Laboratory Experiment no.

11

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Date performed: September 12 & 19, 2012

Date submitted: September 26, 2012

Members:

Parma, Rhoniel B.
Punzalan, Louise S.
Saba, Lourvic Ellisa F.

I.

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. To measure closed loop voltage gain.

2. To get data for calculating the gain-bandwidth product.
3. To trade off gain for bandwidth.

II.

THEORY

III.

METHOD OF EXPERIMENT
A. Experimental Set-up

A negative feedback is achieved when the output is fed back to the

inverting terminal of the op amp. When there is a feedback path from
output to input, the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage is
called the closed-loop gain. As a result of the negative feedback, it can be
shown that the close-loop gain is almost insensitive to the open-loop gain
of the op amp. For this reason, op amps are used in circuits with feedback
paths.

B. Outline of Experimental Procedure

CLOSED-LOOP GAIN
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure. Use 10K for the value
in R2.
2. With the oscilloscope across the output 1K resistor, set the
frequency to 1 Khz and the signal level to 3V pp.

3. Moved the oscilloscope leads to the input voltage (pin 3) and

measure the peak-to-peak input voltage and record the voltage in
Table 11.1.
4. Then calculate the closed loop gain using the formula:Vout/Vin.
Record the value in Table 11.1.
5. Move the oscilloscope leads to the inverting input (pin 2) and
measure the feedback voltage and record the peak-to-peak value of
the voltage in Table 11.1.
6. Repeat steps 2-5 for the other values (47K and 100k ) of R2
shown in Table 11.1.
GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT
7. Increase frequency on the function generator until the peak to peak
voltage of the output voltage decreases to 2.1V pp. (this is the
cutoff frequency, assuming the input voltage has not changed
significantly.) Then record the closed-loop cutoff frequency in Table
11.1. Then calculate the gain bandwidth product and record it in the
Table.
8. Repeat step 7 for the other values (47K and 100k ) of R2and
start with 1khz with 3V pp. output.
TRADEOFF
9. Because of measurement errors and tolerances the values of gainbandwidth product is an approximation. Average the three products
and record the value.
ACLfCL = ____________
10. For an amplifier with a bandwidth of 20 khz, calculate the
necessary closed-loop voltage gain and record the value.
ACL = ______________
11.
If R1 = 1K , what is the value of R2 needed to produce the
closed-loop voltage gain of step 10?
R2 = ______________
12. Replace the value of R2 with the value in step 11.
13. For an input frequency of 1 khz, measure the input voltage that
produces an output of 3V pp.
VIN = _____________
14. Calculate the closed-loop voltage gain for step 13.
ACL = ___________
ACL must be approximately equal to the ACL in step 10.

C. Outline of Calculation
1. Solve for Acl for Table 11.1
2. Find AcL fcL for Table 11.2
3. Calculate the AcL fcL (average)
4. Find AcL for a bandwidth of 20 kHz.
5. For R1 = 1k and a closed-loop gain obtained in step (4),
find R2.
6. Solve for AcL for the parameters stated in Procedure number
13.

IV.

EQUIPMENT LIST
Power supplies: Two 15-V
AC generator, oscilloscope
Resistors: W two 1k, one 10k, one 47k, 100k
Op amp: 741C

V.

DATA SECTION
Supplied Resistors
Rated
values,oh
ms
Measured
values,oh
ms

47k

10k

100k

1k

1k

46.8 k

9.4k

99.8k

0.996k

0.989k

Table 11.1 Closed loop Gain

R2, k
10
47
100

Vout, Vpp
3.01 V
6.44 V
13.6 V

Vin
0.279 V
0.131 V
0.134 V

Acl
10.7885
47. 6336
101.4925

BVout
2.79 V
5.24 V
10.72 V

Table 11.2 Gain Bandwidth Product

VI.

R2, k

fcl

Acl fcl

10
47
100

73.86 kHz
50.218kHz
74.36kHz

796.8386 kHz
2398.358 kHz
7646 kHz

SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS

Solve for Acl for Table 11.1

Given a Vout = 6.24 V; Vin = 0.131V,
A cL=

V out
V

6.24 V
0.131 V

A cL=47.6336

Finding AcL fcL for Table 11.

Given fcL=73.86 kHz; AcL=10.7885,
A cL f cL =( A cL ) ( f cL )
( 10.7885 ) (73.86 kHz)
A cL f cL=796.8386 kHz

Calculating the AcL fcL (average)

From the gain bandwidth products of table 11.2,
A cL f cL ( average )=

796.8636 kHz+2398.358 kHz+7646 kHz

3

A cL f cL ( average )=3613.7 405 kHz

Finding AcL for a bandwidth of 20 kHz

A cL=

A cL f cL (average)
20 kHz

3613.7405 kHz
20 kHz

A cL=180.6870

Finding R2 for R1 = 1k and a closed-loop gain obtained

in step (4)
A cL=

( 1Rk )+1
2

A
( cL)(1 k)
R2 =

- 1k

(180.6870)(1k) 1k
R2=179.6870 k

Solving for AcL for the parameters stated in Procedure

number 13

Given a Vout set to 20.10 V, and a measured Vin of 110mV,

A cL=

V out
V

20.10 V
110mV

A cL=182.7273

VII.

ANALYSIS SECTION

PARMA, RHONIEL B.
1. Compare the input voltage and the feedback voltage in Table 11.1.
What conclusion do you arrived at? What can you say about the
error voltage?
Basing on the gathered data, the input voltage and the
feedback voltage have no direct relationship to each other.
Mainly because the output voltage was not set equal for all
values of the feedback resistors. Some output voltages were set
higher than the required peak to peak voltage to obtain a more
accurate voltage. However, it is expected that the feedback
voltage can be equal to the value of input voltage.

