1.

(a)

METHOD 1
f(x) = ln(1 + ex); f(0) = ln 2
1
ex
f (x) =
; f (0) =
x
2
1 e

Note: Award A0 for f(x) =

f (x) =

1
1 e

e x (1 e x ) 2e 2 x
x 2

(1 e )

A1
A1
; f (0) =

; f (0)

Note: Award M0A0 for f (x) if f (x) =

ln(1 + ex) = ln 2 +

1
2

1
4
1

1 e x

M1A1

is used

1
1
x x 2 + ...
2
8

M1A1

METHOD 2

1 2
x + ...)
2
1
1
= ln 2 + ln(1 + x x 2 + ...)
2
4

ln(1 + ex) = ln(1 + 1 + x +

M1A1
A1
2

1
1

11
1
= ln 2 + x x 2 ... x x 2 ... ...
4
4

22
2

1
1
1
x x 2 x 2 + ...
2
4
8
1
1
= ln 2 + x x 2 + ...
2
8
= ln 2 +

(b)

A1
A1
A1

METHOD 1
x4
x 3 terms & above x ln 4
2 ln(1 e ) x ln 4
4
lim
lim
x 0
x 0
x2
x2
M1A1
1
1

M1A1
= lim powers of x
x 0 4
4
x

2 ln 2 x

Note: Accept + as evidence of recognition of cubic and higher powers.

Note: Award M1A0M1A0 for a solution, which omits the cubic and higher powers.

METHOD 2
using lHpitals Rule

lim

2 ln(1 e x ) x ln 4

x2

x 0

2e x (1 e x ) 1
x 0
2x

M1A1

2e x (1 e x ) 2 1

x 0
2
4

M1A1

lim

lim

[10]

2.

(a)

use of y y + h

dy
dx

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1
1.1
1.222
1.3753284
1.573481221

(M1)

dy
dx

dy
dx

1
1.22
1.533284
1.981528208

0.1
0.122
0.1533284
0.1981528208

approximate value of y = 1.57

A1
A1
A1
A1
(A1)
A1

Note: Accept values in the tables correct to 3 significant figures.

(b)

the approximate value is less than the actual value because it is

dy
assumed that
remains constant throughout each interval
dx
whereas it is actually an increasing function

R1
[8]

3.

put y = vx so that =

dy
dv
vx
dx
dx

substituting,
dv v 2 x 2 3vx 2 2 x 2

v+ x
= (v2 + 3v + 2)
dx
x2

dv
= v2 + 2v + 2
dx
dv
dx

2
x
v 2v 2

dv

(v 1)

dx
x

arctan (v + 1) = ln x + c

M1
M1
(A1)
A1
M1
(A1)
A1

Note: Condone absence of c at this stage.

y
+ 1) = ln x + c
x
When x = 1, y = 1
c=0
y
+ 1 = tan ln x
x
y = x(tan ln x 1)
arctan(

M1
M1
A1

A1
[11]

4.

(a)

I0 =

e x sin xdx

M1

Note: Award M1 for I0 =

e x sin x dx

Attempt at integration by parts, even if inappropriate modulus

signs are present.

= e
or e
= e

e cos xdx or e sin x

cos x e sin x e sin xdx
sin x e cos x e sin xdx
cos x e sin x I or e sin x e

= e x cos x

e x cos xdx

M1
A1

A1

cos x 0 I 0

M1

Note: Do not penalise absence of limits at this stage

I0 = e + 1 I0
1
I0 = (1+ e)
2

A1
AG

Note: If modulus signs are used around cos x, award no accuracy marks
but do not penalise modulus signs around sin x .

(b)

In =

( n 1)

e x sin x dx

Attempt to use the substitution y = x n

(putting y = x n, dy = dx and [n, (n + 1)] [0, ])
so In =

e ( y n) sin( y n) dy

= e n

= e n

= enI0

M1
A1

e y sin( y n) dy

A1

e y sinydy

A1
AG

(c)

e x sin x dx

M1

n 0

I0

(A1)

n 0

the term is an infinite geometric series with common ratio e

therefore

I0
e x sin x dx
0
1 e

e 1

2(1 e ) 2(e 1)
1 e

(M1)
(A1)
A1
[15]

5.

(a)

using a ratio test,

x
Tn 1
x n 1
n!

n
Tn
(n 1)! x
n 1

M1A1

Note: Condone omission of modulus signs.

0 as n for all values of x
the series is therefore convergent for x

(b)

(i)

ex 1 = x +
<x+
=

x
x
1
2

x2
x2
+ ...

2 23
x2
x2
+ ... (for x > 0)

2 2 2

(for x < 2)

2x
(for 0 < x < 2)
2 x

R1
A1

M1
A1
A1

AG

(ii)

ex < 1 +

2x
2 x

2 x 2 x

A1

2 xx
e <

2 x
x

A1

replacing x by
therefore

2n 1
e<

2n 1

(c)

(i)

(ii)

1
1
(and noting that the result is true for n >
and
n
2

M1

AG

x2 x3
+ ...
A1

2
6
for 0 < x < 2 , the series is alternating with decreasing terms
so that the sum is greater than the sum of an even number of terms R1
therefore

1 ex = x

1 ex > x

x2
2

ex < 1 x +

x2
2

ex >

AG

M1

x2
1 x

2
x

e>

2
2 2x x
replacing x by
therefore

1
1
(and noting that the result is true for n >
and
n
2

2n 2

e > 2

2 n 2n 1

(d)

A1

from (b) and (c), e < 2.718282 and e > 2.718281

we conclude that e = 2.71828 correct to 5 decimal places

AG

A1
A1
[16]

6.

