Drs. Suparlan, M.Ed.

PAPER WRITING
Student Practice

Penerbit Bumi Aksara

Jakarta, 2015
i

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS TAMA JAGAKARSA
Jalan Letjen TB Simatupang Nomor 152
Tanjung Barat, Jakarta Selatan 12530
Telepon: (021) 7890965, 7829919, 78831838, 7890634
Fax: (021) 7890966

Acknowledgement
We are fully aware that the University of Tama, Jagakarsa, Southern Jakarta, like a nation, is
a developing university. There are many things that must be improved for this university.
Improving lecturer qualification and competences is the important program. Also facilities of
the university, such as building and scientific writing in the library, and also information
technologies.
Effort of Mr. Suparlan in writing and publishing books or modules for his subjects on writing
must be appreciated. As a lecturer who work for the Faculty of Teacher Training and
Education, he try to write books on education. For instance a book entitled A Book of Answer
and Answer of Curriculum and Learning Material Development. This book is published by
PT. Bumi Aksara. In the next year, he then write and publish entitled School Based
Management published by the same publisher. The next steps he want to write about this
Writing II with the same publisher.
In this semester, he has a subject on Writing II for the Faculty of Teacher Training and
Education, especially for the program of study of English Education.
We do hope that this book of writing II will be very useful for all students and readers. Amen.
Jakarta, September 20, 2015.
Rector,

Prof. Drs. Tama Sembiring, SH., MM.

Foreword
I read a book entitled Success Protocol. The author of this book is Ippho Santoso. A friend of
my first son, Arif Hidayat, when they was studying in Malaysia. In the same university. He is
a young businessman. My first son in IT. His book is so very excited. It is a mega best seller,
because this book is printed in a million exemplars.
This book is about a management business. Also motivation. But actually it explain about
religion education or some aspects of spirituality. It is about akhlakul karimah for our life.
Now, I have to write about Writing II for the student at the Faculty of Teacher Training and
Education, University of Tama, Jagakarsa, Southern Jakarta. I do hope that some of my
student to be an excellent writer. Not more. Just one of them is enough. I am very happy.
The genre of his writing is a new genre. Usually he do use in a formal writing. He do not use
a conventional genre. For this book, I intend to apply this genre for my student. I know that
one of the principal writing is what we call ASAP mean AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE. Please
do try to write in a short and short sentence. Do not use a formal writing in general writing.
But please use a formal writing for writing research paper. But do not forget to write with
ASAP (as short as possible) in all genre of writing. Because the sentences will easy to
understand.
In this book, I try to use this principal writing for the students and reader. I do hope we can
do, as long as possible. Amen.
Depok, September 20th 2015.

ii

Table of Content
Acknowledgement.................................................................................................. i
Foreword................................................................................................................ ii
Table of Content.................................................................................................... iii
Chapter 1: Introduction.......................................................................................... 1
Apperception...................................................................................................... 1
Student Practice................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 2: Poet of Taufik Ismail............................................................................. 2
Apperception...................................................................................................... 2
Student Practice................................................................................................. 3
Chapter 3: General Form of A Research Paper.......................................................4
Apperception...................................................................................................... 4
Student Practice................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 4: Title Page............................................................................................. 6
Apperception...................................................................................................... 6
Title Page............................................................................................................ 6
Student Practice................................................................................................. 7
Chapter 5: Abstract............................................................................................... 8
Apperception...................................................................................................... 8
Writing an Abstract............................................................................................. 8
Student Practice................................................................................................. 8
Chapter 6: Introduction........................................................................................ 10
Apperception.................................................................................................... 10
Writing an Introduction..................................................................................... 10
Student Practice............................................................................................... 11
Chapter 7: Theoretical Framework.......................................................................12
Apperception.................................................................................................... 12
Student Practice............................................................................................... 12
Chapter 8: Citation dan Using Footnote...............................................................14
(Using the Chicago Manual of Style)....................................................................14
Apperception.................................................................................................... 14
Student Practice............................................................................................... 16
Chapter 9: MSE (Mid-semester Examination........................................................18
Chapter 10: Methods of Study............................................................................. 19
iii

