Received Pronunciation

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ReceivedPronunciationWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
ReceivedPronunciation
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
ReceivedPronunciation(RP)/rsivdprnnsien/isregardedasthestandardaccentofStandardEnglishintheUnitedKingdom,witha
relationshiptoregionalaccentssimilartotherelationshipinotherEuropeanlanguagesbetweentheirstandardvarietiesandtheirregionalforms.[1]RPis
definedintheConciseOxfordEnglishDictionaryas"thestandardaccentofEnglishasspokeninthesouthofEngland",[2]althoughitcanbeheardfrom
nativespeakersthroughoutEnglandandWales.[3][4]PeterTrudgillestimatedin1974that3%ofpeopleinBritainwereRPspeakers.[5]
AlthoughnothingintrinsicaboutRPmarksitassuperiortoanyothervariety,sociolinguisticfactorshavegivenRPparticularprestigeinpartsof
Britain.[6]Ithasthusbeenseenastheaccentofthosewithpower,money,andinfluence,thoughithasinrecenttimesbeenperceivednegativelyas
associatedwithundeservedprivilege.[7][8]Sincethe1960s,agreaterpermissivenesstowardsallowingregionalEnglishvarietieshastakenholdin
education.[9]
ThestudyofRPisconcernedexclusivelywithpronunciation,whereas"StandardEnglish","theQueen'sEnglish","OxfordEnglish",or"BBCEnglish"
isalsoconcernedwithmatterssuchasgrammar,vocabularyandstyle.AnindividualusingRPwilltypicallyspeakStandardEnglish,althoughthe
reverseisnotnecessarilytrue(e.g.thestandardlanguagemaybepronouncedwitharegionalaccent,suchasaScottishorYorkshireaccentbutitisvery
unlikelythatsomeonespeakingRPwoulduseittospeaktheScotsortheYorkshiredialect).
Contents
1History
1.1Alternativenames
2Usage
2.1Indictionaries
3Status
4Phonology
4.1Consonants
4.2Vowels
4.2.1Longandshortvowels
4.2.2Diphthongsandtriphthongs
4.2.3BATHvowel
4.2.4Alternativenotation
4.3Historicalvariation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation
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4.3Historicalvariation
4.4ComparisonwithothervarietiesofEnglish
5Spokenspecimen
6Notablespeakers
7Seealso
8Notesandreferences
9Bibliography
10Externallinks
History
Theintroductionoftheterm'ReceivedPronunciation'isusuallycreditedtoDanielJones.InthefirsteditionoftheEnglishPronouncingDictionary
(1917),henamedtheaccent"PublicSchoolPronunciation",butforthesecondeditionin1926,hewrote,"InwhatfollowsIcallitReceived
Pronunciation(abbreviationRP),forwantofabetterterm."[10]However,thetermhadactuallybeenusedmuchearlierbyAlexanderEllisin1869[11]
andP.S.DuPonceauin1818[12](thetermusedbyHenryC.K.Wyldin1927was"receivedstandard"[13]).AccordingtoFowler'sModernEnglish
Usage(1965),thecorrecttermis"'theReceivedPronunciation'.Theword'received'conveysitsoriginalmeaningof'accepted'or'approved',asin
'receivedwisdom'."[14]
RPisoftenbelievedtobebasedontheaccentsofsouthernEngland,butitactuallyhasmostincommonwiththeEarlyModernEnglishdialectsofthe
EastMidlands.ThiswasthemostpopulatedandmostprosperousareaofEnglandduringthe14thand15thcenturies.Bytheendofthe15thcentury,
"StandardEnglish"wasestablishedintheCityofLondon.[15]AmixtureofLondonspeechwithelementsfromEastMidlands,Middlesex,andEssex
becamewhatisnowknownasReceivedPronunciation.[16]Bythe1970s,anestimated3%ofBritishpeoplewereRPspeakers.[5]
Alternativenames
Somelinguistshaveusedtheterm"RP"whileexpressingreservationsaboutitssuitability.[17][18][19]TheCambridgepublishedEnglishPronouncing
Dictionary(aimedatthoselearningEnglishasaforeignlanguage)usesthephrase"BBCPronunciation"onthebasisthatthename"Received
Pronunciation"is"archaic"andthatBBCnewspresentersnolongersuggesthighsocialclassandprivilegetotheirlisteners.[20]Otherwritershavealso
usedthename"BBCPronunciation".[21][22]ThephoneticianJackWindsorLewisfrequentlycriticisesthename"ReceivedPronunciation"onhisblog:
hehascalledit"invidious",[23]a"ridiculouslyarchaic,parochialandquestionbeggingterm"[24]andnotedthatAmericanscholarsfindtheterm"quite
curious".[25]Heusedtheterm"GeneralBritish"(toparallel"GeneralAmerican")inhis1970spublicationofAConcisePronouncingDictionaryof
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AmericanandBritishEnglishandinsubsequentpublications.[26]BeverleyCollinsandIngerMeesusetheterm"NonRegionalPronunciation"forwhat
isoftenotherwisecalledRP,andreservetheterm"ReceivedPronunciation"forthe"upperclassspeechofthetwentiethcentury".[27]Received