(a)

(i)

x n 1
x dx
, n 1
n 1 1

M1

1
b n 1

n 1 n 1

A1

x n dx ln x1 = ln b when n = 1
b

A1

b n 1
1
n+1
if n + 1 > 0, lim

does not exist since b increases

b n 1

n
1

without limit
R1
n 1
b
1
n+1
R1
if n + 1 < 0, lim

exists since b 0 as b
b n 1

n
1

if n = 1, lim ln b does not exist since ln b increases without limit R1

b

(so integral exists when n < 1)

(ii)

(b)

1
, (n < 1)
n 1

x n dx

A1

dy
+ (cos x + sin x)y = cos x + sin x
dx
dy cos x sin x
cos x sin x
y

dx cos x sin x
cos x sin x

(cos x sin x)

cos x sin x

IF = e

cos x sin x dx

cos x sin x
=

e ln(cos x sin x )
cos x sin x

(cos x sin x)

1
cos x sin x

dx

1
+k
cos x sin x

M1
M1A1A1
(M1)
A1

Note: Award the above A1 even if k is missing.

y = 1 + k(cos x sin x)

x = , y = 1,
2
1 = 1 + k(1)
k=2
y = 1 + 2(cos x sin x)

M1
A1

Note: It is acceptable to solve the equation using separation of variables.

[15]

7.

(a)

EITHER

lim cot x
x 0 x

tan x x
= lim

x 0 x tan x

M1A1

sec 2 x 1
, using lHopital
= lim
x 0 x sec 2 x tan x

2 sec 2 x tan x

= lim
2
2
x 0 2 sec x 2 x sec x tan x

=0

A1
A1A1
A1

OR

lim cot x
x 0 x

sin x x cos x
= lim

x 0
x sin x

x sin x

= lim
, using lHopital
x 0 sin x x cos x
sin x x cos x
= lim

x 0 2 cos x x sin x
=0

(b)

un =

( x 2) n

M1A1
A1
A1A1
A1

A1

3n n
( x 2) n 1

u n 1 3 n 1 (n 1) ( x 2)n

un
3(n 1)
( x 2) n
3n n
( x 2)n ( x 2)
lim

n 3( n 1)
3
(x 2)
1 5 < x < 1
3
if x = 1, series is 1 +

1 1
+ ... which diverges
2 3

1 1
(1) n
which converges
...
n
2 3
hence interval is 5 x < 1

if x = 5, series is 1 +

M1A1

M1A1
M1A1
A1
A1
A1

(c)

(i)

f(x) = ln(1 + sinx), f(0) = 0

cos x
f(x) =
, f(0) = 1,
1 sin x
f(x) =

(1 sin x)
cos x
(1 sin x) 2

ln(1 + sin x) x

(1 sin x)
(1 sin x)

1
, f(0) = 1A1
1 sin x
A1

x2 x3

...
2
6

A1

sin x = sin (x)

M1
2

x
x

...
2
6

A1

ln (1 + sin x) ln (1 sin x)
x3
1 sin x
= ln

3
1 sin x

M1A1

6
2

let x = then, ln
ln 3 2
1

6
3
6

, f(0) = 1,

so, ln (1 sin x) x

(iii)

A1

sin x(1 sin x) cos 2 x

f(x) =

(ii)

A1

2
1

3 216

M1A1A1

AG
[28]

8.

dy
= ex + 2y2
dx

(A1)

dy/dx

0.3

0.1

1.3

4.485170918

0.4485170918

A1

0.2

1.7485170918

7.336026799

0.7336026799

A1

0.3

2.482119772

13.67169593

1.367169593

A1

0.4

3.849289365

required approximation = 3.85

M1A1

A1
A1
[8]

9.

(a)

e x cos xdx e x sin x

sin x

d x
(e )dx
dx

since ex 0 as x and sin x is bounded ex sin x 0 as x

(or alternative convincing argument)
ex sin x = 0 when x = 0
the second term =
so

(b)

e x sin xdx

e x cos xdx

e x cos xdx e x cos x

the second term =

so 2

R1

AG

cos x

the value of the first term is 1

R1

A1

e x sin xdx

continuing the process

M1A1

M1A1
A1

e x cos xdx

A1

e x cos xdx = 1

the common value of the integrals is

d x
(e )dx
dx

A1

1
2

A1
[11]

10.

dy
dv
vx
dx
dx
dv
v2 v 4
the equation becomes v + x
dx
dv
dx

2
x
v 4

put y = vx so that

1
v
arctan = ln x + C
2
2
substituting (x, v) = (1, 2)

C=
8
the solution is

y
arctan 2 ln x
4
2x

y = 2x tan 2 ln x
4

(M1)
A1
A1
A1A1

M1A1

A1
A1
[9]

11.