2. Look at Table 11.2 and comment on the statement: The closed-loop

gain bandwidth product is a constant for a given op amp.

The statement implies that the value of the closed-loop

gain bandwidth product for a specific op amp must be
consistent. Meaning, for different values of feedback resistors,
the value of the closed-loop gain bandwidth product must be the
same for all cases. However, looking at the gathered data, this
statement was not met nor proven. Maybe because some
inevitable errors affected the accuracy of the data.
3. What is the approximate funity for the op amp used in this
experiment?
In this experiment, the approximate value of the f unity is the
same for the average of the three closed-loop gain bandwidth
product computed. And that is 3613.7405 kHz.
4. What is the approximate value of AOL fOL for the op amp used in this
experiment?
For the op amp used in this experiment, the closed loop
bandwidth indicates the approximate value for AoL fcL.

5. Suppose you change R2 to 240 k in figure 11.1. Using the gainbandwidth product, what is the bandwidth?

For the stated value of R2, we will use the formula below to find
the bandwidth.
( AcL ) ( f cL) =3613.7405 kHz

( 2401 kk )+1f

cL

=3616.7405 kHz

fcL =14.9948 kHz (which is the bandwidth)

6. What is the fOL for an AOL of 100,000?
For an AoL of 100,000, foL is approximately equal to 36.14 Hz.

Analysis
The data are proven to be valid for it was obtained through the
conduct of this experiment. This activity was so complex compared to the
previous, because it uses new equipments and a clear understanding of the
concepts are needed to obtain accurate data. Some gathered data claimed
that errors were incurred while conducting this experiment. For me, the
major sources of errors are from the use of oscilloscope. In some instances,
the experimenter might have misinterpreted the information that the
equipment provides while it was connected to the circuit. Also, other sources
of errors such as wrong measurements, tolerances, and human errors
affected the data. Familiarity of the equipments to be used and observing
proper calibration of the instruments can reduce the errors to be incurred for
the other activities. But, I can conclude that the objectives of this experiment
were successfully achieved.

SABA, LOURVIC ELLISA F.

1. Compare the input voltage and the feedback voltage in Table 11.1.
What conclusion do you arrived at? What can you say about the
error voltage?
The input voltage and feedback voltage in table 11.1
were almost close. Error voltage was produced when not all
voltage has returned to the feedback.

2. Look at Table 11.2 and comment on the statement: The closed-loop

gain bandwidth product is a constant for a given op amp.

Base on Table 11.2, for any op amp the closed loop

gain bandwidth should be the similar in ideal conditions, but
during the experiment there are human and instrumental
errors that affect the result of the measurement.
3. What is the approximate funity for the op amp used in this
experiment?
The approximate funity is equal to the value of the average
gain-bandwidth product.

4. What is the approximate value of AOL fOL for the op amp used in this
experiment?
The approximate value of AOLFOL for the op amp used
in this experiment is equal to the closed loop bandwidth.

5. Suppose you change R2 to 240 k in figure 11.1. Using the gainbandwidth product, what is the bandwidth?
A cL=

R2
+1
1 k

( )

A cL=241
A cL ( f cL ) =3616.740 kHz
f cL=14994.77178 Hz

6. What is the fOL for an AOL of 100,000?

The fOLfor an AOL of 100,000 should be 36.14Hz.

Analysis
The data of this experiment was gathered through
measurement and computation. Therefore, all the data are valid.
The most probable sources of error for this experiment are the
errors in measurement and tolerances. It is because it is difficult to
use properly the oscilloscope. Hence, we have to manipulate and
adjust it to get thecorrect measurement. The environmental and
human factor has affected the accuracy of the data. These data can
be reduced by observing a proper manner of the experiment in any
method.

PUNZALAN, LOUISE S.

1. Compare the input voltage and the feedback voltage in Table 11.1.
What conclusion do you arrived at? What can you say about the
error voltage?
The input voltage and the feedback voltage in Table 11.1
were almost all the same. There is an error voltage because in this
situation not all voltage goes back to the feedback.

2. Look at Table 11.2 and comment on the statement: The closed-loop

gain bandwidth product is a constant for a given op amp.
The closed-loop gain bandwidth is constant or should be the
same for any given op amp in an ideal condition.

3. What is the approximate funity for the op amp used in this

experiment?
The approximate funity for the op amp used in the
experiment is equal to the value of ACLfCL.

4. What is the approximate value of AOL fOL for the op amp used in this
experiment?
The approximate value of AOLfOL (It is the same of the closed
loop bandwidth. )

5. Suppose you change R2 to 240 k in figure 11.1. Using the gainbandwidth product, what is the bandwidth?
R2
A cL=
+1
1 k

( )

A cL=

( 2401 k000 )+1

A cL=241
A cL ( f cL ) =3616.740 kHz
kHz
( 3613.740
)
241

f cL=

f cL=14994.77178 Hz

6. What is the fOL for an AOL of 100,000?

The fCL for an ACL of 100, 000 is 36.14 Hz.

Analysis
The data we have computed and measured are all
reasonable information. Comparing the computed values
with the measured ones gives us an approximation of the
true value. We cant say that it is truly accurate since it is
inevitable to encounter environmental errors. Various errors
can be accumulated throughout the entire experiment, for
example, the old bread board. Since the bread board is
already outdated, we cannot avoid having connection
problems. Nevertheless, the data we have obtained is
almost accurate.