Pronunciationhassometimesbeencalled"OxfordEnglish",asitwastraditionallytheaccentofmostmembersoftheUniversityofOxford.The
HandbookoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociationusesthename"StandardSouthernBritish".Page4reads:
StandardSouthernBritish(where'Standard'shouldnotbetakenasimplyingavaluejudgmentof'correctness')isthemodernequivalentof
whathasbeencalled'ReceivedPronunciation'('RP').ItisanaccentofthesoutheastofEnglandwhichoperatesasaprestigenormthereand
(tovaryingdegrees)inotherpartsoftheBritishIslesandbeyond.[28]
Usage
FacedwiththedifficultyofdefiningRP,manywritershavetriedtodistinguishbetweendifferentsubvarieties.Gimson(1980)proposedConservative,
General,andAdvancedConservativeRPreferstoatraditionalaccentassociatedwitholderspeakerswithcertainsocialbackgroundsGeneralRPis
oftenconsideredneutralregardingage,occupationorlifestyleofthespeakerandAdvancedRPreferstospeechofayoungergenerationofspeakers.[29]
Latereditions(e.g.Gimson2008)useGeneral,RefinedandRegional.Wells(1982)refersto"mainstreamRP"and"URP"hesuggeststhatGimson's
categoriesofConservativeandAdvancedRPreferredtotheURPoftheoldandyoungrespectively.However,Wellsstated,"Itisdifficulttoseparate
stereotypefromreality"withURP.[30]WritingonhisbloginFebruary2013,Wellswrote,"thepercentagespeakingURPisvanishinglysmall"and"If
Iwereredoingittoday,IthinkIddropallmentionofURP".[31]
ThemodernstyleofRPisanaccentoftentaughttononnativespeakerslearningBritishEnglish.[32]NonRPBritonsabroadmaymodifytheir
pronunciationtosomethingclosertoReceivedPronunciationtobebetterunderstoodbypeopleunfamiliarwiththediversityofBritishaccents.They
mayalsomodifytheirvocabularyandgrammartobeclosertothoseofStandardEnglishforthesamereason.RPisusedasthestandardforEnglishin
mostbooksongeneralphonologyandphonetics,andisrepresentedinthepronunciationschemesofmostdictionariespublishedintheUnitedKingdom.
Indictionaries
MostEnglishdictionariespublishedinBritain(includingtheOxfordEnglishDictionary)nowgivephoneticallytranscribedRPpronunciationsforall
words.PronunciationdictionariesareaspecialclassofdictionarygivingawiderangeofpossiblepronunciationsBritishpronunciationdictionariesare
allbasedonRP,thoughnotnecessarilyusingthatname.DanielJonestranscribedRPpronunciationsofalargenumberofwordsandnamesinhis
EnglishPronouncingDictionary.[33]ThisisstillbeingpublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress,[34]andisnoweditedbyPeterRoach,theaccent
havingbeenrenamed"BBCPronunciation".Twootherpronunciationdictionariesareincommonuse:theLongmanPronunciationDictionary,[35]
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compiledbyJohnCWells,usingthenameReceivedPronunciation,andtheOxfordDictionaryofPronunciationforCurrentEnglish,[36]compiledby
CliveUpton.ThisrepresentsanaccentnamedBRwhichisbasedonRP,butisclaimedtoberepresentativeofawidergroupofspeakers.Anearlier
pronunciationdictionarybyJ.WindsorLewisgivesbothBritishandAmericanpronunciations,usingthetermGeneralBritish(GB)fortheformerand
GeneralAmerican(GA)forthelatter.[37]
Status
Traditionally,ReceivedPronunciationwasthe"everydayspeechinthefamiliesofSouthernEnglishpersonswhosemenfolk[had]beeneducatedatthe
greatpublicboardingschools"[38]andwhichconveyednoinformationaboutthatspeaker'sregionoforiginbeforeattendingtheschool.
Itisthebusinessofeducatedpeopletospeaksothatnoonemaybeabletotellinwhatcountytheirchildhoodwaspassed.
A.Burrell,Recitation.AHandbookforTeachersinPublicElementarySchool,1891
Inthe19thcentury,someBritishprimeministersstillspokewithsomeregionalfeatures,suchasWilliamEwartGladstone.[39]Fromthe1970sonwards,
attitudestowardsReceivedPronunciationhavebeenchangingslowly.TheBBC'suseofYorkshirebornWilfredPicklesduringtheSecondWorldWar
(todistinguishBBCbroadcastsfromGermanpropaganda)isanearlierexampleoftheuseofnonRPaccents,[40]buteventhenPicklesmodifiedhis
speechtowardsRPwhenreadingthenews.[41]
Althoughadmiredinsomecircles,RPisdislikedinothers.ItiscommoninpartsofBritaintoregarditasasoutheasternEnglishaccentratherthana
nonregionaloneandasasymbolofthesoutheast'spoliticalpowerinBritain.[8]A2007surveyfoundthatresidentsofScotlandandNorthernIreland
tendtodislikeRP.[42]Itisshunnedbysomewithleftwingpoliticalviews,whomaybeproudofhavinganaccentmoretypicaloftheworking
classes.[43]TheBritishbandChumbawambarecordedasongentitled"R.I.P.RP",whichispartoftheiralbumTheBoyBandsHaveWon.