Apperception.................................................................................................... 19
Student Practice............................................................................................... 20
Chapter 11: Analysis of the Finding.....................................................................21
Apperception.................................................................................................... 21
Student Practice............................................................................................... 25
Chapter 12: Result of the Study...........................................................................26
Apperception.................................................................................................... 26
Student Practice............................................................................................... 27
Chapter 13: Closure............................................................................................. 28
Apperception.................................................................................................... 28
Student Practice............................................................................................... 29
Chapter 14: FSE (Final Semester Examination)....................................................30
References........................................................................................................... 31

iv

Chapter 1: Introduction
Writing is easy. All you do is stare at a blank sheet of paper until drops of blood form on your
forehead. --- Gene Fowler
Apperception
This is the first chapter for students. I want to reminded you on 4 (four) language
competences. The 4 (four competences are: 1) listening, 2) speaking, 3) reading, and 4)
writing. These four competences have a synergic relationship that can be separated. But the
writing competences is the most influencial effect in our life.
Are you remember this wise word?
When you speak, your words echo down to the room or down to the hall. But, when you
write, your words echo down to the ages (Bud Gardner). This wise word explain the
importance of wrting in our life.
A major goal of this course is the development of effective technical writing skills. To help
you become an accomplished writer, you will prepare several research papers based upon the
studies completed in lab. Our research papers are not typical "lab reports." In a teaching lab a
lab report might be nothing more than answers to a set of questions. Such an assignment
hardly represents the kind of writing you might be doing in your eventual career.
Written and oral communications skills are probably the most universal qualities sought by
graduate and professional schools as well as by employers. You alone are responsible for
developing such skills to a high level.
Student Practice
Please answer these questions:
Have you ever read an intersting article in a newspaper or magazine?
Do you remember the title of the article?
Please explain your opinion on the article in short paragraph!
Do you think that you actually can write the article such as the article?

Chapter 2: Poet of Taufik Ismail

Apperception
Taufik Ismail said about the relationship between reading and writing. Taufik explianed that
reading and writing is like two brothers or sistes.
Here are the puet of Taufik Ismail.
MEMBACA BUKU DAN MENGARANG,
KAKAK-ADIK KANDUNG TAK TERPISAHKAN
Oleh Taufik Ismail
Alangkah inginnya kita,
Melihat seluruh anak bangsa ketagihan membaca,
Bukan hanya bisa membaca alfabet demi alfabet saja,
Tapi sungguh-sungguh membaca buku,
Membaca alfabet itu,
Bagaikan berkecimpung di kolam yang kecil ukurannya,
Sedangkan membaca buku ibarat berenang di lautan ilmu yang sangat luasnya,
Marilah kita latih anak-anak bangsa kita,
Berenang di samudera ilmu,
Terengah-engah mancapai garis cakrawala,
Kita merindukan anak-anak bangsa kita pandai menulis
Bukan semata-mata bisa menuliskan deretan alfabet saja,
Tapi pandai memindahkan fikiran di dalam kepala
Menjadi bentuk karangan yang enak dibaca.
Menulis alfabet adalah ibarat anak kecil main layang-layang,
Tapi pandai mengarang,
Adalah ibarat pilot pesawat terbang
Yang mampu melesat ke langit luas karena tangkasnya.
Marilah kita latih anak-anak bangsa kita terbang ke angkasa pemikiran dan perenungan,
Melalui kemampuan dan kecintaan mengarang.
Membaca, membaca, dan membaca,
Mengarang, mengarang, dan mengarang.
Jakarta, 10 Maret 2006.
Please do try to read loudly!

Reseources For Learning Technical Writing

Before you begin your first writing assignment, please consult all of the following resources,
in order to gain the most benefit from the experience.
General form of a typical research article
Specific guidelines (if any) for the assignment see the writeups on individual lab
studies

McMillan, VE. "Writing Papers in the Biological Sciences, Third Ed." New York:
Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001. ISBN 0-312-25857-7 (REQUIRED for Bioc 211, 311,
recommended for other science courses that include writing)

Writing portfolio examples (pdf)

If you want to be a good writer, you have to be smart to find many resources about resources
for learnin technical writing. Plase try to open www.google.com to find many example of
wrting research paper.
Student Practice
Please do try to translate in to English, can you?