(a)

using or obtaining (1 + x)n = 1 + nx +

2

(1 x )

=1+

(b)

1
2

n(n 1) 2
x + ...
2

2 2
1 ( x ) 1 3
1 ( x 2 )
...
2
2
2 2

1 2 3 4
x x ...
2
8

integrating, and changing sign

1
3 5
x C ...
arccos x = x x 3
6
40
put x = 0,

=C
2

1 3 3 5

x
arccos x x x
2
6
40

(c)

(M1)
(A1)
A1

M1A1

M1
AG

EITHER
using arccos x2

1
3 10
x2 x6
x
2
6
30

x6

higher powers
arccos x 2 x 2
6

lim
lim 2
x 0
x 0
x6
x6
=

1
6

M1A1

M1A1
A1

OR
using lHpitals Rule
1
2x 2x
1 x 4
limit = lim
x 0
6x 5
1
1
4
x
1

= lim
x 0
3x 4
1
1

4x 3
3
2
(1 x 4 ) 2
= lim
x 0
12 x 3
=

1
6

M1
M1

A1

M1
A1

(d)

0.2

arccos x dx

0.2

x2 1 x2 3 x2
2
6
40

dx

M1

0.2

3
5
7

2
1
3 2
= x x2 x2
x
3
15
140
0
2

(A1)
7

2
1
3
0.2 2
= 0.2 0.2 2 0.2 2
2
3
15
140
= 0.25326 (to 5 decimal places)

(A1)
A1

Note: Accept integration of the series approximation using a GDC.

using a GDC, the actual value is 0.25325
so the approximation is not correct to 5 decimal places

A1
R1
[17]

(n 1) x n 1
12.

(a)

(i)

consider

Tn 1

Tn

2 n 1

M1

nx n
2n

(n 1) x

A1

2n
x

as n
2
the radius of convergence satisfies
R
= 1, i.e. R = 2
2

(ii)

A1

A1

the series converges for 2 < x < 2, we need to consider x = 2

when x = 2, the series is 1 + 2 + 3 + ...
this is divergent for any one of several reasons e.g. finding
an expression for Sn or a comparison test with the harmonic
series or noting that lim u n 0 etc.
n

(i)

R1

when x = 2, the series is 1 + 2 3 + 4...

this is divergent for any one of several reasons
e.g. partial sums are
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3... or noting that lim u n 0 etc.

A1

the interval of convergence is 2 < x < 2

A1

this alternating series is convergent because the moduli of

successive terms are monotonic decreasing
and the nth term tends to zero as n

R1
R1

(b)

(R1)
A1

R1

(ii)

consider the partial sums

0.333, 0.111, 0.269, 0.148, 0.246
since the sum to infinity lies between any pair of successive
partial sums, it follows that the sum to infinity lies between
0.148 and 0.246 so that it is less than 0.25

M1A1

R1

Note: Accept a solution which looks only at 0.333, 0.269, 0.246 and
states that these are successive upper bounds.
[15]

13.

2tanxdx
integrating factor = e

= e2 ln sec x
= sec2x
it follows that
ysec2 x = sin x sec2x dx
= sec x tan x dx
= sec x + C
substituting, 0 = 2 + C so C = 2
the solution is
y = cos x 2 cos2 x

M1
A1
A1
M1
(A1)
A1
M1A1
A1

EITHER
using a GDC
maximum value of y is 0.125

A2

OR
y = sin x + 4 sin x cos x = 0
1
cos x (or sin x = 0, which leads to a minimum)
4

1
8

M1

A1
[11]

14.

METHOD 1
f(0) =

0
hence using lHpitals Rule,
0

g(x) = 1 cos(x6), h(x) = x12;

(M1)

g ( x) 6 x 5 sin( x 6 ) sin( x 6 )

h ( x)
12 x 11
2x 6

A1A1

EITHER

g ( x) 0
, using lHpitals Rule again,
h ( x) 0

(M1)

g ( x) 6 x 5 cos( x 6 ) cos( x 6 )

2
h ( x)
12 x 5

A1A1

g ( x) 1
1
, hence the limit is
2
h ( x) 2

A1

OR
So lim

1 cos x 6
x 12

x 0

lim
x 0

sin x 6

A1

2x 6

1
sin x 6
lim
2 x0 2 x 6

1
sin x 6
since lim
=1
x 0 2 x 6
2

A1
A1(R1)

METHOD 2
substituting x6 for x in the expansion cos x = 1

x 12 x 24
1 1

2
24
1 cos x 6

x 12
x 12
=

lim
x 0

1 cos x 6
x

12

x2 x4
...

2 24

...

1 x 12

...
2 24

1
2

(M1)

M1A1
A1A1
M1A1

Note: Accept solutions using Maclaurin expansions.

[7]

15.

(a)

ex = 1 + x +

x2
2

putting x =

(b)

x2
2

u2
2

= x

x2 x3 x4
+ ...

2! 3! 4!

(M1)

x2 x4 x6
x2
x4
x6

2
3
1

2 2 2! 2 3!
2
8 48

A2

u3
u5
u7

du u

2
3
3 2 5 2 2! 7 2 3! 0

x3
x5
x7

3 2 5 2 2 2! 7 2 3 3!

M1(A1)
A1

x3 x5 x7
x

6
40
336

(c)

putting x = 1 in part (b) gives

1
2

e
0

x2
2

dx 0.341

e
0

x2
2

dx 0.85535...

(M1)(A1)
A1
[9]

16.

writing the differential equation in standard form gives

dy
x

y = ex
dx x 1

M1

x 1dx 1 x 1 dx = x + ln(x 1)

M1A1

hence integrating factor is ex+ln(x1) = (x 1)ex

dy
hence, (x 1) e x
+ xex y = x 1
dx

M1A1

(A1)

d[( x 1)e x y ]
= (x 1)
dx

(x 1)ex y =

(A1)

(x 1) dx

A1

x2
xc
2
substituting (0, 1), c = 1
x 2 2x 2
( x 1)e x y
2

( x 1)e x y

hence, y =

x 2 2x 2
2( x 1)e x

A1
(M1)A1
(A1)

(or equivalent)

A1
[13]

17.

