest value
b. Mean Deviation
=
c.
Variance & Standard Deviation

Population Variance
)
=
Population Standard Deviation =
-1509SB04-
( )
Hal 27
Range: Example
The number of cappuccinos,

sold at the Starbucks location in the Orange Country Airport
between 4 & 7 p.m.
for a sample of 5 days last year were 20, 40, 50, 60, & 80.
Determine the range for the number of cappuccinos sold.
Range = Largest - Smallest value

= 80 20
= 60
-1509SB04-
Hal 28
Mean Deviation: Formula
MEAN DEVIATION: The arithmetic mean of the absolute values of the

deviations from the arithmetic mean
a.
b.
A shortcoming of the range is,

that it is based on only 2 values, the highest & the lowest,
it does not take into consideration all of the values.
The mean deviation,
measures the mean amount by which the values in
a population, or sample, vary from their mean
MEAN DEVIATION
Where:
X
n
||
: is the value of each observation

: is the arithmetic mean of the values
: is the number of observations in the sample
: indicates the absolute value
-1509SB04-
Hal 29
Mean Deviation: Example
The number of cappuccinos,

sold at the Starbucks location in the Orange Country Airport between
4 & 7 p.m.
for a sample of 5 days last year were 20, 40, 50, 60, & 80.
Determine the mean deviation for the number of cappuccinos sold.
Step
a) 1: Compute the mean
20 + 40 + 50 + 60 + 80
=
=
= 50
b) 2: Subtract the mean (50),

from each of the observations,
convert to positive if difference is negative
-1509SB04-
Hal 30
Mean Deviation: Example (Cont.)
c) 3: Sum the absolute differences found in step 2 then divide by the

number of observations
Number of
Cappuccinos Sold Daily
(X - )
Absolute Deviation
20
(20 50) = -30
30
40
(40 50) = -10
10
50
(50 50) = 0
60
20 + 40 + 50 + 60(60
+ 80
50)
= 10
=
=
= 50
80
5
(80 50) = 30
0
10
30
Total
80
80
=
= 16
-1509SB04-
Hal 31
Arithmetic Mean: Variance & Standard Deviation
VARIANCE: The arithmetic mean of the squared deviations from the

mean.
STANDARD DEVIATION: The square root of the variance.
a. The variance & standard deviations are nonnegative & are zero only if
all observations are the same.
For populations whose values are
b. near the mean, the variance & standard deviation will be small.
c. dispersed from the mean, the population variance & standard
deviation will be large.
d. The variance overcomes the weakness of the range by using all the
values in the population
-1509SB04-
Hal 32
Variance: Formula & Computation
POPULATION VARIANCE
)
=
Where:
: is the population variance ( is the lowercase Greek latter

sigma). It is read as sigma squared
X
: is the value of an observation in the population
: is the arithmetic mean of the population

N
: is the number of obervations in the population
Steps in Computing the Variance
Step
a) 1: Find the mean.
b) 2: Find the difference between each observation & the mean, & square
that difference.
c) 3: Sum all the squared differences found in step 3
d) 4: Divide the sum of the squared differences by the number of items in the
population.
-1509SB04-
Hal 33
Variance & Standard Deviation: Example
The number of traffic citations issued last year in Beaufort County, South
Carolina, is reported below:
Month
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
August
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Citations
19
17
22
18
28
34
45
39
38
44
34
10
What is the population variance ?