Chapter 3: General Form of A Research Paper

Apperception
An objective of organizing a research paper is to allow people to read your work selectively.
When I research a topic, I may be interested in just the methods, a specific result, the
interpretation, or perhaps I just want to see a summary of the paper to determine if it is
relevant to my study. To this end, many journals require the following sections, submitted in
the order listed, each section to start on a new page. There are variations of course. Some
journals call for a combined results and discussion, for example, or include materials and
methods after the body of the paper. The well known journal Science does away with separate
sections altogether, except for the abstract.
Your papers are to adhere to the form and style required for the Journal of Biological
Chemistry, requirements that are shared by many journals in the life sciences.
General Style
Specific editorial requirements for submission of a manuscript will always supercede
instructions in these general guidelines.
To make a paper readable

Print or type using a 12 point standard font, such as Times, Geneva, Bookman,
Helvetica, etc.
Text should be double spaced on 8 1/2" x 11" paper with 1 inch margins, single sided

Number pages consecutively

Start each new section on a new page

Adhere to recommended page limits

Mistakes to avoid

Placing a heading at the bottom of a page with the following text on the next page
(insert a page break!)
Dividing a table or figure - confine each figure/table to a single page

Submitting a paper with pages out of order

In all sections of your paper

Use normal prose including articles ("a", "the," etc.)

Stay focused on the research topic of the paper

Use paragraphs to separate each important point (except for the abstract)

Indent the first line of each paragraph

Present your points in logical order

4

Use present tense to report well accepted facts - for example, 'the grass is green'

Use past tense to describe specific results - for example, 'When weed killer was
applied, the grass was brown'

Avoid informal wording, don't address the reader directly, and don't use jargon, slang
terms, or superlatives

Avoid use of superfluous pictures - include only those figures necessary to presenting
results

In your research paper, you will have at leat 6 (six) parts of writing as below:
1. Title page
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Body of writing: materalas and methodes; reslut.
5. Closure
6. Bibliography.
Student Practice
Please try to complete this assignment:
1. Choose a title you want to write;
2. Make an outline for your title.

Chapter 4: Title Page

Apperception
Do you still remember ASAP Principles? Yes, sure. You still remember the ASAP
principles in writing. As short as possible. Please use this principle in writing title for you
writing.
Title Page
Put your title in one page and write your name as a writer, and other information for your
research paper as a example below:
THE USE OF CROSSWORD PUZZLE
TO IMPROVE STUDENTS VOCABULARIES AT EIGHTH GRADE STUDENT OF
SMPN 209 EAST JAKARTA
A RESEARCH PAPER

WRITTEN BY:
NAME
: ENIH
NPM
: 09800018
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR S-1
DEGREE IN ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND
EDUCATION FACULTY
6

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF TAMA JAGAKARSA
JAKARTA
2013
Student Practice
Please write your title for your research paper below:

Chapter 5: Abstract
Apperception
8

Do you still remembe ASAP Principles? Yes, sure. You still remember the ASAP
principles in writing. As short as possible. Please use this principle in writing absract for you
writing.
The summary should be two hundred words or less. See the examples in the writing portfolio
package. An abstract is a concise single paragraph summary of completed work or work in
progress. In a minute or less a reader can learn the rationale behind the study, general
approach to the problem, pertinent results, and important conclusions or new questions.
Writing an Abstract

Write your summary after the rest of the paper is completed. After all, how can you
summarize something that is not yet
written? Economy of words is important
Abstract
throughout any paper, but especially in an abstract. However, use complete sentences
and do not sacrifice readability for brevity. You can keep it concise by wording
sentences so that they serve more than one purpose. For example, "In order to learn
the role of protein synthesis in early development of the sea urchin, newly fertilized
embryos were pulse-labeled with tritiated leucine, to provide a time course of changes
in synthetic rate, as measured by total counts per minute (cpm)." This sentence
provides the overall question, methods, and type of analysis, all in one sentence. The
writer can now go directly to summarizing the results.
Summarize the study, including the following elements in any abstract. Try to keep
the first two items to no more than one sentence each. Purpose of the study hypothesis, overall question, objective. Model organism or system and brief
description of the experiment
Results, including specific data - if the results are quantitative in nature, report
quantitative data; results of any statistical analysis shoud be reported Important
conclusions or questions that follow from the experiment(s)

Style:

Single paragraph, and concise

As a summary of work done, it is always written in past tense
An abstract should stand on its own, and not refer to any other part of the paper such
as a figure or table
Focus on summarizing results - limit background information to a sentence or two, if
absolutely necessary
What you report in an abstract must be consistent with what you reported in the paper
Corrrect spelling, clarity of sentences and phrases, and proper reporting of quantities
(proper units, significant figures) are just as important in an abstract as they are
anywhere else

Student Practice
Based on the guidance how to write an abstract above, please try to write an abastract in one
paragraph below:

Chapter 6: Introduction
Apperception
10

Instroduction is like your face of you body, or like a yard befor you enter your house. Your
house is like the body of your research paper.
Your introductions should not exceed two pages (double spaced, typed). See the examples in
the writing portfolio package.
General intent
The purpose of an introduction is to aquaint the reader with the rationale behind the work,
with the intention of defending it. It places your work in a theoretical context, and enables the
reader to understand and appreciate your objectives.
Writing an Introduction
The abstract is the only text in a research paper to be written without using paragraphs in
order to separate major points. Approaches vary widely, however for our studies the
following approach can produce an effective introduction.

Describe the importance (significance) of the study - why was this worth doing in the
first place? Provide a broad context.
Defend the model - why did you use this particular organism or system? What are its
advantages? You might comment on its suitability from a theoretical point of view as
well as indicate practical reasons for using it.

Provide a rationale. State your specific hypothesis(es) or objective(s), and describe the
reasoning that led you to select them.

Very briefy describe the experimental design and how it accomplished the stated
objectives.

Style:

Use past tense except when referring to established facts. After all, the paper will be
submitted after all of the work is completed.
Organize your ideas, making one major point with each paragraph. If you make the
four points listed above, you will need a minimum of four paragraphs.

Present background information only as needed in order support a position. The

reader does not want to read everything you know about a subject.

State the hypothesis/objective precisely - do not oversimplify.

As always, pay attention to spelling, clarity and appropriateness of sentences and

phrases.

In wrting research paper, introduction is in the chapter I. The content of the chapter I are as
below:
1. Backgrund of the Study
2. Statement of the Problem

11

3. Purposes od the Study

4. Scope and Limitation od the Study
5. Benefit of the Study, and
6. Assumption of the Study.
Student Practice
Based on the guidance of writing introduction above, please try to write an intrduction for
your research paper as below:

Chapter I Introduction

12

Chapter 7: Theoretical Framework

Apperception
In wrting your research paper, you have to use many sources from book, magazine, and other
scinetific sources --- such as internet --- to support your research paper.
Literature Cited
Please note that in the theoretical framework, you may cite a concept of theory from experts
from his or her writing. These concepts or theories are described from the title. When your
title is about education, so the theoretical frameworks are also about education. For example,
when your title is about teaching ang learning process, then your theoretical framework are
about:
1.
2.

Teaching and learning process as one of eduactional component in the national

education system;
Teacher is a central actor in the teaching and learning process;

3.

Teaching strategies;

4.

Teaching methods;

5.

Paradigm in teaching and learning process.

6.

Etc,

When you cite the the result of study from any experts, you have to show the document
sources of all of your information. One reason is that your major source of information is this
website, and websites are inappropriate as primary sources. Second, it is problematic to
provide a hundred students with equal access to potential reference materials. You may
nevertheless find outside sources, and you should cite any articles that the instructor provides
or that you find for yourself.
For this, you have to list all literature cited in your paper, in alphabetical order, by first author.
In a proper research paper, only primary literature is used (original research articles authored
by the original investigators). Be cautious about using web sites as references - anyone can
put just about anything on a web site, and you have no sure way of knowing if it is truth or
fiction. If you are citing an on line journal, use the journal citation (name, volume, year, page
numbers). Some of your papers may not require references, and if that is the case simply state
that "no references were consulted."
When you write a paper related to the concept of theories, please use the direct quotes may be
essential to a full discussion of the concept or theories. For this, ou need use a footnote in
your chapter of theoretical framework.
In this module we will give you examples how to write footnote in you research paper.
13

Student Practice
Based on your title, please list some concepts or theories in this chapter of theoretical
framework as below:

Title: ........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
................................
Chapter II: Theoretical Framework
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

14

Chapter 8: Citation dan Using Footnote

(Using the Chicago Manual of Style)
Apperception
For you legal citation, we can use the Chicago Manual of Style of footnote. You can use
another style as you can.
Printed Resources

How to footnote a book:

1

Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1990), 113.
or:
2

Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1990), 113.
When the book is edited:
3

Edward Chiera, They Wrote on Clay, ed. George C. Cameron (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1938), 42.
How to footnote an essay in a journal:
4

Samuel M. Thompson, "The Authority of Law," Ethics 75 (October 1964): 16-24.

