Fig. 9.1: Control Volume of The Gas Flow in A Con-: Stant Cross Section

Adiabatic flow with friction name after Ginno Fanno a Jewish engineer is the second model described here. The main restriction for this model is that heat transfer
is negligible and can be ignored 1 . This model is applicable to flow processes which
are very fast compared to heat transfer mechanisms, small Eckert number.
This model explains many industrial flow processes which includes emptying of pressured container through relatively a short tube, exhaust system internal
combustion engine, compressed air systems, etc. As this model raised from need
to explain the steam flow in turbines.
9.1
8:9
Introduction
+ .,&("!$-$$- ' #%/%/ )*, & 5- /

0 20 134 74 6
;:<
Consider a gas flows through a conduit with a friction (see Figure 9.1).
It is advantages to examine the simplest situation and yet without losing
the core properties of the process.
Later, more general case will be examined2 .
flow
direction
c.v.
No heat transer
Fig. 9.1: Control volume of the gas flow in a con1 Even
stant cross section

the friction does not converted into heat
2 Not ready yet, discussed on the ideal gas model and on the ideal gas model and the entry length
issues.
137
which
are
considerably
slower (see more discussion
about
dimensionless
number in the chapter about
dimensional analysis (not
included yet.).
138
9.2
CHAPTER 9. FANNO FLOW
Model
The mass (continuity equation) balance can be written as

!"#
(9.1)
The energy conservation (under the assumption of this model as adiabatic

flow and the friction in not transformed into thermal energy) reads
$&% '$ %
$ # ( ) + * $ ( ) +*
(9.2)
(9.3)
, *.- $ (/- 0 )21 3
Or in a derivative form
(9.4)
Again for simplicity, the perfect gas model is assumed3 .
4 5 $
64 $ !4 $
(9.5)
It is assumed that the flow can be approximated as one dimensional. The

force acting on the gas is the friction at the wall and the momentum conservation
reads
798: :
-4 - -
(9.6)
It is convenient to define a hydraulic diameter as
;=< ?>A@ Cross Section Area

wetted perimeter
Or in other words
?B ; <
>
(9.7)
(9.8)
3 The equation of state is written again here so that all the relevant equations can be found when this
chapter is printed separately.
; < but it is referred to the same hydraulic

for of
diameter. The infinitesimal area that: shear stress is acting on is
- B ; -
(9.9)
Introducing the Fanning friction factor8 as a dimensionless friction factor which
:
some times referred to as friction coefficient and reads as following:

(9.10)

;
It is convenient to substitute
9.2. MODEL
139
Utilizing equation (9.2) and substituting equation (9.10) into momentum equation
(9.6) yields

(9.11)
7 ; 7
B - 4 B ; - 0 ) 6 1 6 -
>
Dividing equation (9.11) by the cross section area,
yields
- 4 ( > ; - 0 ) 1 -
and rearranging
(9.12)
The second law is the last equation to be utilized to determine only the flow direction.

(9.13)
"
9.2.1
Dimensionalization of the equations
Before solving the above equation a dimensionless process is applied. Utilizing

the definition of the sound speed to produce the following identities for perfect gas
0 1 5 $

Utilizing the definition of the ideal gas results

!
(9.14)
(9.15)
Utilizing the identify in equation (9.14) and substituting it into equation (9.11) and
after some rearrangement yields

4- ( > =; -< 0 )# " $4 1 - " $4 -
(9.16)
140
7 -4 7 - 0
4 >; ) 1
4 4
It is convenient to relate expressions of (-
Furtherer rearranging equation (9.16) results in

"
"
-

(9.17)
-
) and
in term of the Mach
number and substituting into equation (9.17). Derivative of mass conservation
(9.2) results

- ( ) - 3

(9.18)
The derivation of the equation of state (9.6) and dividing the results by equation of
state (9.6) results
- 4 4 - ( - $$
-
(9.19)
Derivation of the Mach identity equation (9.14) and dividing by equation (9.14)
yields

(9.20)
- 7 - $ $

,
Dividing the energy equation (9.4) by * and utilizing definition Mach number
yields
- $ $ ( 0 7 $ - 0 ) 1

" 5
" 1

7
- $ $ ( " " 5 $ - 0 ) 1
7

$
$ ( " ) - 3
(9.21)
-
This equation is obtained by

combining the definition of
Mach number with equation
of state and mass conservation. Thus, the original limitations must be applied to the
resulting equation.
Equations (9.17), (9.18), (9.19), (9.20), and (9.21) need to be solved. These
equations are separable so one variable is a function of only single variable (the
chosen independent variable). Explicit explanation is provided only two variables,
rest can be done in similar fashion. The dimensionless friction, , is chosen
as independent variable since the change in the dimensionless resistance, ,
causes the change in the other variables.
results
Combining equations (9.19) and (9.21) when eliminating
"
(9.22)
7
7
-44 -
)
-

-$ $
9.2. MODEL
141
The term can be eliminated utilizing equation (9.18) and substituting into equation (9.22) and rearrangement yields

"
(9.23)
7
7
-44 ( )
-

can be eliminated
7 (9.23)
The term -
by using
7

- 4 4 " ) ( 7 " > ; -
(9.24)

The second equation for Mach number,
is obtained by combining equa$
$ variable
tion (9.20) and (9.21) by eliminating . Then - and4 are eliminated
4 4 can beby
utilizing equation (9.18) and equation (9.22). and only left is . Then 7 results in
eliminated by utilizing equation (9.24) and

> ; - ( -
(9.25)
"

Rearranging equation (9.25) results in
- " 7 ( > ; -
(9.26)
After similar mathematical manipulation one can get the relationship for the
velocity to read

"

(9.27)
- ) 7 > ;
and the relationship for the temperature
is7
$- - 7 " " 7 > -
$ ) ) ;
density is obtained by utilizing equations (9.27) and (9.18) to obtain
- 7 ) " 7 > ; -

The stagnation pressure similarly obtained
as
4- % 7 " > -
4%
) ;
The second law reads
7 -4
$
- , *
$ 5
4
(9.28)
(9.29)
(9.30)
(9.31)
$&% $ (
142
7
)$ % $
- - (