(a)

applying the alternating series test as n 2,

n,

n ln n

1
1

(n 1) ln(n 1) n ln n

1
0
n n ln n
hence, by the alternating series test, the series converges
lim

M1
A1
A1
R1

(b)

1
is a continuous decreasing function, apply the integral test
x ln x
to determine if it converges absolutely
(M1)

b
1
1
dx lim
dx
M1A1
2 x ln x
b 2 x ln x
1
let u = ln x then du = dx
(M1)A1
x
1
du = ln u
(A1)
u
b 1
dx lim[ln(ln x)]b2 which does not exist
hence, lim
M1A1A1
b 2 x ln x
b
hence, the series does not converge absolutely
(A1)
the series converges conditionally
A1

as

[15]

18.

(a)

lim
x 0

lim
x 0

(b)

tan x
x x2
tan x

sec 2 x
x 0 1 2 x

lim

1
1
1
xx
2

2 x 2 x 4 x ln x
1 x 2 2 x 2 ln x
lim
x 1
x 1

x
x
cos
1 sin
2
2
2

lim

lim
x 1

4 4 ln x
2
x
sin
4
2

16
1 x 2 2 x 2 ln x
4
2 2
x 1
x

1 sin
2
4

lim

M1A1A1
A1

M1A1A1

M1A1A1

A1

[11]

19.

(a)

from
now

dy
= y tan x + cos x, f(0) = 1
dx
d2 y
dx

y sec 2 x

dy
tan x sin x
dx

A1
M1A1A1A1

Note: Award A1 for each term on RHS.

A1

x 2
x
2
4

A1

f (0)
y

(b)

recognition of integrating factor

tan xdx
integrating factor is e

(M1)

= eln cosx
= cos x

(A1)
(A1)

y cos x cos 2 xdx

M1

1
(1 cos 2 x)dx
2
x sin 2 x
y cos x
k
2
4

when x = , y = 0 k
2
x sin 2 x
y cos x

2
4
2
y cos x

A1
A1
M1A1
(A1)

x sin 2 x
y sec x

4
2
2

A1
[17]

20.

(a)

comparing with the series

A1

n 1

using the limit comparison test

1
sin
n lim sin x 1
lim

n
1 x 0 x
n

since

n 1

1
1
diverges, sin diverges
n
n
n 1

(M1)
M1A1

A1

(b)

using integral test

let u = ln x
du 1

dx x
1

x(ln x)

dx

(M1)
(M1)

du

1
1

u
ln x

A1

1
dx lim

2
a

x(ln x)
ln x 2
1

1
1

= lim

a ln a
ln 2

(M1)(A1)

1
0
ln a
1
1
dx
2
ln 2
x(ln x)

as a ,

(A1)
A1

hence the series is convergent

AG
[12]

21.

(a)

Using an increment of 0.25 in the x-values

A1

xn

yn

f(xn, yn)

hf(xn, yn)

yn+1 = yn + hf(xn, yn)

0.25

0.75

(M1)A1

1.25

0.75

0.68

0.17

0.58

A1

1.5

0.58

0.574756

0.143689

0.4363...

A1

1.75 0.436311

0.531080

0.132770

0.3035...

A1

Note: The A1 marks are awarded for final column.

y(2) 0.304

A1

(b)

(i)

let y = vx
dy
dv

vx
dx
dx

vx
x
x

M1
(A1)

dv v 2 x 2 x 2

dx
2x 2

(M1)

dv 1 2v v 2

dx
2

(A1)

dv (1 v) 2

dx
2
2
1
dv
dx
2
x
(1 v)

A1

M1

2(1 v)1 = ln x + c

A1A1

= ln x + c
y
1
x
when x = 1, y = 1 c = 1

2x
= ln x + 1
x y

y x

(ii)

M1A1

2x
x ln x x

1 ln x 1 ln x

when x = 2, y = 0.362 accept 2

1 ln 2

M1A1

A1
[20]

22.

(a)

3
2

9n 3n 2
=

3
(3n 1)(3n 2)

M1

1
1

3n 1 (3n 2)

A1A1

1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

nth partial sum = ...

2 5 5 8 8 11 11 14
3n 1 3n 2
A1
=

1
1

2 3n 2

lim

3
2

9n 3n 2

A1

2 3n 2 2
n 1

A1

(b)

(i)

= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... =

r 0

(ii)

(a)

1
1 x

replacing x by x2 gives
1
= 1 + (x2) + (x2)2 + (x2)3 + (x2)4 + ...
2
1 ( x )
1
1 x

= 1 x2 + x4 x6 + x8 ...

(1)

x 2r

A1

(M1)
A1
(A1)
A1

N2

r 0

(b)

arctan x =

dx

1 x

x3 x5 x7

... c
3
5
7

x=0 c=0

A1

arctan x =

(1)

r 0

(c)

by taking x =

M1A1

2 r 1

x
2r 1

A1

M1

1
(1) r

arctan

2r 1
3 6 r 0

2 r 1

A1

100

(c)

n! = 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + ...

M1

n 1

= 1 + 2 + 6 + 24 + 120 + ...
1 + 2 + 6 + 24 + 0 + 0 + 0 + ... (mod 15)
33(mod 15)
3 (mod 15)

M1A1
A1
AG
[21]

23.

(a)

x2 x3 x4

...
2! 3! 4!

ex = 1 + x +

x2
2

1
2

(b)

x2
2

x8
1 x2 x4 x6
1

2
8 48 384
2

(i)

t2 t4 t6
t8

dt
2 8 48 384

1
x3 x5 x7
x9
x

6 40 336 3456
2

P(Z x) = 0.5 +

(ii)

x2
x2
x2

2
2
x 2 2

+ ...