How to footnote an article in a newspaper:

5

"Amazing Amazon Region," New York Times, 12 January 1969, sec. 4, E11.

Non-Printed Media
How to footnote a radio or television program:
6

TVNZ, "The Amazing Mollusc," 17 April 1972.

How to footnote a film:

7

Lee Tamahori, Director, Once Were Warriors, 1995.

How to footnote a recording (in this case, a song called "Blood Red River," on an album
called The Legendary Peg Leg Howell:

15

Peg Leg Howell, "Blood Red River," The Legendary Peg Leg Howell, 1943, Testament
T-2204.
How to footnote a work of art (in this case, a painting):
9

Larry Calcagno, Landscape, 1970.

Archival and Documentary Resources

How to footnote a document in an archive:
10

Gen. Joseph C. Castner, "Report to the War Department, 17 January 1927," Modern
Military Records Division, Record Group 94, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
11

Stanley K. Hornbeck, Memorandum on Clarence Gauss, 8 May 1942, Hornbeck

Papers, File "Gauss," Hoover Library, Stanford, California.
How to footnote an entire collection in an archive:
12

Washington, D.C., National Archives, Modern Military Records Division, Record

Group 94.
How to footnote a letter written to you:
13

John Blank, personal letter, 12 February 1994.

How to footnote a letter that is not in an archive:

14

Alan Cranston, California State Controller, to Maurice Sexton, Sacramento, 22

October 1962, Personal Files of Maurice Sexton, Modesto, California.
How to footnote a document not in an archive:
15

Morristown (Kansas) Orphan's Home, Minutes of Meetings of the Board of Managers,

Meeting of 6 May 1930.
16

Sidney E. Mead, "Some Eternal Greatness," sermon preached at the Rockefeller

Chapel, University of Chicago, 31 July 1960.
How to footnote a dissertation:
17

O. C. Phillips, Jr., "The Influence of Ovid on Lucan's Bellum civile" (Ph.D.

dissertation, University of Chicago, 1962), 14.
How to footnote an interview:
18

A. A. Wyler, interview held during meeting of the American Astronomical Society,

Pasadena, California, June 1964.
Textual Footnotes
How to add a textual footnote (explaining something in the text):
19

Detailed evidence of the great increase in the array of goods and services
bought as income increases is shown in S. J. Prais and H. S. Houthaker, The Analysis
of Family Budgets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955), table 5, 52.
16

20

Ernst Cassirer takes important notice of this in Language and Myth (59-62),
and offers a searching analysis of man's regard for things on which his power of
inspirited action may crucially depend. [Since the work has already been cited in full
form, page reference only is required.]
21

In 1962 the premium income received by all voluntary health insurance

organizations in the United States was $9.3 billion, while the benefits paid out were
$7.1 billion. Health Insurance Institute, Source Book of Health Insurance Data (New
York: The Institute, 1963), 36, 46.
22

Professor D. T. Suzuki brings this out with great clarity in his discussion of
"Stopping" and "no-mindedness"; see, e.g., his chapter entitled "Swordsmanship" in
Zen Buddhism and Its Influence on Japanese Culture (Kyoto: Eastern Buddhist
Society, 1938).
Online Resources
How to footnote a Web page:
23

Jim Zwick, Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898-1935,

http://www.rochester.ican.net/~fjzwick/ail98-35.html (May 1997).
For further reference, see:
C. Lavender's "How to Cite, Bibliography: Using the Chicago Manual of Style,"
http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/bibliography.html.
The Chicago Manual of Style or Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term
Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
(http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html).
The Sarah Bird Askew Library of the William Paterson College of New Jersey's "Guide
for Citing Electronic Information" (www.wilpaterson.edu/wpcpages/library/citing.htm),
a version of Li and Crane's "Bibliographic Formats for Citing Electronic Information"
(www.uvm.edu/~ncrane/estyles/)
Maurice Crouse's "Citing Electronic Information in History Papers"
(www.people.memphis.edu/~mcrouse/elcite.html)
Janice R. Walker's "MLA-Style Citations of Electronic Sources"
(www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html), endorsed by the Alliance for Computers &
Writing
Mark Wainwright's "Citation style for Internet sources"
(http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/maw13/citation.html)