" . Taking
The stagnation temperature expresses as

derivative
of this expression when is remains constant yields
and thus when these equations are divided they yields
"
- $ $ - $'% $&%
(9.32)
7 -4%
&
$
%
- , *
$ % 5
4 %
(9.33)
$% 3 .
The first law requires that the stagnation temperature remains constant, 7
Therefore the entropy change
7
-, " - 4 4 % %
(9.34)
*
"
7
Utilizing the equation for stagnation pressure
the entropy equation yields
-, " ) > ; (9.35)
*
In the similar fashion the relationship between the stagnation pressure and the
pressure and substitute in the entropy equation results
9.3
The Mechanics and Why The Flow is Chock?
The trends of the properties can examined though looking in equations (9.24)
through (9.34). For example,
from equation
(9.24) it can be observed that the

. When
the
pressure
decreases downstream
critical point is when

as can seen from equation (9.24) because and
are positive. For the same

reasons, in the supersonic branch,
, the pressure increases downstream.
This pressure increase is what makes compressible flow so different than conventional flow. Thus the discussion will be divided into two cases; one of flow with
speed above speed of sound, and, two flow with speed below of speed of sound.
9.3.0.1
Why the flow is chock?
There explanation is based on the equations developed earlier and there is no

known explanation that is based
on the physics. First it has to recognized that the

critical point is when
at which
show change in the trend and singular by

itself. For example,
and mathematically it is a singular point
(see equation (9.24)). Observing from
equation
(9.24) that increase or decrease

to above just above one

from subsonic just below one
requires a change in a sign pressure direction. However, the pressure has to be a

monotonic function which means that flow cannot crosses over the point of
.

This constrain means that because
the
flow
cannot
crossover
the
gas

has to reach to this speed,
at the last point. This situation called chocked
flow.
-4
7
(
9.4. THE WORKING EQUATIONS
143
9.3.0.2 The Trends

The trends or whether the variables are increasing or decreasing can be observed
from looking at the equation developed. For example, the pressure can be examined by looking at equation (9.26). It demonstrates that the Mach number increases
downstream when the flow is subsonic. On the other hand, when the flow is supersonic, the pressure decreases.
The summary of the properties changes on the sides of the branch
Pressure,

Mach number,
Velocity,
Temperature,
Density,
Stagnation Temperature,
9.4
$
Subsonic
decrease
increase
increase
decrease
decrease
decrease
$&%
Supersonic
increase
decrease
decrease
increase
increase
increase
The working equations
Integration of equation (9.25) yields
;>

-

( )( "

"

"

(
(9.36)
A representative friction factor is defined as

(9.37)
Utilizing the mean average theorem equation (9.36) yields

"

"
"
> ;
( )(
(
(9.38)

It common to replace the with which is adopted in this book.
Equations (9.24), (9.27), (9.28), (9.29), (9.29), and (9.30) can be solved.
For example, the pressure as written in equation 9.23 is represented by , and
Mach number. Now equation 9.24 can eliminate term and describe the pressure on the Mach number. Dividing equation 9.24 in equation 9.26 yields
!

"
!

(9.39)

) ( (
This table is only for a historical reason, is there another

way to represent this information?
144
4 4

4
4
(
The symbol * denotes

the state when the flow is choked and Mach number is

equal to 1. Thus,
when
Equation (9.39) can be integrated to yield:

(9.40)

$
$ (
In the same fashion the variables ratio can be obtained

(

0 1

(9.41)

(9.42)

(
(9.43)
The stagnation pressure decreases can be expressed by

4% 4
4 4% 4
4

4%
4%
(9.44)

Utilizing the pressure ratio in equation (9.40) and substituting into equation (9.44)
yields
4 % (

4%

(
(
And further rearranging equation (9.45) provides
4%
4%

(9.46)
The integration of equation (9.34) yields

+*

(9.45)

" (

) (

(9.47)
out Reynolds
dimensionless
parameter.

*
145
Fanno* Flow
P/P , / and T/T as a function of M

1e+02
4fL
D
P
*
P
*
T0/T0
1e+01
P0/P0
U/U*
1
0.1
0.01
0.1
Fri Sep 24 13:42:37 2004
1
Mach number
10
Fig. 9.2: Various parameters in Fanno flow as a function of Mach number
The results of these equations are plotted in figure 9.2 The fanno flow is in many
cases shockless and therefore a relationship between two points should be derived. In most of the times, the star values are imaginary values that represent
the value at choking. The real ratio can be obtained by ratio of two star ratios as
an example
$
$

(9.48)
A special interest is the equation for the dimensionless friction as following

Hence,
> ; -

> ; -

0 > 0 >
7 >
; 1
; 1 ;
> ; -
(9.49)
(9.50)
146
9.4.1
Example
6879;:=< >

?A@&BC=D EGF

0. /$12-345
"!$#&%(' )*+-,
Fig. 9.3: Schematic of example 1
Example 9.1:
Air flows from a reservoir and enters a uniform pipe with a diameter of 0.05 [m]
and length of 10 [m]. The
conditions
air exits to the atmosphere. The following
4
temperature
prevail at the exit:
.
Assume
that

and that the flow from the reservoir up
the average friction factor to be
to the pipe inlet is essentially isentropic. Estimate the total temperature and total
pressure in the reservoir under the Fanno flow model.
4 IH J L KNM
$ )LO=PNQ
03 R 3 3 >
3R S
S OLUTION
For isentropic flow to the pipe inlet, temperature and total pressure at the pipe inlet
are the same as the those in the reservoir. Thus, finding the total pressure and
temperature at the pipe inlet is the solution. With the Mach number and temperature known at the exit, the total temperature at the entrance can be obtained by

) the following is obtained.
knowing the . For given Mach number (
UNY VXW
3R S
3^R S.3.3 3.3 03 R 3 `> _

ZR Z ) S
ZR 3.Z$3L[ [ a
S
R 3LS
b >
\3R S \
>Lc

$ =d $ $ $ R b.3L3 b 3 )LO ) S.30R _ H e M
So the total temperature at the exit

To move the other side of the tube the

4 This

is added as
?>A@ 3 3R 3.R 33 > @ 3 ( 3 R 3 `> _ gf b0R )

_
property is given only for academic purposes. There is no Mach meter.
]R 3
] b )LO
147
The rest of the parameters can be obtained with the new

by interpolations or utilizing attached program.
U(Y V W

either from the table
Z ZO Z$[ [ ) O
\
]
Z

)
3^R b _
a a c bR 3.3 ^b R 3 > 3 R > 3 _ R _ c > 3R b
\ a
a > R ] c
S S
5
3R b _ aLa c
Note that the subsonic branch is chosen. the stagnation ratios has to be

added for
3R b _ S
]
3R ] S [O _
30R SL[ b
a

The total pressure
4 %

Z
R_ SZ ) [

4 4 4 4 4

@
@ bR 3 > @
RO > 3
!