2
2
!
3
!
4
!

1
x3 x5 x7
x9
x

...

6 40 336 3456
2

P(0.5 Z 0.5) =
= 0.38292 = 0.383

2
0 .5 3 0 .5 5 0 .5 7 0 .5 9
0 .5

...

6
40
336 3456
2

M1A1

A1

M1
A1
R1A1

M1
A1
[9]

24.

(a)

the general term is

( x 2) n
3n n

A1

 ( x 2) n 1
a
3n n

lim n 1 lim n 1
n
n a
n n 3 (n 1) ( x 2)

(b)

( x 2)n
= lim

n 3( n 1)

A1

( x 2)
n
since lim
1
n

3
n 1

the series is convergent if

( x 2)
<1
3

then 3 < x + 2 < 3 5 < x < 1

if x = 5, series is 1 1 +

(1) n
1 1
...
... which converges
2 3
n

1 1
1
... + ... which diverges
2 3
n
the interval of convergence is 5 x < 1
if x = 1, series is 1 + 1 +

M1A1A1

A1R1
R1
A1
M1A1
M1A1
A1
[14]

25.

(u + 3v3)

dv
= 2v
du

du (u 3v 3 ) u 3v 2

dv
2v
2v
2
du u 3v 2

dv 2v
2
1

2 v dv

IF is e
=

v 2

u
v

M1A1
A1

1
ln v
2

M1
A1

3
3v 2

dv

M1

3
= v2 c
5
3
u = v3 c v
5

A1
A1
[8]

26.

dy
dv
vx
dx
dx
dv
the equation becomes v + x
= v + v2
dx
dv
leading to x
= v2
dx
dx
dv
separating variables,

x
v2

put y = vx so that

M1A1
(A1)
A1

M1A1

hence lnx = v1 + C

A1A1

substituting for v, ln x =

x
+C
y

M1

Note: Do not penalise absence of C at the above stages.

substituting the boundary conditions,
1
0= +C
2
C=

M1

1
2

A1

the solution is ln x =
leading to y =

x 1

y 2

(A1)

2x
(or equivalent form)
1 2 ln x

A1

Note: Candidates are not required to note that x

e
[13]

27.

(a)

ex 1 = x +

x2 x3
+ ...

2
6

A1
2

ee

x2 x3
x2 x3
x

2
6
2
6

x 2 x 3

+ ...
1 x

2
6
2
6

=1+x+

x2 x3 x2 x3 x3

...
2
6
2
2
6

= 1 + x + x2 +

5 3
x + ...
6

M1A1
M1A1
AG

(b)

EITHER
f(x) = 1 + 2x +
f ( x) 1

f ( x) 1

5x 2
+ ...
2

A1

5x 3
...
6
5x 2
2x
...
2

x x2

M1A1

1 x ...
5x
2
...
2

A1

1
as x 0
2

A1

OR
using lHopitals rule,

lim
x 0

e
e

(e x 1)

= lim

x 0

(e x 1)

1 1
e (e

e (e

x 1)

1
2

lim
x 0

M1

e
e

(e x 1)

(e x x 1)

M1A1

x 1)

(e x 1)

A1
A1
[10]

28.

(a)

un =

2
1

n2
2 as n
L=2

M1

A1

(b)

for 2 un< then 2 un <

and so we require 2

2
2

n 1

2n

M1

n2 1

<

M1

<

A1

(M1)A1

we have shown that, given > 0, there exists an integer N

such that 2 un < for n > N, which establishes the limit
Note: Do not penalise N =

1
R2

1 .
[9]

29.

(a)

use the comparison test with

(which we know is convergent as it is a p-series with p = 2)

1
1
2
n( n 3) n
hence the given series is convergent
(b)

(i)

M1

M1A1
AG

let

A(n 3) Bn
1
A
B

n(n 3) n n 3
n(n 3)
n = 0 gives A =

1
3

n = 3 gives B =

M1A1
A1

1
3

1
1

1
So
3 3
n(n 3) n n 3

A1

(ii)

n 1

n( n 3)

1
1

3 3

n 3
n 1 n

1
= 3
1

(M1)(A1)

1
3
4
1
3
2

M1
1
3
5

1
3
3

A1
1
3
6

1
3
4

1
3
7

+ ...
all terms cancel except

1 1 1 11

the required sum to infinityM1A1
3 6 9 18

Note: Award M1 for attempting to find an expression for Sn in the form

1
1 1 1
terms of order .
n
3 6 9
[13]

30.

(a)

the nth term is

1 3 5...(2n 1) n
x
un =
2 5 8...(3n 1)
(using the ratio test to test for absolute convergence)
u n 1
(2n 1)
x

(3n 2)
un
lim

u n 1
un

2x
3

let R denote the radius of convergence

2R
3
then
= 1 so R =
3
2
Note: Do not penalise the absence of absolute value signs.

M1A1

M1A1
A1

M1A1

(b)

using the compound angle formula or a graphical method

the series can be written in the form

1
u n where un = (1)n sin
n
n 1

1
i.e. an angle in the first quadrant,
n 2
it is an alternating series
un 0 as n
and un+1 < un
it follows that the series is convergent
since

(M1)
A2
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
[15]

31.

Consider

u n 1
un

1 1
1
10 n

n 110 10 n
10 n 1

M1A1

n10

10

A1

1
as n
10

A1

1
1
10

R1

So by the Ratio Test the series is convergent.

R1
[6]

32.