Prepared by Professor Catherine Lavender for courses taught in The Department of History,
The College of Staten Island of The City University of New York. Send email to
lavender@mail.csi.cuny.edu
Last modified: 12 May 2010..
17

Student Practice
Please change the footnote in to bibliography as below
Footnote
Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and
Culture in 19th-Century America (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1990), 113

Bibliography

Edward Chiera, They Wrote on Clay,

ed. George C. Cameron (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1938), 42

4 Samuel M. Thompson, "The

Authority of Law," Ethics 75 (October 1964):
16

23

Jim Zwick, Anti-Imperialism in the

United States, 1898-1935,
http://www.rochester.ican.net/~fjzwick/ail9835.html (May 1997).

18

Chapter 9: MSE (Mid-semester Examination

Answer these quesions:
1.

What is your final title you want to write your researh paper? What is your topic?

2.

Make an outline from the title!

3.

What are the subchapters for the chapter I Introduction?

4.

What are the subchapter for the chapter II Theoretical Framework?

5.

Explain the differences between footnote and bibliography!

19

Chapter 10: Methods of Study

Apperception
In research paper, this chapter is included the body of writing. This methode of study is
usually placed in a chapter III after the chapter II on theoretical framework.
There is no specific page limit, but a key concept is to keep this section as concise as you
possibly can. People will want to read this material selectively. The reader may only be
interested in one formula or part of a procedure. Methods may be reported under separated
chapter with chaper on introduction in chapter I and theoretical framework in chapter II.
General intent
This should be the easiest section to write, but many students misunderstand the purpose. The
objective is to document all specialized materials and general procedures, so that another
individual may use some or all of the methods in another study or judge the scientific merit of
your work. It is not to be a step by step description of everything you did, nor is a methods
section a set of instructions. In particular, it is not supposed to tell a story. By the way, your
notebook should contain all of the information that you need for this section.
Methods:
Write the methodology (not details of each procedure that employed the same
methodology)
Describe the mehodology completely, including such specifics as temperatures,
incubation times, etc.

To be concise, present methods under headings devoted to specific procedures or

groups of procedures

Generalize - report how procedures were done, not how they were specifically
performed on a particular day. For example, report "samples were diluted to a final
concentration of 2 mg/ml protein;" don't report that "135 microliters of sample one
was diluted with 330 microliters of buffer to make the protein concentration 2
mg/ml." Always think about what would be relevant to an investigator at another
institution, working on his/her own project.

If well documented procedures were used, report the procedure by name, perhaps with
reference, and that's all. For example, the Bradford assay is well known. You need not
report the procedure in full - just that you used a Bradford assay to estimate protein
concentration, and identify what you used as a standard. The same is true for the SDSPAGE method, and many other well known procedures in biology and biochemistry.

Explain on the kinds of methodes used ini this study, how to use population and
sample in this methods, and how to analysis and calculate statistic in this metthodes,
and also instruments are used in this study.

Style:

It is awkward or impossible to use active voice when documenting methods without

using first person, which would focus the reader's attention on the investigator rather
20

than the work. Therefore when writing up the methods most authors use third person
passive voice.
Use normal prose in this and in every other section of the paper avoid informal lists,
and use complete sentences.

Student Practice
Please explain in a short paragraph the methods are used in this study based on you final title.
Title: ....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................

Chapter III: Research Methodology

Methodes of Study

Population and Sample

Instruments

21

Chapter 11: Analysis of the Finding

Apperception
There are two kinds of writing based on the analysis technic to the finding of the study. The
two kinds of writing are: 1) descriptive writing, 2) correlative writing. The descriptive writing
try to explain the findings of the study by describing the data dan information found from the
field. While the correlative writing try to analysis the finding using the statistical methods.
The findings of the Study
There are two types of the findingg of the study: 1) data, and 2) informations. Data is the
finding in form of facts that can be counted, and information is the finding in form of verbal.
The data can be converted in to figure and tables. While inforaion can be converted in to
descriptive explanation or narrative paragraph.
The are some kind of chart or graph:
1.
Column chart
2.
Pie chart
3.
Bar chart
4.
Area chart
5.
XY (scattered) chart
6.
Stock chart
7.
Surface chart
8.
Doughnut chart
9.
Bubble chart
10. Radar chart
Here are the examples of the charts:
1.