Z
3^R Z S [ _
can be found from the combination of the ratios as
follows:
4%

!
! ) LH
%
R S I KNM
$ $
$&%
$ $ $
b 3.3 @ % @ R O @ %
f b > a e O _ PNQ
Another academic question:

Example 9.2:
A system compromised from a convergent-divergent nozzle followed by a tube
with length of 2.5 [cm] in diameter and 1.0 [m] long. The system is supplied by a
5 whatInfo = infoStandard ;
variableName = fldV;
k = 1.4;
FLD = 3.21 ;
148
*,+.-0/1 2 =?>A@CB 3,465 7 8 9 :<

;

!#"$&%(''
)
shock
atmosphere
conditions
d-c nozzle
Fig. 9.4: The schematic of Example 2
vessel. The vessel conditions are is at 29.65 [Bar], 400 K. With these conditions
a pipe inlet Mach number is 3.0. A normal shock wave occurs in the tube and the
flow discharges to the atmosphere, determine;
(a) the mass flow rate through the system;
(b) the temperature at the pipe exit; and
(c) determine the Mach number that a normal shock wave occurs [

Take k = 1.4, R = 287
and
.
"
HED #F e M
3R 3.3 _
].
S OLUTION
(a) Assuming that the pressure vessel very much larger than the pipe therefore,
the velocity in the vessel can be assumed small enough so it can be neglected.
Thus, the stagnation conditions can be approximated as the condition in the
tank. It further assumed that the flow through the nozzle can be approximated
as isentropic. Hence,
and
$ % > 3 3 e
4 % ) 0S R Ic _ H 4 IK(M
The mass flow rate through the system is constant and for simplicity reason
point 1 is chosen in which,
!
The density and speed of sound are unknowns and needed to be computed.
With the isentropic relationship the Mach number at point one is known the
following can be found either from table or program6
6 It should pay attention that in the program the variable whatInfo = infoStagnation ; and not whatInfo
= infoStandard ;
b^R 3.3 3.3
]
30R b ] _ [ O >
149

3^R 3 O [ c ) b

Z30R 3 Z )L[ O ) )
> R ) b >Lc

ZZ )[
3^R _ a
$ $ $ % &$ % 30R b _ O @ > 3.3 > ) R a e
The temperature is
5 $
R >A@ ) a O @ > ) R a f ) b
SR _ > H M
With the temperature the speed of sound can be calculated as

"
4 4 4 % 4 % 3R 3 )IO @ b 3 f 3R a IH LKNM
The pressure at point 1 can be calculated as
5 4 $ ) aa0OR @ 3 ) R a f R S O F
@ >
The mass flow rate can be evaluated from equation (9.2)
R S O @ B9@ 3R 3 ) _ @ b @ ) b
SR _ > 30R c S " F
>
The density as a function of other properties at point 1 is

"

(b) First, a check weather the flow is shockless by comparing the flow resistance
and the maximum possible resistance. From the table or by using the attached
program7 , obtain the flowing
U(Y V W
Z
b^R 3.3 3.3 3R _ ) ) c 3^R ) Z a ).)
Z[
R Z ) [b
\
]]) a O
a R S\ 3
^
3
R
L
3
S
3

R
c> > _
> L> c _
A> @ 3 03 R 3.R 3 3 ) _ @ R 3 30R a

_
and the conditions of the tube are

Since
7
3R a 03 R _ ).) c
the flow is chocked and with a shock wave.
150
The exit pressure determines the location of the shock, if a shock exists, by

comparing possible
to
. Two possibilities needed to be checked; one,
the shock at the entrance of the tube, and two, shock at the exit and comparing
the pressure ratios. First, possibility of the shock wave occurs immediately at

the entrance for which the ratio for
are (shock wave table)
T
b^R 3 3.3 3
3^R > O _ S
) R c ] ]O S.3
b^R a _ O

After shock wave the flow is subsonic with
UNY VXW
Z
3^R > O _ S R ) S S ) R ) Z _ > S
The stagnation values for
3^R > O _ S
Z[
R $Z b
S[ 3
30R > O _ S
]
3^R S ] _
[ c O S
30R aLS [ _ >`_

Z$Z$[[
ZZ
3^R b
bLb
b 3^R b ) a
b >
3R > O _ S . (fanno flow table)

\
]
R S c > 3 3 R _ \ 3
S O R ] > a
>
are

R bLS.3 >

Z
3R a Z$_
[ c O c
The ratio of exit pressure to the chamber total pressure is
Z
R S $Z )[
4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 % 0 4 %
4%
4 1 4 1 4 % 1 4 % 1 4 % 1
@ ) R ) S @ 30R a _=c a @ 3R b ) aLb > @
03 R ) > O c _ >
) SR
3R 3
bLb
a is smaller than the case in which
The actual pressure ratio
L
c
_
shock occurs at the entrance. Thus, the shock
downstream.
$ isisbysomewhere
One possible way to find the exit temperature,
finding the location
of the
!

shock. To find the location of the shock ratio of the pressure ratio, ! is needed.
With the location of shock, claiming up stream from the exit through shock to
the entrance. For example, calculating the parameters for shock location with
known in the y side. Then either utilizing shock table or the program to
obtained the upstream Mach number.
The procedure of the calculations:
1) Calculated the entrance Mach number assuming the shock occurs at the
exit:

9.5. SUPERSONIC BRANCH

a) set
assume the flow in the entire tube is supersonic:

b) calculated
151

Note this Mach number is the high Value.
2) Calculated the entrance Mach assuming shock at the entrance.

a) set

b) add and calculated
for subsonic branch

c) calculated
for
Note this Mach number is the low Value.
3) according your root finding algorithm8 calculated or guess the shock loca
tion and then compute as above the new
.

a) set

b) for the new and compute the new
as on the subsonic branch

c) calculated
for the

d) Add the leftover of and calculated the
4) guess new location for the shock according to your finding root procedure
and according the result repeat previous stage until finding the solution.
T
b^R 3.3 3.3