Step
a) 1: Find the mean.
b) 2: Find the difference between each observation & the mean, &
square that difference.
c) 3: Sum all the squared differences found in step 3
d) 4: Divide the sum of the squared differences by the number of items in
the population.
-1509SB04-
Hal 34
Variance & Standard Deviation: Example

Citations
(X)
X-
( )
January
19
-10
100
February
17
-12
144
March
22
-7
49
April
18
-11
121
May
28
-1
June
34
25
July
45
16
256
August
39
10
100
September
38
81
October
44
15
225
November
34
25
December
10
-19
361
348
1,488
Month
Total
19 + 17 + + 34 + 10
=
12
348
=
=
12
)
=
1,488
=
=
12
-1509SB04-
Hal 35
Sample Variance: Formula
SAMPLE VARIANCE
)
=
Where:
: is the sample variance

X
: is the value of each
observation in the sample
: is the mean of the sample

n
: is the number of obervations
in the sample
Example:
The hourly wages for a sample
of part-time employees at Home
Depot are:
$12, $20, $16, $18, & $19.
What is the sample variance ?
Hourly Wage (X)
X -
( )
$12
-$5
25
20
16
-1
18
19
$85
40
)
40
=
=
51
= 10 in dollars squared
-1509SB04-
Hal 36
Sample Standard Deviation: Formula
SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION
S=
()
Where:
: is the sample standard deviation

X
: is the value of each observation in the sample
: is the mean of the sample

n
: is the number of obervations in the sample
-1509SB04-
Hal 37
Arithmetic Mean: Chebyshevs Theorem
The arithmetic mean,

biweekly amount contributed by the Dupree
Paint employees to the companys profit-sharing
plan is $51.54, &
the standard deviation is $7.51.
At least what percent of the contributions lie
within plus 3.5 standard deviations &
minus 3.5 standard deviations of the mean?
Chebyshevs Theorem
For any set of observations (sample or population),
the proportion of the values that lie within k
standard deviations of the mean is
at least 1-1/k2, where k is any constant
greater than 1.
Pafnuty L. Chebyshev
Professor Mathematics
in Moscow
1
1
=1
=1
= 0.92
2
(3.5)
12.25
-1509SB04-
Hal 38
Empirical Rule: About
Empirical Rule
For a symmetrical,
bell-shaped frequency
distribution, approximately,
68% of the observations will lie
within plus & minus one standard
deviation of the mean;
about 95% of the observations
will lie within plus & minus 2
standard deviations of the mean
&
practically all (99.7%) will lie
within plus & minus 3 standard
deviations of the mean
A Symmetrical,
Bell-Shaped Curve Showing
the Relationships between
the
a. Standard Deviation &
b. Observations
-1509SB04-
Hal 39
Arithmetic Mean: Grouped Data
ARITHMETIC MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
Where:
M
f
fM
fM
n
: is the designation for the sample mean

: is the midpoint of each class
: is the frequency in each class
: is the frequency in each class times the midpoint of the class
: is the sum of these products
: is the total number of frequencies
-1509SB04-
Hal 40
Arithmetic Mean: Grouped Data (Cont.)
Example:
From a car dealer selling price information data of their products,
we constructed a frequency distribution for the vehicle selling prices.
Determine the arithmetic mean vehicle selling price.
Selling Prices
($ thousands)
Frequency
15 up to 18
18 up to 21
23
21 up to 24
17
24 up to 27
18
27 up to 30
30 up to 33
33 up to 36
Total
80
-1509SB04-
Hal 41
Arithmetic Mean: Grouped Data (Cont.)
Selling Prices
($ thousands)
Frequency (f)
Midpoint (M)
fM
15 up to 18
$16.5
$132.0
18 up to 21
23
19.5
448.5
21 up to 24
17
22.5
382.5
24 up to 27
18
25.5
459.0
27 up to 30
28.5
228.0
30 up to 33
31.5
126.0
33 up to 36
34.5
69.0
Total
80
$1,845.0
Solving for the arithmetic mean using formula, we get:
$1,845
= $23,1 (thousands)
80
-1509SB04-
Hal 42
Standard Deviation: Grouped Data
Standard Deviation of Grouped Data

STANDARD DEVIATION, GROUPED DATA
Where:
M
f
n
S=
()
: is the symbol for the sample standard deviation