Phonology
Consonants
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Consonantphonemes[44]
Labial Dental Alveolar
Nasal
Stop
Velar
Glottal
t d
Affricate
Fricative
Post
Palatal
alveolar
Approximant
z
l
h
j
Nasalsandliquids(/m/,/n/,//,/r/,/l/)maybesyllabicinunstressedsyllables.[45]WhiletheIPAsymbol[]isphoneticallycorrectfortheconsonantin
'row','arrow'inmanyaccentsofAmericanandBritishEnglish,mostpublishedworkonReceivedPronunciationrepresentsthisphonemeas/r/.
Voicelessplosives(/p/,/t/,/k/,/t/)areaspiratedatthebeginningofasyllable,unlessacompletelyunstressedvowelfollows.(Forexample,the/p/is
aspiratedin"impasse",withprimarystresson"passe",butnot"compass",where"pass"hasnostress.)Aspirationdoesnotoccurwhen/s/precedesin
thesamesyllable,asin"spot"or"stop".Whenasonorant/l/,/r/,/w/,or/j/follows,thisaspirationisindicatedbypartialdevoicingofthesonorant.[46]/r/
isafricativewhendevoiced.[45]
Syllablefinal/p/,/t/,/t/,and/k/maybeeitherprecededbyaglottalstop(glottalreinforcement)or,inthecaseof/t/,fullyreplacedbyaglottalstop,
especiallybeforeasyllabicnasal(bitten[bn
]).[46][47]Theglottalstopmayberealisedascreakyvoicethus,analternativephonetictranscriptionof
attempt[temt]couldbe[temm
t].[45]
AsinothervarietiesofEnglish,voicedplosives(/b/,/d/,//,/d/)arepartlyorevenfullydevoicedatutteranceboundariesoradjacenttovoiceless
consonants.Thevoicingdistinctionbetweenvoicedandvoicelesssoundsisreinforcedbyanumberofotherdifferences,withtheresultthatthetwoof
consonantscanclearlybedistinguishedeveninthepresenceofdevoicingofvoicedsounds:
1. Aspirationofvoicelessconsonantssyllableinitially.
2. Glottalreinforcementofvoicelessconsonantssyllablefinally.
3. Lengtheningofvowelsbeforevoicedconsonants.
Asaresult,someauthorsprefertousetheterms"fortis"and"lenis"inplaceof"voiceless"and"voiced".However,thelatteraretraditionalandinmore
frequentusage.
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Thevoiceddentalfricative(//)ismoreoftenaweakdentalplosivethesequence/n/isoftenrealisedas[n
n
](alongdentalnasal).[48][49][50]/l/has
velarisedallophone([])inthesyllablerhyme.[51]/h/becomesvoiced([])betweenvoicedsounds.[52][53]
Vowels
Monophthongs
Front Central
long short long short
Close i
Mid
Open
Back
long
short
( listen)
Examplesofshortvowels://inkit,mirrorandrabbit,//input,/e/indressandmerry,//instrutandcurry,/
/intrapandmarry,//inlotandorange,//inagoandsofa.
Examplesoflongvowels:/i/infleece,/u/ingoose,//innurseandfurry,//innorth,forceandthought,//
infather,bathandstart.
MonophthongsofRP.FromRoach
(2004,p.242)
Longandshortvowels
RP'slongvowelsareslightlydiphthongised,especiallythehighvowels/i/and/u/,whichareoftennarrowly
transcribedinphoneticliteratureasdiphthongs[i]and[u].[56]
"Long"and"short"arerelativetoeachother.Becauseofphonologicalprocessaffectingvowellength,short
vowelsinonecontextcanbelongerthanlongvowelsinanothercontext.[45]Forexample,thelongvowel/i/in
'reach'/rit/(whichendswithavoicelessconsonant)maybeshorterthantheshortvowel//intheword'ridge'
/rd/(whichendswithavoicedconsonant).Wiik,[57]citedinGimson,[58]publisheddurationsofEnglishvowels
withameanvalueof17.2csec.forshortvowelsbeforevoicedconsonantsbutameanvalueof16.5csecforlong
vowelsprecedingvoicelessconsonants.
RangesforRPandGAweakvowels.
FromWells(2008,p.XXV)
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Conversely,theshortvowel//becomeslongerifitisfollowedbyavoicedconsonant.Thus,batispronounced[bt]andbadis[bd].Innatural
speech,theplosives/t/and/d/maybeunreleasedutterancefinally,andvoicedconsonantspartlyorcompletelydevoiced(asin[b
d
])thusdistinction
[47]
betweenthesewordswouldrestmostlyonvowellengthandthepresenceorabsenceofglottalreinforcement.
Inadditiontosuchlengthdistinctions,unstressedvowelsarebothshorterandmorecentralisedthanstressed
ones.Inunstressedsyllablesoccurringbeforevowelsandinfinalposition,contrastsbetweenlongandshorthigh
vowelsareneutralisedandshort[i]and[u]occur(e.g.happy[hpi],throughout[uat]).[59]The
neutralisationiscommonthroughoutmanyEnglishdialects,thoughthephoneticrealisationofe.g.[i]ratherthan
[](aphenomenoncalledhappytensing)isnotasuniversal.