T
R 3 3.3.3
(U Y V W NU Y VXW

3^R ) ) 3 S ^3 R _ O S
a
R SLa
S
S
3^R _ O S 3
*
(c) The way that numerical procedure of solving this problem is by finding

that will produce
. In the process
and
must be calculated (see
the chapter on the program with its algorithms.).
b
9.5
Supersonic Branch
In chapter ?? it was shown that the isothermal model cannot describe the adequately the situation because the thermal entry length is relatively large compared
to the pipe length and the heat transfer is not sufficient to maintain constant temperature. In the Fanno model there is no heat transfer, and, furthermore, the because
the very limited amount of heat transformed it closer to a adiabatic flow. The only
limitation of the model is uniform of the velocity (assuming parabolic flow for laminar and different profile for turbulent flow.). The information from the wall to the
tube center9 is slower in reality. However, experiments by many starting with 1938
8 You can use any method you which, but be-careful second order methods like Newton-Rapson
method can be unstable.
9 The word information referred into the shear stress transformed from the wall to centerer of the
tube.
To check Secant Method.
152
To insert example on the

change in the flow rate
between isothermal flow
to Fanno Flow. Insert also
example on percentage of
heat transfer.
on the comparison of the
maximum length of isothermal model and Fanno Model.
work by Frossel10 since has shown that the error is not significant. Nevertheless,
the comparison with shows that heat transfer cause changes to the flow and they
needed to be expected. This changes includes the choking point at lower Mach
number.
9.6
Maximum length for the supersonic flow
It has to be noted and recognized that as oppose to subsonic branch the supersonic branch has a limited length. It also must be recognized that there is a
maximum length for which only supersonic flow can exist11 . These results were
obtained from the mathematical derivations but were verified by numerous experi

ments12 . The maximum length of the supersonic can be evaluated when
as follow:

"

> ;

(

(
(
R > 3R a ) _
The maximum length of the supersonic flow is limited by the above number. From
the above analysis, it can be observed that no matter how high the entrance Mach
number will be the tube length is limited and depends only on specific heat ratio, "
as shown in figure 9.5.
9.7
Working Conditions
It has to be recognized that there are two regimes that can occurs in Fanno flow
model one of subsonic flow and supersonic flow. Even the flow in the tube starts
as a supersonic parts of the tube can be transformed into the subsonic branch.
A shock wave can occur and some portion of the tube will be in a subsonic flow
pattern.
The discussion has to differentiate between two ways of feeding the tube:
converging nozzle or a converging-diverging nozzle. Three parameters, the dimensionless friction, , the entrance Mach number,
, and the pressure ratio,
are controlling the flow. Only combination of two these parameters are truly
independent. However, all the three parameters can be varied and there are discussed separately here.
4 4
on the web

"!#$%'&!'&%#( #

)*++,-.-/102/'3++46578
in the industry have difficulties to understand this concept. This author seeking nice explanation of this concept for the nonfluid mechanics engineers. This solicitation is about how to explain this
issue to non-engineers or engineer without proper background.
12 If you have experiments demonstrating this point, please provide to the undersign so they can be
added to this book. Many of the pictures in the literature carry copyright problems.
10 See
11 Many
9.7. WORKING CONDITIONS
153
The maximum length in supersonic flow
4fLmax
maximum length,
D
In Fanno Flow
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65
spesific heat, k
Thu Mar 3 16:24:00 2005
Fig. 9.5: The maximum length as a function of specific heat,
9.7.1
Variations of the tube length (

) effects
In part of this analysis of this effect, it should be assumed that that back pressure
is constant and/or low as possibly needed to maintain a choked flow. First, the
treatment of the two branches are separated.
9.7.1.1 Subsonic branch
For converging nozzle feeding, increasing the tube length results in increasing

the exit Mach number (normally
denoted herein as
). Once the Mach num

ber reaches maximum (
), no further increase of the exit Mach number can
be achieved. In this process, the mass flow rate decrease. It worth noting that
entrance Mach number is reduced (as some might explain it to reduce the flow
rate). The entrance temperature increase as can be seem from Figure 9.7. The
velocity therefor must decrease because the less of the enthalpy
(stagnation tem!

perature) is used. The density decrease because
and when Pressure is
remains almost constant the the density decreases. Thus, the mass flow rate must
decrease. These results applicable the converging nozzle.
In the case of the convergingdiverging feeding nozzle, increase of the
dimensionless friction, , results in a similar flow pattern as in the converging
nozzle. Once the flow becomes choked a different flow pattern emerged.
154
+,,
4'5
,-./021 55
3
6
)*
!#" '% &&

& 7

$
(

Fig. 9.6: The effects of increase of
9.7.1.2
:8 =9<;
on the Fanno line
Supersonic Branch
There are several transitional points that change the pattern on the flow. The point
> is the choking point (for the supersonic branch) in which the exit Mach number
reaches to one. The point ? is the maximum possible flow of supersonic flow not
depend on nozzle. The next point, referred here as the critical point, @ , is the point
in which no supersonic flow is possible in the tube i.e. the shock reaches to the
nozzle. There is another point, A , in which no supersonic flow is possible in the
entire nozzletube system. Between these transitional points the effect parameters
such and mass flow rate, entrance and exit Mach number are discussed.
At the starting point the flow is choked in the nozzle, (to achieve supersonic
flow). The following ranges that has to be discussed which include (see figure 9.8):
B L
C FEHG 'IKJ
B L
CNM EHG QP MRM
B C QP M:M
FEOG

B D
C FEHG 'IKJ
B D
CNM EOG QP M:M
B D
C FEHG QP MRM
3

>
@
>
?
@

The 0-> range, the mass flow rate is constant because the flow is choked at the
155
constant pressure
lines

1
2
1
1
2
2
Fanno lines

Fig. 9.7: The development properties in of converging nozzle

nozzle. The entrance Mach number,
is constant because it is a function of the

nuzzle design only. The exit Mach number,
decreases

(remember this flow is

on the supersonic
branch)
and
starts
(
)
as
. At end of the range

> ,
. In the range of >
? the flow is all supersonic.
In the next range >
? The flow is double choked and make the adjustment for the flow rate at different choking points by changing the shock location.
The mass flow rate continue to be constant. The entrance Mach continues to be
constant and exit Mach number is constant.
? , B C , is only
The total maximum available for supersonic flow ?
7
77
3

7=7
theoretical length in which the supersonic flow can occur if nozzle will be provided
with a larger Mach number (a change the nozzle area ratio which also reduces the
@ , is more practical point.
mass flow rate.). In the range ?
In semi supersonic flow ?
@ (in which no supersonic is available in the
tube but only the nozzle) the flow is still double chocked and the mass flow rate

is constant. Notice that exit Mach number,
is still one. However, the entrance

Mach number,
, reduces with the increase of .
@ the mass flow rate nozzle entrance
It worth noticing that in the >
velocity, and the exit velocity remains constant!13

In the last range @
the end is really the pressure limitation or the
break of the model and the isothermal model is more appropriate to describe the
7 7
7 7
7 7
13 On personal note, this situation is rather strange to explain. On one hand, the resistance increases
and on the other hand, the exit Mach number remains constant and equal to one. Is anyone have
explanation for this strange behavior suitable for nonengineers or engineers without background in
fluid mechanics.