(a)

lim

x
1
lim x
x
x

e
e

M1A1

=0
(b)

AG

Using integration by parts

a
0

e
e

x e x d x xe x

ae a

M1

a
0

x a
0

= 1 aea ea

dx

A1A1
A1
A1

(c)

Since ea and aea are both convergent (to zero), the integral is
convergent.
Its value is 1.

R1
A1
[9]

33.

(a)

Rewrite the equation in the form

dy 2
x2
y 2
dx x
x 1

M1A1
2

Integrating factor = e

(b)

M1

= e 2ln x

A1

1
x2

A1

=
Note: Accept

x dx

1
as applied to the original equation.
x3

Multiplying the equation,

1 dy 2
1
3 y 2
2
x dx x
x 1
d y
1

dx x 2 x 2 1

(M1)

(M1)(A1)

dx
1

M1

= arctan x + C

A1

Substitute x = 1, y = 1.

M1

C C 1

y x 2 arctan x 1
4

A1
A1
[13]

34.

(a)

The area under the curve is sandwiched between the sum of the
areas of the lower rectangles and the upper rectangles.
Therefore
dx
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 3 1 3 1 3 ...
1 3 1 3 1 3 ...
3
3 x
4
5
6
3
4
5
which leads to the printed result.

(b)

M2
A1

We note first that

dx 1
1
2
3
x 2 x 3 18

M1A1

Consider first

n
n 1

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 ...
3
2 3 4 5 6

1 1 1
1
8 27 18
=

n
n 1

263
216

1.22 which is an upper bound

1 1
1 1

3 3 3 ...
3
2 3
4 5

1 1
1
8 18
=

85 255

1.18 (which is a lower bound)

72 216

M1A1

M1A1
A1

M1A1

M1A1
A1
[15]

35.

(a)

Constant term = 0

A1

(b)

f ( x)

1
1 x

f ( x)

f (x) =

A1

A1

1 x 2
2

A1

1 x 3

f (0) = 1; f (0) = 1; f (0) = 2

A1

Note: Allow FT on their derivatives.

f ( x) 0

1 x 1 x 2 2 x 3

...
1!
2!
3!

= x

(c)

x2 x3

2 2

AG

1
1
2 x
1 x
2

(A1)

1 1 1
ln 2
2 8 24

M1

(d)

M1A1

2
0.667
3

Lagrange error =

A1

n 1
f n 1 (c) 1

(n 1)! 2

1 c
6

1
1
2

1 1

24 2

1 1

24 16

giving an upper bound of 0.25.

(e)

Actual error = ln 2

(M1)

2
0.0265
3

The upper bound calculated is much larger that the actual

error therefore cannot be considered a good estimate.

A1

A2

A1

A1

R1
[17]

36.

(a)

Using lHopitals rule,

1

ln x
x

lim
lim
x 1 sin 2 x

x 1 2 cos 2x

(b)

1
2

x4 x6
2

...
x
1
1
2

x
1 e

2 ! 3!

lim
lim

2
4
x 0 1 cos x x 0
1 1 x x ...

2! 4!

M1A1

A1

M1A1A1

Note: Award M1 for evidence of using the two series.

2 x4 x6

x ...

2 ! 3!

= lim

2
4
x0
x x ...

2! 4!

A1

EITHER
2
4

1 x x ...

2 ! 3!

= lim

2
x0
1 x ...

2! 4!

1
2
1
2

M1A1

A1

OR
3
5

2 x 4 x 6 x ...

2!
3!

= lim

3
x0

2x 4x

2! 4! ...

M1A1

2
4

2 4 x 6 x ...

2!
3!

= lim

2
x0
4x

...

4!

2
2
1

A1
[10]

37.

Let

A2 x 1 B x 2
A
B
1

x 22 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 22 x 1

x 2 A

1
3

A1

1
2
x B
2
3
1
3

M1A1

A1

2 x 1 x 2 dx

M1

1
ln 2 x 1 ln x 20h
3

A1

2h 1
1
1
ln
lim ln
3 h h 2
2

A1

1
1
ln 2 ln
3
2

A1

2
ln 2
3

A1

N3

Note: If the logarithms are not combined in the third from last line
the last three A1 marks cannot be awarded.
[9]

38.

(a)

(i)

dy
2 x 1 x 2 y
dx

xi

yi

yi

1.1

0.4620

0.0462

1.2

2.0462

0.9451

0.0945

1.3

2.1407
M1
A2

Notes: Award A2 for complete table.

Award A1 for a reasonable attempt.
(ii)

(b)

f (1.3) = 2.14 (accept 2.141)

A1

Decrease the step size

A1

dy
2x 1 x 2 y
dx

dy
2 xy 2 x 1 x 2
dx

M1

2 xdx
ex
Integrating factor is e
2

So, e x y

2 xe

x2

M1A1

2 xe x x 2 dx

= e x x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
2

A1
M1A1

e x x 2e x e x k
2

= x2e x k
y = x 2 ke x

A1

x = 1, y = 2 2 = 1 + ke1

M1

k=e
y = x2 + e 1 x

A1
[14]

39.

(a)

f (x) = ln cos x

f ( x)

sin x
tan x
cos x

M1A1

f (x) = sec2 x

M1

f (x) = 2 sec x sec x tan x

A1

f iv (x) = 2 sec2 x (sec2 x) 2 tan x (2 sec2 x tan x)

= 2 sec4 x 4 sec2 x tan2 x

f x f 0 xf 0

A1

x2
x3
x 4 iv
f 0
f 0
f 0 ...
2!
3!
4!

f (0) = 0,

M1

f (0) = 0,
f (0) = 1,
f (0) = 0,
f iv (0) = 2,

A1

Notes: Award the A1 if all the substitutions are correct.