Unstressedvowelsvaryinquality:
/i/rangesfrom[i]to[][60]
/u/rangesfrom[u
]to[
][60]
//rangesfrom[]to[].[60]
Diphthongsandtriphthongs
Diphthong
AllophonesofsomeRP
monophthongs,fromCollins&Mees
(2003:92,95and101).Theredones
occurbeforedark/l/, [54]andtheblue
oneoccursbeforevelars. [55]
Example
Closing
/e/( listen)
/be/
bay
/a/( listen)
/ba/
buy
//( listen)
/b/
boy
//( listen) /b/ beau

/a/
/ba/ bough
Centring
//
/b/ beer
/e/
/be/ bear
//
/b/ boor
DiphthongsofRP.FromRoach
(2004,p.242)
(formerly//) /b/ boar

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ThecentringdiphthongsaregraduallybeingeliminatedinRP.Thevowel//(asin"door","boar")hadlargelymergedwith//bytheSecondWorld
War,andthevowel//(asin"poor","tour")hasmorerecentlymergedwith//aswellamongmostspeakers,[61]althoughthesound//isstillfound
inconservativespeakers(andthisisstilltheonlypronunciationgivenintheOED).Seepoorpourmerger.Theremainingtwocentringglides///e/
areincreasinglypronouncedaslongmonophthongs[][],althoughwithoutmergingwithanyexistingvowels.[46]
Thediphthong//ispronouncedbysomeRPspeakersinanoticeablydifferentwaywhenitoccursbefore/l/,ifthatconsonantissyllablefinalandnot
followedbyavowel(thecontextinwhich/l/ispronouncedasa"darkl").Therealizationof//inthiscasebeginswithamoreback,roundedand
sometimesmoreopenvowelqualityitmaybetranscribedas[]or[].Itislikelythatthebacknessofthediphthongonsetistheresultofallophonic
variationcausedbytheraisingofthebackofthetongueforthe/l/.Ifthespeakerhas"lvocalization"the/l/isrealizedasabackroundedvowel,which
againislikelytocausebackingandroundinginaprecedingvowelascoarticulationeffects.Thisphenomenonhasbeendiscussedinseveralblogsby
JohnCWells.[62][63][64]Itispossible,accordingtoWells,thataspeakerwiththe[]or[]pronunciationmaypronouncethewords'holy'and'wholly'
withdifferentrealizationsof//(theformerhaving[]andthelatter[]or[]),thuscreatingaphonologicaldistinction(thewhollyholysplit).In
therecordingincludedinthisarticlethephrase'foldhiscloak'containsexamplesofthe//diphthonginthetwodifferentcontexts.Theonsetofthe
pre/l/diphthongin'fold'isslightlymorebackandroundedthanthatin'cloak',thoughtheallophonictranscriptiondoesnotatpresentindicatethis.
RPalsopossessesthetriphthongs/a/asintire,/a/asintower,//asinlower,/e/asinlayerand//asinloyal.Therearedifferentpossible
realisationsoftheseitems:inslow,carefulspeechtheymaybepronouncedasatwosyllabletriphthongwiththreedistinctvowelqualitiesinsuccession,
orasamonosyllabictriphthong.Inmorecasualspeechthemiddlevowelmaybeconsiderablyreduced,byaprocessknownassmoothing,andinan
extremeformofthisprocessthetriphthongmayevenbereducedtoasinglevowel,thoughthisisrare,andalmostneverfoundinthecaseof//.[65]In
suchacasethedifferencebetween/a/,/a/,and//intower,tire,andtarmaybeneutralisedwithallthreeunitsrealisedas[]or[].Thistypeof
smoothingisknownasthetowertire,towertarandtiretarmergers.
Triphthongs[47]
Astwosyllables Triphthong Lossofmidelement Furthersimplifiedas Example
[a.]
[a]
[a]
[a]
tire
[.]
[]
[]
[]
tower
[.]
[]
[]
[]
lower
[e.]
[e]
[]
[]
layer
[.]