156

b
all supersonic
flow

mixed supersonic
with subsonic
flow with a shock
between
the nozzle
is still
choked

!
Fig. 9.8: The Mach numbers at entrance and exit of tube and mass flow rate for Fanno Flow
as a function of the
8:=9 ;
Should the mathematical

derivations be inserted to
demonstrate it?
#"

flow. In this range, the flow rate decreases since (
)14 .
To summarize the above discussion the figures 9.8 exhibits the developed

,
mass flow rate as a function of . Somewhat different then the subof
sonic branch the the mass flow rate is constant even the flow in the tube is completely subsonic. This situation is because the double choked condition in the
nozzle. The exit Mach
is a continuous monotonic function that decreases with
. The entrance Mach is a non continuous function with a jump at point when
shock occurs at the entrance moves into the nozzle.

Figure 9.9 exhibits the
as a function of
. The figure was calculated
for and subtracting
by utilizing the data from figure 9.2 by obtaining the

the given and finding the corresponding
.
In the figure 9.10
The figure 9.10 exhibits the entrance Mach number as a function of the

. Obviously there can be two extreme possibilities for the subsonic exit branch.
Subsonic velocity occurs for supersonic entrance velocity, one, when the shock
wave occurs at the
tube exit and, two, at the tube entrance . In the figure 9.10
only for
and
two extremes are shown. For
shown
with only shock at the exit only. Obviously, and as can be observed, the larger
creates larger differences between exit Mach number for the different shock
location. The larger larger
must occurs even for shock at the entrance.
3R
14 Note
that
$&%
3R )
3 R >
increases with decreases of
'(%
but this effect is less significant.
157
Fanno Flow
M1 as a function of M2
1
4fL
= 0.1
D
= 1.0
= 10.0
= 100.0
0.9
0.8
Entrace Mach number
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.9
Exit Mach number

Tue Oct 19 09:56:15 2004
Fig. 9.9:
as a function
for different
:8 =9<;
For a given , below the maximum critical length, the entrance supersonic entrance has three different regimes which depends on the back pressure.
One, shockless flow, shock at the entrance, and shock at the exit. The below the
maximum critical length is mathematically

"
( )( " "
(7
"
"
For cases above the maximum critical length no supersonic flow cannot be
over whole tube and at some point a shock will occur and the flow becomes subsonic flow15 .
15 See
more on the discussion about changing the length of the tube.
158
Fanno Flow
M1 as a function of M2 for the subsonic brench
5
4fL = 0.1
D
= 0.2
= 0.4
= 0.1 shock
= 0.4
4.5
4
3.5
M1
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
M2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Tue Jan 4 11:26:19 2005

Fig. 9.10:
9.7.2
as a function
for different
The Pressure Ratio,
:8 =9<;
for supersonic entrance velocity
% , effects
In this section the studied

parameter is the variation of the back pressure and thus,
!
the pressure ratio ! variations. For very low pressure ratio the flow can be as
sumed as incompressible while exit Mach number are smaller than
. As the
pressure ratio increases (smaller back pressure, ), the exit and entrance Mach

numbers
increase. According to Fanno model the value of is constant (friction
factor, , is independent of the parameters such as, Mach number, Reynolds number etc) thus the flow remains on the same Fanno line. For case where the supply
come from a reservoir with a constant pressure, the entrance pressure decreases
as well because the increase in the entrance Mach number (velocity).
Again a differentiation of the feeding is important to point out. If the feeding nozzle is converging than the flow will be only subsonic. If the nozzle is
convergingdiverging than in some part supersonic flow is possible. At first the
converging nozzle is presented and later the converging-diverging nozzle is ex-
3R b
159
plained.

a shock in
the nozzle
fully subsoinic
flow

critical Point a
criticalPoint b
critical Point c
critical Point d
Fig. 9.11: The pressure distribution as a function of
8:=9<;
for a short
8:=9<;
Converging nozzle
9.7.2.1 Choking explanation for pressure variation/reduction
decreasing the pressure ratio or in actuality the back pressure, results in increase
of the entrance and the exit velocity until a maximum is reached for the exit velocity. The maximum velocity is when exit Mach number equals one. The Much
number, as it was shown in the chapter 4, can increase only if the area increase.
In our model the tube area is postulated as a constant therefore the velocity cannot increase any further. However, the flow to be continuous the pressure must
decrease and for that the velocity must increase. Something must break since the
conflicting demands and it result in a jump in the flow. This jump and it is referred
to as a choked flow. Any additional reduction in the back pressure will not change
the situation in the tube. The only change will be at tube surroundings which are
irrelevant to this discussion.
160
If the feeding nozzle is a diverging-converging then it is has to be differentiated between two cases; One case is where the is short or equal to

the critical length. The critical length is the maximum
that associate with
entrance Mach number.

`a
IJLKM IONIQPSR/M TUM PSJWVYXZ[/\_]D^ b

a shock in
the nozzle

fully subsoinic
flow

34
!"$#%'&)(+*,-/.
201 5
687:9<;
critical Point a
criticalPoint b

=+>?@/AEBDC FH G
critical Point c

Fig. 9.12: The pressure distribution as a function of
9.7.2.2
Short
8:=9<;
for a long
8:=9<;

Figure 9.12 shows different of pressure profiles for different back pressures. before
the flow reach critical point a (in the figure) the flow is subsonic. Up to this stage
the nozzle feeds the tube increases the mass flow rate (with decreasing back pressure). Between point a and point b the shock is in the nozzle. In this range and
further reduction of the pressure the mass flow rate is constant no matter how low
the back pressure is reduced. Once the back pressure is less the point b the su

personic reaches to the tube. Note however that exit Mach number,
and is
not 1. A back pressure that is at the critical point c results in a shock wave that
is at the exit. When the back pressure is below point c, the tube is clean of any
161
shock16 . The back pressure below point c some a adjustment as to occurs with
exceptions of point d.
Mach number in Fanno Flow

4fL
D
2
1.8
1.6
shock at
Mach Number
1.4
75%
50%
5%
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.05
0.1
Tue Jan 4 12:11:20 2005
0.15
4fL
0.2
0.25

Fig. 9.13: The effects of pressure variations on Mach number profile as a function of
when the total resistance
for Fanno Flow
:8 =9<;
9.7.2.3 Long
:8 =9<;

In the case of
reduction of the back pressure results in the same
process as explain in the short up to to point c. However, point c in this case is

different from point c at the case of short tube
. In this point the exit
Mach number is equal to 1 and the flow is double shock. Further reduction of the
back pressure at this stage will not move the shock wave downstream the nozzle.