Allow FT from their derivatives.
ln (cos x)

x 2 2x 4

2! 4!

A1

x2 x4

2 12

AG

(b)

Some consideration of the manipulation of ln 2

Attempt to find an angle

(M1)
(M1)

EITHER
Taking x

A1
2

2

1
3
3
ln

2
2!
4!

A1

2
4
2
ln 2 9 81
2!
4!
ln 2

A1

2 4 2 1 2

18 972 9 2 108

A1

OR
Taking x

A1
2

2
1
4
4

ln
2!
4!
2

A1

2
4
2
1
ln 2 16 256
2
2!
4!
ln 2

2
4
2

16 1536 8

A1
1 2

2 192

A1
[14]

40.

(a)

The ratio test gives

lim

u n 1
un

1n 1 x n1 n 13 n
n n 2 3 n 1 1n x n

lim

n 1x
n 3n 2

= lim

A1

A1

So the series converges for

M1A1

x
3

< 1,

the radius of convergence is 3

A1
A1

Note: Do not penalize lack of modulus signs.

(b)

u n 3 n 3 1 n

1
= n 3 1 3 1

M1A1

= n 1

1
1
5

6
... 1
3
9
3n 9n 81n

A1

using v n

1
as the auxilliary series,
n2

M1

un 1
1 1 1 1
and 2 2 2 2 ... converges
n v
3
1 2 3 4
n

since lim
then

converges

M1A1
A1

Note: Award M1A1A1M0M0A0A0 to candidates attempting

to use the integral test.
[13]

41.

Rewrite the equation in the form

dy
y
1

dx x 1x 2 x 2

dx

M1

x
1
x
2

Integrating factor = exp

A1

1
1

x 1 x 2 dx

= exp

M1A1

x 1

x2

= exp ln

A1

x 1
x2

A1

Multiplying by the integrating factor,

x 1 dy
x 1
y

2
2
x 2 dx x 2 x 2
=

x2

x 2

M1

x 2 2

A1

Integrating,

x 1
1
y ln x 2

C
x2
x2

x2
1
ln x 2
C
y
x2
x 1

A1A1

A1
[11]

42.

(a)

f x
f x

cos x
1 sin x
sin x1 sin x cos 2 x

1 sin x 2

sin x 1

1 sin x 2
1
1 sin x

M1A1

M1

A1

AG

(b)

cos x

f x

iv

A1

1 sin x 2

sin x1 sin x 2 1 sin x cos 2 x

2

1 sin x 4

f (0) = 0, f (0) = 1, f (0) = 1, f (0) = 1, f iv (0) = 2

A1
(A2)

Note: Award A1 for 2 errors and A0 for more than 2 errors.

x2 x3 x4
ln (1 + sin x) = x
...
2 6 12

M1A1

x 2 x3 x4
...
2 6 12

(c)

ln (1 sin x) = ln(1 + sin (x)) = x

(d)

Adding,

M1

ln (1 sin2 x) = ln cos2 x

A1

= x2

x4
...
6

x2 x4
ln cos x =
...
2 12
ln sec x =

(e)

ln sec x
x x

M1A1

A1

A1

x2 x4
...
2 12

AG

x x2 x

...
2
12

M1

Limit = 0

A1
[18]

43.

(a)

S2n = Sn +

1
1
1

...
n 1 n 2
2n

Sn

1
1
1
...
2n 2n
2n

Sn

1
2

M1

M1A1

AG

(b)

Replacing n by 2n,

S 4n S 2n

1
2

M1A1

> Sn + 1

A1

Continuing this process,

S 8n S n

3
2

(A1)

In general,

S 2m n S n

m
2

M1A1

Putting n = 2

S 2m 1 S 2

(c)

M1

m
2

AG

Consider the (large) number N.

Then, S 2 m 1 N if S 2

m
N
2

M1
A1

i.e. if m > 2(N S2)

A1

This establishes the divergence.

AG
[13]

44.

(a)

EITHER
use the substitution y = vx
dv
x v v 1
dx

dx
x
by integration
y
v=
= lnx + c
x

M1A1

dv

A1

OR
the equation can be rearranged as first order linear
dy 1
y 1
dx x
the integrating factor I is

M1

x dx

1
x
multiplying by I gives
d 1 1
y
dx x x
e

e ln x

1
y = ln x + c
x

A1

A1

THEN
the condition gives c = 1
so the solution is y = x (ln x 1)
(b)

(i)

(ii)

f (x) = ln x 1 + 1 = ln x
1
f (x) =
x
1
f (x) = 2
x

the Taylor series about x = 1 starts

( x 1) 2
( x 1) 3
f(x) f(1) + f(1)(x 1) + f(1)
f (1)
2!
3!
= 1 +

( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 3

2!
3!

M1A1
AG
A1
A1
A1

(M1)
A1A1A1
[12]

45.