[]
[]
loyal
BATHvowel
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Seealso:PhonologicalhistoryofEnglishshortATrapbathsplitinReceivedPronunciation
Therearedifferingopinionsasregardswhether//intheBATHlexicalsetcanbeconsideredRP.Thepronunciationswith//areinvariablyacceptedas
RP.[66]TheEnglishPronouncingDictionarydoesnotadmit//inBATHwordsandtheLongmanPronunciationDictionaryliststhemwithamarkerof
nonRPstatus.[67]JohnWellswroteinablogentryon16March2012that,whengrowingupinthenorthofEngland,heused//in"bath"and"glass",
andconsidersthistheonlyacceptablephonemeinRP.[68]Othershavearguedthat//istoocategoricalinthenorthofEnglandtobeexcluded.Clive
Uptonbelievesthat//inthesewordsmustbeconsideredwithinRPandhascalledtheopposingview"southcentric".[69]Upton'sOxfordDictionaryof
PronunciationforCurrentEnglishgivesbothvariantsforBATHwords.A.F.Gupta'ssurveyofmostlymiddleclassstudentsfoundthat//wasusedby
almosteveryonewhowasfromclearlynorthoftheisoglossforBATHwords.Shewrote,"ThereisnojustificationfortheclaimsbyWellsand
Mugglestonethatthisisasociolinguisticvariableinthenorth,thoughitisasociolinguisticvariableontheareasontheborder[theisoglossbetween
northandsouth]".[70]InastudyofspeechinWestYorkshire,K.M.Petytwrotethat"theamountof//usageistoolowtocorrelatemeaningfullywith
theusualfactors",havingfoundonlytwospeakers(bothhavingattendedboardingschoolsinthesouth)whoconsistentlyused//.[71]
JackWindsorLewishasnotedthattheOxfordDictionary'spositionhaschangedseveraltimesonwhethertoincludeshort//withinitsprescribed
pronunciation.[72]TheBBCPronouncingDictionaryofBritishNamesusesonly//,butitsauthor,GrahamPointon,hasstatedonhisblogthathefinds
bothvariantstobeacceptableinplacenames.[73]
SomeresearchhasconcludedthatmanypeopleintheNorthofEnglandhaveadislikeofthe//vowelinBATHwords.A.F.Guptawrote,"Manyofthe
northernerswerenoticeablyhostileto/rs/,describingitas'comical','snobbish','pompous'oreven'formorons'."[70]Onthesubject,K.M.Petytwrote
thatseveralrespondents"positivelysaidthattheydidnotpreferthelongvowelformorthattheyreallydetesteditoreventhatitwasincorrect".[74]
MarkNewbrookhasassignedthisphenomenonthename"consciousrejection",andhascitedtheBATHvowelas"themaininstanceofconscious
rejectionofRP"inhisresearchinWestWirral.[75]
Alternativenotation
Notallreferencesourcesusethesamesystemoftranscription.Inparticular:
//asintrapisalsowritten/a/.[76]
/e/asindressisalsowritten//.[76][77]
//asincupisalsowritten//.[76]
//asinfootisalsowritten//.[76]
//asinnurseisalsowritten//.[76]
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/a/asinpriceisalsowritten//.[76]
/a/asinmouseisalsowritten//[76]
/e/asinsquareisalsowritten//,andisalsosometimestreatedasalongmonophthong//.[76]
/e/asinfaceisalsowritten//.[76]
//asinnearisalsowritten//.[76]
//before/l/inaclosedsyllableasingoalisalsowritten//.[76]
/u/asingooseisalsowritten//.[76]
MostofthesevariantsareusedinthetranscriptiondevisedbyCliveUptonfortheShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary(1993)andnowusedinmany
otherOxfordUniversityPressdictionaries.
ThelinguistGeoffLindseyhasarguedthatthesystemoftranscriptionforRPhasbecomeoutdatedandhasproposedanewsystemasa
replacement.[78][79]
Historicalvariation
Likeallaccents,RPhaschangedwithtime.Forexample,soundrecordingsandfilmsfromthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturydemonstratethatitwasusual
forspeakersofRPtopronouncethe//sound,asinland,withavowelcloseto[],sothatlandwouldsoundsimilartoapresentdaypronunciationof
lend.RPissometimesknownastheQueen'sEnglish,butrecordingsshowthatevenQueenElizabethIIhaschangedherpronunciationoverthepast50
years,nolongerusingan[]likevowelinwordslikeland.[80]
SomechangesinRPduringthe20thcenturyinclude:
Wordssuchascloth,gone,off,oftenwerepronouncedwith//insteadof//,sothatoftensoundedclosetoorphan(Seelotclothsplit).The
Queenstillusestheolderpronunciations,[81]butitisraretohearthemontheBBCanymore.
Therewasadistinctionbetweenhorseandhoarsewithanextradiphthong//appearinginwordslikehoarse,force,andpour.[82]
Anyfinalyonawordisnowrepresentedasan/i/asymboltocovereitherthetraditional//orthemoremodern/i/,thelatterofwhichhasbeen
commoninthesouthofEnglandforsometime.[83]
BeforetheSecondWorldWar,thevowelofcupwasabackvowelclosetocardinal[]buthassinceshiftedforwardtoacentralpositionsothat
[]ismoreaccuratephonetictranscriptionofthisvowelas iscommonpartlyforhistoricalreasons.[84]
Inthe1960sthetranscription//startedtobeusedforthe"GOAT"vowelinsteadofDanielJones's/o/,reflectingachangeinpronunciation
sincethebeginningofthecentury.[85]
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ThechangeinRPmaybeobservedinthehomeof"BBCEnglish".TheBBCaccentofthe
1950swasdistinctlydifferentfromtoday's:anewsreportfromthe1950sisrecognisableas
such,andamock1950sBBCvoiceisusedforcomiceffectinprogrammeswishingto
satirise1950ssocialattitudessuchastheHarryEnfieldShowandits"Mr.Cholmondley
Warner"sketches.