The point c or location of the shock wave is a function entrance Mach number,
and the extra . The is no analytical solution for the location of this point c. The
procedure is (will be) presented in later stage.
16 It
is common misconception that the back pressure has to be at point d.
162
P2/P1 Fanno Flow

4fL
D
4.8
4.4
4
3.6
5%
50 %
75 %
P2/P1
3.2
2.8
2.4
2
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
4fL
0.2
0.25
8:=9 ;
when the total

Fri Nov 12 04:07:34 2004

Fig. 9.14: Fanno Flow Mach number as a function of
9.7.3
8:=9 ;
, effects
Entrance Mach number,
In this discussion, the effect of changing the throat area on the nozzle efficiency are
neglected. In reality these effects have significance and needed to be accounted
for in some instances. This dissection deals only when the flow reaches the supersonic branch reached otherwise the flow is subsonic
! with regular effects.. It is
assumed that in this discussion that the pressure ratio ! is large enough to create
a choked flow and is small enough to allow it to happen.

The entrance Mach number,
is a function of the ratio of the nozzles
throat area to the nozzle exit area and its efficiency. This effect is the third parameter discussed here. Practically, the nozzle area ratio change by changing the throat
area.
As was shown before, there are two different maximums for ; first is
the total maximum of the supper sonic which deponent only the specific heat,

. This
" , and second the maximum depends on the entrance Mach number,

"!$#&%

456 88
7 8 9;:=<>9;:@?;<

')(*+$,0-/. 13 2
163
shock
Fig. 9.15: schematic of a long tube in supersonic branch
.
analysis deals with the case where is shorter than total

Obviously, in this situation, the critical point is where is equal to
as result to entrance Mach number.
The process of decreasing the diverging-converging nozzles throat, increases the entrance17 Mach number. If the tube contains no supersonic flow then
reducing the nozzle throat area wouldnt increase the entrance Mach number.
This part is for the case where some part of the tube under supersonic
regime and there is shock as transition to subsonic branch. Decreasing the nozzle
throat area moves the shock location downstream. The payment for increase in
the supersonic length is by reducing the mass flow. Further, decrease of of the
throat area results in flashing the shock out the tube. By doing so, the throat area
decreases. The mass flow rate is proportional linear to throat area and therefore
the mass flow rate reduces. The process of decreases the throat area also results
in increasing the pressure drop of the nozzle (larger resistance in the nozzle18 )19 .

In the case of large tube
the exit Mach number increases
with the decrease of the throat area. Once the exit Mach number reaches one no
further increases is possible. However, the location of the shock wave approaches

.
to the theoretical location if entrance Mach,

9.7.3.0.1 The maximum location of the shock The main point in this discussion however, to find the furtherest shock location downstream. Figure 9.16 shows
B C as function of retreat of the location of the shock wave from
the possible

the maximum location. When the entrance Mach number is infinity,
, if the

shock location is at the Maximum length, than shock at
results in
and possible

17 The word referred to the tube and not to the nozzle. The reference to the tube because it is the
focus of the study.
18 Strange? frictionless nozzle has a larger resistance when the throat area decreases
19 It is one of the strange phenomenon that in one way increasing the resistance (changing the throat
area) decreases the flow rate while in a different way (increasing the
) does not affect the flow rate.
8:=9<;
why? make a question, is increase can increase the possibility to supersonic flow?
Admittedly, this author have

and can explain it mathematically.
The author did
found any physical explanation developed one. Perhaps
it is challenge to public as
an open question of how to
explain it. This similar to
surface tension phenomenon
that can be explained only
heavy mathematics.
164

.0/2143
5062798
')(+*-,

!!
!!
!

!! "$#&%

Fig. 9.16: The extra tube length as a function of the shock location,
8:=9<;
supersonic branch
The proposed procedure is based on figure 9.16.

i) Calculated the extra and subtract the actual extra
the left side (at the max length).

assuming shock at
ii) Calculated the extra and subtract the actual extra
the right side (at the entrance).

assuming shock at
iii) According to the positive or negative utilizes your root finding procedure.
From numerical point of view, the Mach number equal infinity when left side
assume result in infinity length of possible extra (the whole flow in the tube is subsonic). To overcame this numerical problem it is suggested to start the calculation
from distance from the right hand side.
Let denote
B C
P

M *
(9.51)
M * is smaller than ;: . The requirement that has to satisfied

is that denote < < as difference between the maximum possible of length
Note that
in which the flow supersonic achieved and the actual length in which the flow is
supersonic see figure 9.15. The retreating length is expressed as subsonic but

<
<
;:
M *
(9.52)
165

Fig. 9.17: The maximum entrance Mach number,

sonic branch
to the tube as a function of
As the figure ?? shows the entrance Mach number,

maximum length is excessed.
Example 9.3:

Calculate the shock
location for entrance Mach number
assume that "
.
R>
:8 =9<;
super-
is reduces after the

a
and for

3R S
R>
S OLUTION

The solution is obtained by iterative process. The maximum
for "
is
0.821508116. Hence, exceed the the maximum length for this entrance

is
thus the extra tube,
Mach number. The maximum for

B C
, At the left side is when the shock occurs at
A 307 R O a )303 R S 3R O c a ) 3 30R b

03 c R b a

side is
extra
3 R O c a ) 3
a

(flow chocked and no any additional ). Hence, the value of left
. The right side is when
the shock is at the entrance at which the

is calculated for
and
is

]
a^R 3.3.3 30R bLS ) S ^b R]>

With

T
U(Y V W
3^R b
S ) S ) R .> > )
The extra
B C
Z$Z$[[
3^R 3.3La > a
a
Z
O > RZ _
_ R _=cI_

ZR Z$[ [ ) R b S 3R \ \ ) bLS R ] ]

>Lc 7 c > _ >
c>
) ) 3R b a ) R b 3 ) Now the solution is someis R >.>
) R OZ Z
where between the negative of left side to the positive of the right side.20
The solution of the above utilizing results in the following table
T
a^R 3.3.3

T
R 3 3.3
(U Y V W NU Y VXW

3^R _ O 3 O ^3 R b ) S
b
T
R O
c
3^R c > aLb
20 What if the right side is also negative? The flow is choked and shock must occur in the nozzle
before entering the tube. or in very long tube the whole flow will be subsonic.
166
9.8
The Approximation of the Fanno flow by Isothermal