(a)

(i)

the integrand is non-singular on the domain if p > 1

with the latter assumed, consider
R
1
1 R1
1

dx
dx
1 x( x p )
1
p
x x p

M1A1

1 x
, p 0
= ln
p x p 1

A1

this evaluates to
1
R
1
,p0
ln
ln
p R p
1 p

M1

1
ln(1 p)
p

because

A1

R
1 as R
R p

R1

hence the integral is convergent

(ii)

the given series is

AG

f (n), f (n) n(n 0.5)

M1

n 1

the integral test and p = 0.5 in (i) establishes the

convergence of the series
(b)

(i)

as we have a series of positive terms we can apply the

comparison test, limit form

1
comparing with
2
n 1 n

sin
n(n 3)
lim
1
n
1

n2
as sin for small
n2
and
1
n(n 3)

(so as the limit (of 1) is finite and non-zero, both series

exhibit the same behavior)

1
converges, so this series converges
2
n 1 n

R1

M1

M1A1

R1
R1

R1

(ii)

the general term is

1
n(n 1)

n(n 1)

1
(n 1)(n 1)

1
1

(n 1)(n 1) n 1
the harmonic series diverges
so by the comparison test so does the given series

A1
M1
A1
R1
R1
[19]

46.

(a)

f(x) = (1 + ax)(1 + bx)1

= (1 + ax)(1 bx + ...(1)nbnxn + ...
it follows that
cn = (1)nbn + (1)n1 abn1

(i)

n1

= (b)

(ii)

(b)

R=

(a b)

1
b

(c)

1 0.5 x
1 0.5 x
1
putting x =
3
ex

1
e3

1
1
6 7

1 5
1
6

M1A1
AG

A1

to agree up to quadratic terms requires

1
1 = b + a,
= b2 ab
2
from which a = b =

M1A1

1
2

M1A1A1
A1

A1
M1

A1

[12]

47.

(a)

(b)

this separable equation has general solution

sec2 y dy = cos x dx
tan y = sin x + c
the condition gives

tan = sin + c c = 1
4
the solution is tan y = 1 + sin x
y = arctan (1 + sin x)

(M1)(A1)
A1
M1
A1
AG

the limit cannot exist unless a = arctan 1 sin = arctan 2

R1A1
2

in that case the limit can be evaluated using lHopitals rule (twice)
limit is
y
(arctan(1 sin x))
lim
lim
M1A1

x
x
2 x
2
2 2 x

2
2

where y is the solution of the differential equation

the numerator has zero limit (from the factor cos x in the differential equation) R1
so required limit is
y
M1A1
lim

2
x
2

finally,
y = sin x cos2 y 2 cos x cos y sin y y(x)
1
since cos y
2
5

y = at x
5
2
the required limit is

M1A1
A1
A1

1
10

A1
[17]

48.

Let f(x) =

sin x x
x sin x

cos x 1
lim f ( x) lim

x 0
x 0 sin x x cos x
sin x

= lim

x 0 2 cos x x sin x
=0

(M1)
A1A1
A1A1
A1

N2
[6]

A1
the harmonic series diverges
R1
so by the comparison test so does the given series R1
[19]

49.

For p > 1,

is
xp
positive for x 1, and decreasing for x 1.
lim

1
dx lim

1
L (1 p ) x
x

1
1

L 1

= lim

A1A1

1
(1 p) L

p 1

1
1 p

(M1)
A1

1
p 1

A1

The convergence of this integral ensures the convergence of the series

using the integral test.

R1AG

N0
[6]

50.

(a)

(i)

y = ln (1 + sin x)
cos x
y =
1 sin x
1
y =
1 sin x
cos x
y(3) =
(1 sin x) 2
y(4) =

(ii)

(i)

A1
A1

sin x(1 sin x) 2 2(1 sin x) cos 2 x

(1 sin x) 4

y(0) = 0; y(0) = 1
y(0) = 1; y(3)(0) = 1; y(4)(0) = 2
ln(1 + sin x) = x

(b)

A1

1 2 1 3 1 4
x x x ...
2
6
12

ln(1 sin x) = ln(1 + sin(x))

1
1
1
= x x 2 x 3 x 4 ...
2
6
12

(M1)A1

A1A1
A1A1
A1
AG

N0

(M1)
A1

N2

ln(1 + sin x) + ln(1 sin x) = ln(1 sin2 x)

= ln cos2 x

(ii)

1 4
x ...
6
1
1
ln cos x = x 2 x 4 ...
2
12

So ln cos2 x = x2

(iii)

Differentiating,

A1
A1

d
1
(ln cos x)
( sin x)
dx
cos x

= tan x
tan x = x +

(M1)
A1

N2

(M1)
A1

1 3
x + ...
3

A2

N3

Note: No term in x4 since tan(x) = tan x

x4
...
tan( x 2 )
3

ln cos x
x2 x4

...
2 12
x2

(c)

(M1)

x4
...
3
=
1 x2

...
2 12
2 as x 0
tan( x 2 )
2
so lim
x 0 ln cos x

A1

A1
A1

N3
[24]

51.

(a)

dy
xy
1
dx
4 x2
x

dy/dx

h dy/dx

0.25

0.25

1.25

0.9206349206 0.2301587302

A2

0.5

1.48015873

0.8026455027 0.2006613757

A2

0.75 1.680820106 0.6332756132 0.1583189033

A2

A2

A1

1.839139009

To two decimal places, when x = 1, y = 1.84.

A1

N0

(b)

(i)

Integrating factor = e
= e
=

(M1)

1
2
ln( 4 x )

A1

A1

4 x2

It follows that

y
4 x

y
d

dx 4 x 2

1
4 x2

x
arcsin C
2

Putting x = 0, y = 1,
Therefore, y =

(ii)

4 x 2 dx

1
C
2

x 1
4 x 2 arcsin
2 2

When x = 1, y = 1.77.

(M1)
A1A1
A1
A2

N0

A1

N1

(c)

A2
Since

dy
is decreasing the value of y is over-estimated at each step.
dx

R1A1
[24]