Morerecently,inspeakersbornbetween1981and1993,thevowel//shiftedup
approaching[]inquality.[86]Thevowels//and/u/haveundergonefrontingandreduction
intheamountofliprounding[87](phonetically,thiscanbetranscribed[
]and[
],
respectively),while//hasbecomemoreopen[a].[88][89][90]
ComparisonwithothervarietiesofEnglish
Acomparisonoftheformantvaluesof/iu/for
older(black)andyounger(lightblue)RPspeakers.Fromde
Jongetal.(2007,p.1814)
LikemostothervarietiesofEnglishoutsideNorthernEngland,RPhasundergonethe
footstrutsplit:pairslikeput/puttarepronounceddifferently.[91]
RPisanonrhoticaccent,so/r/doesnotoccurunlessfollowedimmediatelybyavowel.Pairssuchasfather/farther,pawn/porn,caught/courtand
formally/formerlyarehomophones.[92]
RPhasundergonethewinewhinemergersothesequence/hw/isnotpresentexceptamongthosewhohaveacquiredthisdistinctionastheresult
ofspeechtraining.[93]TheRoyalAcademyofDramaticArt,basedinLondon,stillteachesthesetwosoundsasdistinctphonemes.Theyarealso
distinctfromoneanotherinmostofScotlandandIreland,inthenortheastofEngland,andinthesoutheasternUnitedStates.[93]
UnlikemanyothervarietiesofEnglishlanguageinEngland,thereisnohdroppinginwordslikeheadorhorse.[94]
UnlikemostSouthernHemisphereEnglishaccents,RPhasnotundergonetheweakvowelmerger,meaningthatpairssuchasLenin/Lennonare
distinct.[95]
UnlikemostNorthAmericanaccentsofEnglish,RPhasnotundergonetheMarymarrymerry,nearermirror,orhurryfurrymergers:allthese
wordsaredistinctfromeachother.[96]
UnlikemanyNorthAmericanaccents,RPhasnotundergonethefatherbotherorcotcaughtmergers.
RPdoesnothaveyoddroppingafter/n/,/t/,/d/,/z/and//andhasonlyvariableyoddroppingafter/s/and/l/.Hence,forexample,new,tune,
dune,resumeandenthusiasmarepronounced/nju/,/tjun/,/djun/,/rzjum/and/njuzizm/ratherthan/nu/,/tun/,/dun/,/rzum/and/n
uzizm/.ThiscontrastswithmanyEastAnglianandEastMidlandvarietiesofEnglishlanguageinEnglandandwithmanyformsofAmerican
English,includingGeneralAmerican.Inwordssuchaspursuitandevolution,bothpronunciations(withandwithout/j/)areheardinRP.There
are,however,severalwordswhereayodhasbeenlostwiththepassageoftime:forexample,thewordsuitoriginallyhadayodinRPbutthisis
nowextremelyrare.
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Theflappedvariantof/t/and/d/(asinmuchoftheWestCountry,Ulster,mostNorthAmericanvarietiesincludingGeneralAmerican,Australian
English,andtheCapeColoureddialectofSouthAfrica)isnotusedveryoften.IntraditionalRP[]isanallophoneof/r/(itisused
intervocalically,after/,/andsometimesevenafter/b,/).[97][98]
Spokenspecimen
TheJournaloftheInternationalPhoneticAssociationregularlypublishes"IllustrationsoftheIPA"whichpresentanoutlineofthephoneticsofa
particularlanguageoraccent.ItisusualtobasethedescriptiononarecordingofthetraditionalstoryoftheNorthWindandtheSun.ThereisanIPA
illustrationofBritishEnglish(ReceivedPronunciation).[99]Theaudiorecordingonwhichthetranscriptionsarebasedmaybeheardhere:
0:00
MENU
SpecimenofReceivedPronunciation
Thespeaker(female)isdescribedashavingbeenbornin1953,andeducatedatOxfordUniversity.Toaccompanytherecordingtherearethree
transcriptions:orthographic,phonemicandallophonic.
Transcriptions
Notablespeakers
JohnC.Wells,anotableBritishphonetician,hasidentifiedthefollowingpeopleasRPspeakers:
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TheBritishRoyalFamily[100][101]
DavidCameron,PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom[102]
BorisJohnson,MayorofLondon[103]
RowanWilliams,FormerArchbishopofCanterbury[100]
DavidAttenborough,broadcasterandnaturalist[104]
RupertEverett,actor[103]
ChrisHuhne,formerSecretaryofStateforEnergyandClimateChange.[105]
JustinWelby,ArchbishopofCanterbury[100]
Seealso
Accent(dialect)
Accents(psychology)
Cockney
EnglishlanguageinEngland
Englishlanguagespellingreform
EstuaryEnglish
GeneralAmerican
Geordie
Linguisticprescription
Mockney
Prestige(sociolinguistics)
UandnonUEnglish
Notesandreferences
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
McDavid(1965),p.255.
Pearsall(1999),p.xiv.
JackWindsorLewis(15July2008)."GeneralBritishPronunciation".Yek.me.ukPhonetiBlog.
Wells(2008),p.xiv.
Trudgill,Peter(8December2000)."SociolinguisticsofModernRP".UniversityCollegeLondon.Retrieved3October2012.
Hudson(1981),p.337.
Crystal,David(March2007)."LanguageandTime".BBCvoices.BBC.Retrieved18April2011.
McArthur(2002),p.43.
Fishman(1977),p.319.
13/19
9/27/2015
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
Jones(1926),p.ix.
Ellis(1869),p.23.
DuPonceau(1818),p.259.
Wyld(1927),p.23.
"RegionalVoicesReceivedPronunciation".BritishLibrary.
Crystal(2003),pp.5455.
Crystal(2005),pp.243244.
Cruttenden(2008),pp.7780.
Jenkins(2000),pp.1316.
Wells(1982),p.117.
Jones(2011),p.vi.
Ladefoged(2004).
Trudgill(1999).
JackWindsorLewis."ReviewoftheDanielJonesEnglishPronouncingDictionary15thedition1997".Yek.me.uk.Retrieved24August2011.