Flow
The isothermal flow model has equation that theoreticians are easier to use compared to Fanno flow model.
.
One must noticed that the maximum temperature at the entrance is
When the Mach number decreases the temperature approaches the stagnation
temperature (
). Hence, if one allow certain deviation of temperature, say
about 1%) that
flow can be assumed to be isothermal. This tolerance
requires

that
which requires that enough for
even for large
. This requirement provide that somewhere (depend) in the vicinity of
"
the flow can be assumed isothermal. Hence the mass flow rate is a

function of because
changes. Looking that the table or figure 9.2 or the
results from computer program attached to this book shows that reduction of the
mass flow is very rapid.
7 $ &$ %
'$ % $ $&% 03 R SLS
Rc)O
_
3 R _
M1 Fanno flow
with comperison to Isothermal Flow
0.4
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
0.3
M1
to insert a question or example about this issue in end
$ %
0.2
= 0.1 iso
= 0.8 iso
= 0.1
= 0.2
= 0.5
= 0.8
0.1
10
20
30
Wed Mar 9 11:38:27 2005
40
50
4fL
60
70
80
90
100
Fig. 9.18: The entrance Mach number as a function of dimensionless resistance and comparison with Isothermal Flow
As it can be seen for the figure 9.18 the dominating parameter is .
The results are very similar for isothermal flow. The only difference is in small
dimensionless friction, .
9.9. MORE EXAMPLES
9.9
167
More Examples
Example 9.4:
To demonstrate the utility of the figure 9.18 consider the flowing example. Find the

mass
rate for
,
,
and pressure ratio
flow
. The stagnation conditions at the entrance are
and
air.
3 R 3 _ > H M ; 30R 3 ) H M
30R 30R b 3 R _ +3R a
S OLUTION
First calculate the dimensionless resistance,

4 H J 4 A
b L KNM
b 3.3 e
A> @ 33 RR 33 _) @ > > 3

4 4 3R 30R b etc.
From Figure 9.18 for

or accurately utilizing the program as in the following table.
T
3^R )I) O )) a
3^R > 3)
3^R O b
SO
3^R 3 S _
T
R 3 3.3.3
30R >) 3) O S 3O
30R c S
30R 3LS
S cI_

UNY V W
> 3^^3 RR 33 3.3.33 33

> ^3 R 3 3.3 3
> ^3 R 3 3.3 3
>
(U Y V W
> 3^) RR 3. 3 3.S 3O
> 3^R O c S
3_ O R _
) c
>
NU Y VXW
30) R 3 O
R S
3R O c S
_=c
c O R> ) 3 c
Z
3^R Z c b O
3^R b 3.3 3.3
3^R _ 3.3 3.3
3^R a 3.3 3.3
Only for the pressure ratio of 0.1 the flow is choked.
3^R )I) O )) a
3^R > 3)
3^R O b
SO
3^R 3 S _
]
30R SL] S [ c OL)O
30R SLS cO S
30R SLS >O
30R SLS
a b
3^R SLS [ ) S _
3^R SLS b
b
3^R SLS
b _ >
3^R SLS c a
b

> RR _O S3 )L 3O
> R S
_O R ) a c)
>
Z
30R SL$Z a
[ a )O >
30R SLa
S aO
30R SLS.3
S
30R SLS _
_
c

Z
R> _ b
Z$SL) b [
> RR cI3 _O bLbb
_O R ) S
_
$ $%
Therefore,
and for the same the pressure. Hence, the mass rate is
a function of the Mach number. The Mach number is indeed function of the pressure ratio but and therefore mass flow rate is function pressure ratio only through
Mach number.
The mass flow rate is
4

R 3 ) 30R )LO R > 3R a 0 " F

3
B
9
@

.
b
.
3
3
.
3
3
3
@ > @ @ ) a O b 3.3 > 1
5$
"
168
0 3R b 1
0 03 R _ 1
0 3 R a 1
30R > a @ 0330RR ))L>O b) 30R >Ic a 0 " F 1

3 R > a @ 33RR )L bLO bS 3R > b 0 " F 1
03 R > a @ 330R 3R O )LS O O b _ 3R b.3 0 " F 1
and for the rest
The table for Fanno Flow

Table 9.15: Fanno Flow Standard basic Table
T
UNY VXW
Z$[
Z
3^R 3
b 3 O a O R 3
a b)LcO R _ Z cO SR b Z 3.[ 3 _
3^R 3 > 3 >) > ^3 R b _) ) R bLa > R > a _
3^R 3 _ 3 a.3^R 3
R S 3
b
RS
3^R 3 cO 3 S
b^R 3
b aR ) _ 3
>a SR cL_) cL_ >S
3^R 3 3 > 3^R c
O c) _ R c.> c aO R ) S _
3^R 3
a 3 3 c R b) R c a > b R c c
3^R 3
S 3 a
b^R > S) c R c a c R >Ic) b
3^R ) 3 3 c
c R S c 3R S > b _ _) R a a
3^R ) 3 3 > R _ bLb
b _ R >`_
_ > ) R S c b)L_O
3^R _ 3 aR >) aLb > > R b _ >Lc ) R > 3
3^R .b 3 3 _ R SLS
) b bR c S).) R 3LOLbO _
3^R b _ 3 b) R >I_ _ b) R 3LS R a.3
3^R > 3 3 R b.3La _ ) R c S _ a R _ S.3 O
3^R >I_ 3 R _=cLc > ) R bL a cL_ R > > a
3^R _ 3 3 R 3O c) S R b
a R bL) b
S
a
3^R _
_ 3 3R a.3 _) R SLO b > R _ > S)
3^R c 3 3 3R > S) 3
a R c b > R a
a
3^R cLO _ 3 3R b) >I_ S R c a
b R b _=c
3^R O 3 3 3R 3L)IaO ) > R > S
b _ R 3LS >.) >
3^R _ 3 3R O.).) a R bL) a > a R 3 c >)
3^R a.3 3 3R 3 S R ) a
S
bO R 3Lb
) a O
3^R a _ 3 3R 3
b c bLb R 3) > R 3 3
3^R .S 3 3 3R 3 >I_) R S R 3 3
a
) S
3^ R S _ 3 3R 3.3Lb a R 3 c R 3 3
) RR 3.3.33 33 33RR 3b.3 _ 3 3 3RR >3 3.3
3.a 3) 3_ RR 3c 3.a
3.a 3 3
b^R 3.3 3 3R _ ) ) c 3R ) a ) ) > R ).O b) _
> R 3.3 3 3R c bLb.3 c 3R b
b c b 3R