Column chart

2.

Line chart

22

3.

Pie chart

4.

Bar chart

5.

Area chart

23

6.

Scattered chart

7.

Stock chart

8.

Surface chart

24

9.

Doughnut chart

10.

Bubble chart

11.

Radar chart

Figures and tables

25

Either place figures and tables within the text of the result, or include them in the back
of the report (following Literature Cited) - do one or the other
If you place figures and tables at the end of the report, make sure they are clearly
distinguished from any attached appendix materials, such as raw data

Regardless of placement, each figure must be numbered consecutively and complete

with caption (caption goes under the figure)

Regardless of placement, each table must be titled, numbered consecutively and

complete with heading (title with description goes above the table)

Each figure and table must be sufficiently complete that it could stand on its own,
separate from text

Student Practice
Here is the data on the number of public and private school in 2012.
Tabel 1: Jumlah Sekolah Negeri dan Swasta
No
Sekolah
.
1
SD
2
SMP
3
SMA
4
SMK
Jumlah
Total

Negeri

Swasta

145.514
24.346
5.447
2.599
177.906

Please do try to converted into a column chart as below:

26

15.423
14.942
5.932
7.044
43.341
442.494

Jumlah
160.937
39.288
11.379
9.643
221.247

Chapter 12: Result of the Study

Apperception
This is the core content of your research paper. The page length of this section is set by the
amount and types of data to be reported. Continue to be concise, using figures and tables, if
appropriate, to present results most effectively. See recommendations for content, below.
The objective here is to provide an interpretation of your results and support for all of your
conclusions, using evidence from your experiment and generally accepted knowledge, if
appropriate. The significance of findings should be clearly described.
General intent
The purpose of a results section is to present and illustrate your findings. Make this section a
completely objective report of the results, and save all interpretation for the discussion.
Writing a results section.
IMPORTANT: You must clearly distinguish material that would normally be included in a
research article from any raw data or other appendix material that would not be published. In
fact, such material should not be submitted at all unless requested by the instructor.
Content

Summarize your findings in text and illustrate them, if appropriate, with figures and
tables.
In text, describe each of your results, pointing the reader to observations that are most
relevant.

Provide a context, such as by describing the question that was addressed by making a
particular observation.

Describe results of control experiments and include observations that are not
presented in a formal figure or table, if appropriate.

Analyze your data, then prepare the analyzed (converted) data in the form of a figure
(graph), table, or in text form.

What to avoid

Do not discuss or interpret your results, report background information, or attempt to

explain anything.
Never include raw data or intermediate calculations in a research paper.

Do not present the same data more than once.

Text should complement any figures or tables, not repeat the same information.

Please do not confuse figures with tables - there is a difference.

27

Style

As always, use past tense when you refer to your results, and put everything in a
logical order.
In text, refer to each figure as "figure 1," "figure 2," etc. ; number your tables as well
(see the reference text for details)

Place figures and tables, properly numbered, in order at the end of the report (clearly
distinguish them from any other material such as raw data, standard curves, etc.)

If you prefer, you may place your figures and tables appropriately within the text of
your results section.

Writing a discussion
Interpret your data in the discussion in appropriate depth. This means that when you explain
a phenomenon you must describe mechanisms that may account for the observation. If your
results differ from your expectations, explain why that may have happened. If your results
agree, then describe the theory that the evidence supported. It is never appropriate to simply
state that the data agreed with expectations, and let it drop at that.

Decide if each hypothesis is supported, rejected, or if you cannot make a decision

with confidence. Do not simply dismiss a study or part of a study as "inconclusive."
Research papers are not accepted if the work is incomplete. Draw what conclusions
you can based upon the results that you have, and treat the study as a finished work

You may suggest future directions, such as how the experiment might be modified to
accomplish another objective.

Explain all of your observations as much as possible, focusing on mechanisms.

Decide if the experimental design adequately addressed the hypothesis, and whether
or not it was properly controlled.

Try to offer alternative explanations if reasonable alternatives exist.