JackWindsorLewis."OvvisslynotoneofusReviewoftheLongmanPronunciationDictionary".Yek.me.uk.Retrieved24August2011.
JackWindsorLewis(19February1972)."Britishnondialectalaccents".Yek.me.uk.Retrieved24August2011.
JackWindsorLewis."ReviewofCPDinELTJ".Yek.me.uk.Retrieved24August2011.
Collins&Mees(2003),pp.34.
InternationalPhoneticAssociation(1999),p.4.
Schmitt(2007),p.323.
Wells(1982).
exoticspices(http://phoneticblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/exoticspices.html),JohnWells'sphoneticblog,28February2013
"CaseStudiesReceivedPronunciation".BritishLibrary.13March2007.Retrieved24August2011.
Jones(1917).
Jones(2011).
Wells(2008).
Upton,Kretzschmar&Konopka(2001).
WindsorLewis,J.(1972).AConcisePronouncingDictionaryofBritishandAmericanEnglish.Oxford.
Jones(1917),p.viii.
Gladstone'sspeechwasthesubjectofabookTheBestEnglish.AclaimforthesuperiorityofReceivedStandardEnglish(http://books.google.co.uk/books?
id=o5uvJAAACAAJ&dq),togetherwithnotesonMr.Gladstone'spronunciation,H.C.Kennedy,ClarendonPress,Oxford,1934.
DiscussedinMugglestone(2003,pp.277278).
ZoeThornton,ThePicklesExperimentaYorkshiremanreadingthenews,TransactionsoftheYorkshireDialectSociety2012,pp.419.
"ScottishandIrishaccentstoplistoffavourites".TheIndependent.13May2007.
McArthur(2002),p.49.
Roach(2004),pp.240241.
Roach(2004),p.241.
Roach(2004),p.240.
Gimson(1970).
14/19
9/27/2015
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Lodge(2009),pp.1489.
Shockey(2003),pp.434.
Roach(2009),p.112.
Halle&Mohanan(1985),p.65.
Jones(1967),p.201.
Cruttenden(2008),p.204.
Collins&Mees(2003:95and101)
Collins&Mees(2003:92)
Roach(2009),p.24.
Wiik(1965).
Cruttenden(2008),p.95.
Roach(2004),pp.241,243.
Wells(2008:XXV)
Roca&Johnson(1999),p.200.
Wells,John."BlogJuly2006".Retrieved24March2014.
Wells,John."Blog,July2009".Retrieved24March2014.
Wells,John."BlogNov2009".Retrieved24March2014.
Roach(2009),pp.1819.
Wells(1982),pp.203ff.
JackWindsorLewis(1990)."ReviewofLongmanPronunciationDictionary".TheTimes.
Wells,John(16March2012)."Englishplaces".JohnWells'sphoneticblog.
Upton(2004),pp.222223.
Gupta(2005),p.25.
Petyt(1985),pp.166167.
Point18inJackWindsorLewis."TheGeneralCentralNorthernNonDialectalPronunciationofEngland".Retrieved4July2011.
Pointon,Graham(20April2010)."OliviaO'Leary".Linguism:Languageinaword.
Petyt(1985),p.286.
Newbrook(1999),p.101.
"CaseStudiesReceivedPronunciationPhonologyRPVowelSounds".BritishLibrary.
Schmitt(2007),pp.322323.
Lindsey,Geoff(8March2012)."ThenaturalnessofBritishvowels".speechtalk.
Wells,John(12March2012)."theLindseysystem".JohnWells'sphoneticblog.
LanguageLog(5December2006)."Happytensingandcoalinsex".
TheQueen'sspeechtoPresidentSarkozy(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HnePKE9AAE),"often"pronouncedat4:44.
Wright(1905),p.5,12.Thesymbolsusedareslightlydifferent.Wrightclassifiesthesoundinfall,law,saw'as/o/andthatinmore,soar,etc.as/o/.
Trudgill(1999),p.62.
Roca&Johnson(1999),pp.135,186.
Wells,John(27January1994)."WhateverhappenedtoReceivedPronunciation?".Retrieved24August2011.
15/19
9/27/2015
86. Wikstrm(2013),p.45."ItseemstobethecasethatyoungerRPornearRPspeakerstypicallyuseacloserquality,possiblyapproachingCardinal6considering
thatthequalityappearstoberoughlyintermediatebetweenthatusedbyolderspeakersfortheLOTvowelandthatusedfortheTHOUGHTvowel,whileolder
speakersuseamoreopenquality,betweenCardinalVowels13and6."
87. Collins&Mees(2013),p.207.
88. deJongetal.(2007),pp.18141815.
89. Roach(2011),p.?.
90. "Wells:WhateverhappenedtoReceivedPronunciation?".1997.Retrieved10February2015.
91. Wells(1982),pp.196ff.
92. Wells(1982),p.76.
93. Wells(1982),pp.228ff.
94. Wells(1982),pp.253ff.
95. Wells(1982),pp.167ff.
96. Wells(1982),p.245.
97. Wise(1957).
98. Cruttenden(2008),pp.221.
99. Roach,Peter(November2004)."BritishEnglish(ReceivedPronunciation)".JournaloftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation34(2):239245.
doi:10.1017/s0025100304001768.