b.).3) R > b) a
Ra
aR ) )_ >3
R ) c) 3.3
_ R3 O
b
R > a >)
3R > )
SR b_ )O a
>bRR _ aO c)
b) R c3 O >3 )
) RR .cb > 3.a >3
) R 3 c S
b
R a O 3
a
R O 3
S )
R O b
R _ _)
R >I
b ) cc
cLc_
R a
b
a
R ) S
R a
S
R 3L>S
b
>
R3
R 3 >.3.>3.3 3
3R c ) b O
3R _ 3
SO
O a
3R >Ic
3R 3
\ b ) a c
3R 3 > b
aO
3R 3 _ > O c
3R 3 cIO _ 3
3R 3 c
O c.>
3R
3 a _ a
3R
3 SLa _
3R ) L3 S >) >)
3R L) O.a) O
3R ) O.)
3R b O _ O
3R b a S
3R > b bL) b
3R > aLb c)
3R _ b I> _
3R _ a _ 3 c
3R c b > aO
3R cO aLb O >
3R O
bO S
3R ) a
S >
3R a O _ >O
3R a
3 b
3R S >LO c 3
3 R S _ a
R 3.3 3
R bLb
R cS
) R c.bL>a
]
R ] S
SLa
R S
S
R S
S c
R S
S >
R S
aLa
R S
a
R S
a _
R S O
R .S 3 c
R a )_
_a
R O aL
R O b
R ) a
R c bLb
R _ ) S
R >b
R S _
R 3 >
_
R 3
S cI
)
S
R3 O a O
R 3 bLa
R3 c a
R 3
>b )I_O
R3 O
R 3.3.3 3.3
3^R c
c
) cLc OO
3^R >) a _O
3^R a _

9.9. MORE EXAMPLES
_ RR 33 3.3.33
cO R 3 3.3
aR 3 3.3
SR 3 3.3
3R 3 3
) 3R 3 3
) _ R3 3
b.3R 3 3
b _ R3 3
> 3RR 33 33
>I3_ R 3 3
_ R3 3
_
_
c 3RR 33 33
cLO 3_ R 3 3
169
Table 9.15: Fanno Flow Standard basic Table (continue)
NU Y V W
3R cO.S
) b
a 3
3R O S
) aLa
3R O _ a 3
3R OLcO a S
3R O a
SLS
3R a c) aLb
3R a cI_)
3R a _O a
3R a _L_
3R a a c) 3
3R a S O a
3R a ) S _
3R a ) 3.3La
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) R > > b ^3 R 3.3 c
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Fig. 9.1: Control Volume of The Gas Flow in A Con-: Stant Cross Section

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Fig. 9.1: Control Volume of The Gas Flow in A Con-: Stant Cross Section

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 

 + .,&("!$-$$- ' #%/%/ )*, & 5- /

Fig. 9.1: Control volume of the gas flow in a con1 Even

stant cross section

CHAPTER 9. FANNO FLOW

The mass (continuity equation) balance can be written as

The energy conservation (under the assumption of this model as adiabatic

, *.- $ (/- 0  )21 3

Again for simplicity, the perfect gas model is assumed3 .

It is assumed that the flow can be approximated as one dimensional. The

It is convenient to define a hydraulic diameter as

;=< ?>A@ Cross Section Area

; < but it is referred to the same hydraulic

Dividing equation (9.11) by the cross section area, 

Dimensionalization of the equations

Before solving the above equation a dimensionless process is applied. Utilizing

Utilizing the definition of the ideal gas results

CHAPTER 9. FANNO FLOW

Furtherer rearranging equation (9.16) results in

This equation is obtained by

CHAPTER 9. FANNO FLOW

The Mechanics and Why The Flow is Chock?

Why the flow is chock?

There explanation is based on the equations developed earlier and there is no

9.4. THE WORKING EQUATIONS

9.3.0.2 The Trends

The working equations

Integration of equation (9.25) yields

A representative friction factor is defined as

Utilizing the mean average theorem equation (9.36) yields

This table is only for a historical reason, is there another

CHAPTER 9. FANNO FLOW

The symbol * denotes

In the same fashion the variables ratio can be obtained

The stagnation pressure decreases can be expressed by

And further rearranging equation (9.45) provides

The integration of equation (9.34) yields

9.4. THE WORKING EQUATIONS

P/P , / and T/T as a function of M

Fig. 9.2: Various parameters in Fanno flow as a function of Mach number

A special interest is the equation for the dimensionless friction as following

CHAPTER 9. FANNO FLOW

3^R S.3.3 3.3 03 R 3 `> _

$ =d $ $ $ R b.3L3 b 3 )LO ) S.30R _ H e M

So the total temperature at the exit

To move the other side of the tube the

?>A@ 3 3R 3.R 33 > @ 3 ( 3 R 3 `> _ gf b0R )

property is given only for academic purposes. There is no Mach meter.

9.4. THE WORKING EQUATIONS

The rest of the parameters can be obtained with the new

either from the table

The total pressure

can be found from the combination of the ratios as

Another academic question:

CHAPTER 9. FANNO FLOW

*,+.-0/1 2 =?>A@CB 3,465 7 8 9 :<

  

Fig. 9.4: The schematic of Example 2

9.4. THE WORKING EQUATIONS

b^R 3.3 3.3

$  $ $ %   &$ %   30R b _ O @ > 3.3 > ) R a e

With the temperature the speed of sound can be calculated as

4  4 4 %   4 %  3R 3 )IO @ b 3 f 3R a IH  LKNM

+ .,&("!$-$$- ' #%/%/ )*, & 5- /

, *.- $ (/- 0 )21 3

Dividing equation (9.11) by the cross section area,

?>A@ 3 3R 3.R 33 > @ 3 ( 3 R 3 `> _ gf b0R )

*,+.-0/1 2 =?>A@CB 3,465 7 8 9 :<

$ $ $ % &$ % 30R b _ O @ > 3.3 > ) R a e

4 4 4 % 4 % 3R 3 )IO @ b 3 f 3R a IH LKNM

A> @ 3 03 R 3.R 3 3 ) _ @ R 3 30R a

!#" '% &&

IJLKM IONIQPSR/M TUM PSJWVYXZ[/\_]D^ b

M * is smaller than ;: . The requirement that has to satisfied

is reduces after the

A 307 R O a )303 R S 3R O c a ) 3 30R b

ZR Z$[ [ ) R b S 3R \ \ ) bLS R ] ]