One experiment will not answer an overall question, so keeping the big picture in
mind, where do you go next? The best studies open up new avenues of research. What
questions remain?

Recommendations for specific papers will provide additional suggestions.

Your Title:

Student
Practice
.................................................................................................................................................
Please try to write some conclussion
andIV:
suggestion
the result of the finding of the study
Chapter
Result fofrom
the Study
as below.

28

Chapter 13: Closure

Apperception
There is an introduction of your writing, so there is also a closure of your writing. For this
closure, we will have a conclussion ad a suggestion from the writer.
In the cosure of your writing, you will close your research paper using 1) clonclussion, and
suggestion, based on the result of yur finding of the study. But befor you submit your
research paper to your lecturer, please do make sure some important things below:
Proofread!
Incomplete sentences, redundant phrases, obvious misspellings, and other symptoms of a
hurriedly-written paper can cost you. Please start your work early enough so that you can
proofread it. Check spelling of scientific names, names of people, names of compounds, etc.
Spelling and grammatical errors can be embarrassing. Since many very different terms have
similar names, a spelling error can result in a completely incorrect statement.
When you print off your paper, please make sure that tables are not split over more than one
page, that headings are not "orphaned," pages submitted out of sequence, etc. Remember,
someone has to read this thing! If the reader is an editor or reviewer, you might get a rejection
notice because you were too sloppy.
Grammar and spelling
Please avoid obvious grammatical errors. Granted, you aren't writing an English paper (heck,
an English teacher would tear my own writing style to shreds). However, clear written
communication requires proper sentence structure and use of words. Make sure that your
sentences are complete, that they make sense when you proofread, and that you have
verb/subject agreement.
Spelling errors in a paper make you look amateurish. For example, absorbance is read from a
spectrophotometer. You don't read absorbencyfrom a spectrometer. Worse, they can change
the entire meaning of your writing. One letter changes the chemical compound you describe.
I know the action of cycloheximide in eukaryotic cells, but I do not know the action of
cyclohexamide.
Inaccurate word or phrase

29

Changing temperature had the following affect on the subject.

'Affect' is a verb. 'Effect' is a noun. What happened to the subject was an effect. The
temperature change affected the subject. Please learn the difference.
The data lead to the assumption that x has no relationship to y.
If you base a conclusion on data, then your conclusion is a deduction, not an assumption. In
fact, in experimental science assumptions are usually avoided. A purpose of controls is to
eliminate the need to assume anything.
Our inability to ensure that all cells in the population were in the same stage of development
skewed our data.
This statement doesn't reveal very much. The writer intended to say that the data points were
more scattered, that is, the non-uniformity of the population resulted in unacceptably high
experimental error. The word 'skew' means 'having an oblique position; turned or twisted to
one side; slanting; sloping.' It can be used as an adverb or noun as well. In statistics, the word
refers to an asymmetric distribution of data. Nowhere in the definition is there any reference
to the state of being incorrect or more scattered. Thus, not only is the word overused, it is also
misused.
Student Practice
Based on your result of your findings of study, please write some conclussion and
suggestions for your research paper below:

30

Title:
...........................................................................................................................
.........................

Chapter V: Closure
Conclussion

Sugegstions

Chapter 14: FSE (Final Semester Examination)

Answer these questions:
1.

Please write your final title thatyou want to write!

2.

Based on the final title, write an outline of your writing.

3.

What is ASAP principles in writing!

4.

What are the differencees of writing footnote and writing bibliography?

5.

Make an outline based on chapter by chapter on your writing research paper!

31

32

References
Besser, Pam. 1994. A Basic Handbook of Writing Skills. California: Mayfield Publishing
Company.
Gelsthorpe, Tony and West-Burnham (Editor). 2003. Educational leadership and the
Community, Srategy for School Improvement Through Community Engagement.
London: Pearson Education Limited.
Hairston, Maxine and Ruszkiewicz, John J. 1993. The Scott, Foresman Handbook for
Writers. Third Edition. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
http://www.greatsource.com.

http://www.ruf.rice.edu
Warriner, John E, Ludwigm Richad M, Connoly, Francis X. 1977. Advanced Composition: A
Book of Models for Writing. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Wishon, George E and Burks, Julia M. 1980. Lets Write English. New York: American Book
Company.

33