Entropy change equation

h u P

Process that causes irreversibility

Enthlapy definition
Solids/Liquids

1. Friction

Ideal Gas

2. Unrestrained expansion
Solids/Liquids

3. Heat transfer from hot to cold body

Ideal Gas

4. Mixing of 2 differrent substances

dh du dP

5. i 2 R loss in electric circuits

dh du P d v dP

6. Hystereris effects

P RT
so
h u RT
dh du R dT
dh C v dT RdT
dh C p dT

dP 0 (incompressible), and d 0

dh du
dh C dT

7. Ordinary combustion

h 2 h 1 C p ln

T2
T1

h 2 h 1 C ln

ds

T2
T1

but dP 0 since incompressible,

and dv is very small, so

First law

ds C dT
T

Flow

Non-Flow

s 2 s 1 C ln

General equation. Valid at any instance of time. Steady or not steady flow.

Q W dE
where E U KE PE

C.V. m e h KE PE
Q C.V. m i h KE PE i W
e

Or, it can be written as follows

(ignoring KE and PE changes to the
control mass)

dE
dt

T2
T1

How to get this below from the above??

ds C p dT
R dP
T
P

Non-steady state (Transient, state change)

Second law

QC.V. m i h KE PE i WC.V. m e h KE PE e m 2 u 2 m 1 u 1

Q1,2 W1,2 mu 2 u 1

Non-flow

Usually Simplifies to

As a Rate equation

Q W

dq
(by definition, entropy law)
T
dw

du dw du

T
T
T
1 dPv 1 dC v T
T
T
C
1
P dv v dP v dT
T
T
v
dT
P

dv dP C v
T
T
T
but Pv RT, hence
dP
dT
ds R dv
v R P Cv T
v
P
T
s 2 s 1 R ln v 21 R ln 2 C v ln 2
P1
T1
ds

dq
(by definition, entropy law)
T
dw du dw du
T
T
T
1 dPv 1 d C T
T
T
1 P dv v dP C v dT
T
T
P dv v dP C dT
v
T
T
T

QC.V. m i h i WC.V. m e h e m 2 u 2 m 1 u 1

dE
dt

m1

hi

ms 2 s 1
s2 s1

m2

State 1

q
T

Q
T

flow

S gen

transient

steady

s gen
0 misi me se
q
T

0 si se

State 2

Q
T

S gen

s gen

steady state. m i m e m

QC.V. mh KE PE i WC.V. mh KE PE e
QC.V. mh i WC.V. mh e
QC.V. WC.V. mh e h i
q w h e h i
Steady state devices:
Heat exchanges, Nozzle,
Diffuser, Throttle, Turbine,
Compressors and Pumps

hi

he
GAS

Ideal gas, Any process

Any gas, any process

s2

P1 V1

P2 V2

T1

T2

s1

s2

s1

T
C p0
T

dT

Entropy change determination formulas, for an ideal gas, ANY process type
mass constant

R ln

dT

R ln

s2

Solving

s1

s1

ln

C p 0 ln

T2

R ln

T1
T2

P1

T2

T1

h2

h1

C p T2

T1

Table A.6

s2 s1

Cv

P2

R ln

P1

u1

T1

P2

Using
Table
A.7 or
A.8

du C v0 dT
dh C p0 dT
C p0 C v0 R

s2

Assume
constant
specific
heat

u2

s 0T 2

s 0T 1

R ln

P2
P1

s1

Ideal Gas Process classification

sgen

Law Q

dU

Gibbs
equations

dH

so

dU

P2
T1

constant V

V dp

Cp0 ln

s2

P1

T1

wtotal v dP
i

1
n
n 1

V1

V2

s1

Cv0

R T1 ln

Pi

ln

P1

ln

R Ti ln

R Ti ln

Pe

P2
P1

gZ i Z e

P2

Pi
Pe

P2

1
R T2

k
T1

Pi
e

1 k
kR
1

Entropy
change

s2

s1

Entropy
change

V2i V2e
2

T2
T1

P2
2

ln

Shaft work (for FLOW

process only)

Boundary
Work

P1

R T1 ln

Total specific work for steady state flow process where only
shaft work is involved (no boundary work). Valid for ANY
reversible process (do not have to be polytropic)

Ti

Shaft work (for

FLOW process only)

Boundary
Work

T2
T1

Cv0 ln

Te

Pi

n=k, constant entropy

s 2 s 1 R ln

Introduction to Thermodynamics,
equations. By Nasser Abbasi
image2.vsd
August 2004

T2

Verify this, what

volume is this?

s1

s2

1 constant T

Pe e Pi
R Te Ti

Entropy
change

T2
T1

Shaft work (for

FLOW process only)

Entropy change determination formulas,

for an ideal gas, polytropic process type

P2

Boundary
Work

Entropy
change

s1

P dV

V dP

Shaft work
(for FLOW
process
only)

s2

dH

Pe

PV

Specialized polytropic
processes work formulas

Boundary
Work

P2 2
R T2

enthlapy law H

Substitute into

0 constant P

constant

General
polytropic
relation

T dS

P dV

P Vn

P dV

Substitute into

2
T ds

n
T1

1 n
nR

formulas for
general
polytropic
process

W
st

1
R T2

General polytropic process

ds

1
1

P2

Shaft work (for FLOW

process only)

Shaft Work

General formulas for reversible

compressible processes

s2

P2

Boundary
Work

reversible

WORK

irreversible

Pe

Te

Ti

Pi

m2 s 2 m1 s 1 mi s i me s e

q
T

s gen