: is the midpoint of each class
: is the class frequency
: is the number of observations n the sample
: is the designation for the sample mean
-1509SB04-
Hal 43
Standard Deviation: Grouped Data (Cont.)
Refer to the frequency distribution for the Whitner Autoplex data used earlier.
Compute the standard deviation of the vehicle selling prices
Selling Prices
($ thousands)
Frequency
(f)
Midpoint
(M)
(M - )
(M - )2
f(M - )2
15 up to 18
$16.5
-6.6
43.56
348.48
18 up to 21
23
19.5
-3.6
12.96
298.08
21 up to 24
17
22.5
-0.6
0.36
6.12
24 up to 27
18
25.5
2.4
5.76
103.68
27 up to 30
28.5
5.4
29.16
233.28
30 up to 33
31.5
8.5
70.56
282.24
33 up to 36
34.5
11.4
129.96
259.92
Total
80
S=
()
1,531.80
1,531.8
801
=4.403
-1509SB04-
Hal 44
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Course : Statistika Bisnis I (1509SB04)

UWIN eLearning Program

Session Topic : Pengukuran Nilai

By Burhan Primanintyo, B.Sc., M.Eng.

Part1: Nilai Rata2

Pengukuran Nilai: Tujuan Pembelajaran

1. Mengkalkulasi nilai rata2(mean), nilai tengah (median), & nilai

Nilai Rata2: Karakteristik

Karakteristik dari Nilai Rata2 (Mean)

Nilai Rata2 Populasi: Definisi

Utk data yg belum dikelompokkan (raw data/ungrouped data),

: mu mewakili nilai rata2 populasi

: sigma mengindikasikan operasi penjumlahan

Nilai Rata2 Populasi: Contoh

Terdapat 10 perusahaan produsen kendaraan di sebuah negara.

Jumlah Paten yg diberikan

Nilai Rata2 Populasi: Contoh (Lanjut)

1. Apakah informasi di atas termasuk suatu sampel atau populasi ?

Pengukuran Nilai: Parameter & Statistik

Suatu pengukuran karakteristik dari suatu...

Pengukuran Nilai: Sifat Nilai Rata2 (Mean)

Nilai Rata2 Sampel: Definisi

Utk data data mentah (raw data/ungrouped data),

: X bar mewakili nilai rata2 Sampel

: sigma mengindikasikan operasi penjumlahan

Nilai Rata2 Sampel: Contoh

Sebuah perusahaan telekomunikasi,

Berapa nilai rata2 dari banyaknya menit yg digunakan ?

Pembobotan Nilai Rata2: Formulasi & Contoh

Pembobotan nilai rata2 (weighted mean),

Pembobotan Nilai Rata2: Contoh

Berapa nilai rata2 gaji per-jam yg dibayarkan kepada ke-26 pegawai ?

2. Seorang Mahasiswa ingin,

2(88) + 2(92) + 2($25.00) 176 + 184 360

Part2: Nilai Tengah

Nilai Tengah: Definisi

Nilai Tengah (The Median). Defn:

Nilai Tengah: Contoh

Modus (Mode). Defn:

Jumlah responden yg menyukai aroma minyak utk mandi

The annual salaries of,

40,000 New Jersey

A perusal of the salaries reveals that,

Pengukuran Nilai: Mean, Median & Mode

The Relative Positions of the Mean, Median & the Mode

Skewed to the right

Skewed to the left

Geometric Mean: Formula

a. Useful in finding the average change

Geometric Mean: Example

The Geometric Mean Finding an Average Percent Change Over Time

Value at end of period

Dispersion: About (Cont.)

Histogram of Years of Employment at

Hourly Production of Computer

Variance & Standard Deviation

Population Standard Deviation =

The number of cappuccinos,

Range = Largest - Smallest value

Mean Deviation: Formula

MEAN DEVIATION: The arithmetic mean of the absolute values of the

A shortcoming of the range is,

: is the value of each observation