100. Wells,John(3May2011)."theevidenceofthevows".JohnWells'sphoneticblog.
101. Wells,John(11July2007)."AnyyoungURPspeakers?".
102. Wells,John(8April2010)."EE,yetagain".JohnWells'sphoneticblog.
103. Wells,John(12June2008)."RPbackinfashion?".
104. Wells,John(8November2010)."DavidAttenborough".JohnWells'sphoneticblog.
105. Wells,John(21October2011)."Longannet".JohnWells'sphoneticblog.
Bibliography
InternationalPhoneticAssociation(1999),HandbookoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation:AguidetotheuseoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,
CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN9780521637510
Collins,BeverleyMees,IngerM.(2003),ThePhoneticsofEnglishandDutch,FifthRevisedEdition(PDF),ISBN9004103406
Collins,BeverleyMees,Inger(2013)[2003],Practicalphoneticsandphonology:aresourcebookforstudents,Oxford:Routledge,ISBN9780415506496
Cruttenden,Alan,ed.(2008),Gimson'sPronunciationofEnglish(7thed.),London:Hodder,ISBN0340958774
Crystal,David(2003),TheCambridgeEncyclopediaoftheEnglishLanguage(2ed.),CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN0521530334
Crystal,David(2005),TheStoriesofEnglish,Penguin
DuPonceau,PeterS.(1818),"Englishphonologyor,AnessaytowardsananalysisanddescriptionofthecomponentsoundsoftheEnglishlanguage.",
TransactionsoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety1,pp.259264
Ellis,AlexanderJ.(1869),OnearlyEnglishpronunciation,NewYork,(1968):GreenwoodPress
Elmes,Simon(2005),TalkingforBritain:Ajourneythroughthevoicesofournation,Penguin,ISBN0140515623
Fishman,Joshua(1977)," "Standard"versus"Dialect"inBilingualEducation:AnOldProbleminaNewContext",TheModernLanguageJournal61(7):315
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9/27/2015
325,doi:10.2307/324550,JSTOR324550
Gimson,AlfredC.(1970),AnIntroductiontothepronunciationofEnglish,London:EdwardArnold
Gimson,AlfredC.(1980),PronunciationofEnglish(3rded.)
Gupta,AntheaFraser(2005),"Bathsandbecks",EnglishToday21(1):2127,doi:10.1017/S0266078405001069,ISSN02660784
Halle,MorrisMohanan,K.P.(1985),"SegmentalPhonologyofModernEnglish",LinguisticInquiry(TheMITPress)16(1):57116,JSTOR4178420
Hudson,Richard(1981),"SomeIssuesonWhichLinguistsCanAgree",JournalofLinguistics17(2):333343,doi:10.1017/S0022226700007052
Jenkins,Jennifer(2000),ThePhonologyofEnglishasanInternationalLanguage,Oxford
Jones,Daniel(1917),EnglishPronouncingDictionary(1sted.),London:Dent
Jones,Daniel(1926),EnglishPronouncingDictionary(2nded.)
Jones,Daniel(1967),AnOutlineofEnglishPhonetics(9thed.),Heffer
Jones,Daniel(2011),Roach,PeterSetter,JaneEsling,John,eds.,CambridgeEnglishPronouncingDictionary(18ed.),CambridgeUniversityPress
deJong,GeaMcDougall,KirstyHudson,TobyNolan,Francis(2007),"Thespeakerdiscriminatingpowerofsoundsundergoinghistoricalchange:Aformant
basedstudy",theProceedingsofICPhSSaarbrcken,pp.18131816
Ladefoged,Peter(2004),VowelsandConsonants,Thomson
Lodge,Ken(2009),ACriticalIntroductiontoPhonetics,Continuum
McArthur,Tom(2002),TheOxfordGuidetoWorldEnglish,OxfordUniversityPress
McDavid,RavenI.(1965),"AmericanSocialDialects",CollegeEnglish26(4):254260,doi:10.2307/373636,JSTOR373636
Mugglestone,Lynda(2003),'TalkingProper':TheRiseofAccentasSocialSymbol(2nded.),OxfordUniversityPress
Newbrook,Mark(1999),"WestWirral:norms,selfreportsandusage",inFoulkes,PaulDocherty,GeraldJ.,UrbanVoices,pp.90106
Pearsall,Judy,ed.(1999),TheConciseOxfordEnglishDictionary(10thed.)
Petyt,K.M.(1985),DialectandAccentinIndustrialWestYorkshire,JohnBenjaminsPublishing
Roach,Peter(2004),"BritishEnglish:ReceivedPronunciation",JournaloftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation34(2):239245,
doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
Roach,Peter(2009),EnglishPhoneticsandPhonology(4thed.),CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN0521407184
Roach,Peter(2011),CambridgeEnglishPronouncingDictionary(18thed.),Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN9780521152532
Roca,IggyJohnson,Wyn(1999),ACourseinPhonology,BlackwellPublishing
Rogaliski,Pawe(2011),BritishAccents:Cockney,RP,EstuaryEnglish,d,ISBN9788327232823
Schmitt,Holger(2007),"Thecasefortheepsilonsymbol()inRPDRESS",JournaloftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation37(3):321328,
doi:10.1017/S0025100307003131
Shockey,Linda(2003),SoundPatternsofSpokenEnglish,Blackwell
Trudgill,Peter(1999),TheDialectsofEngland,Blackwell
Upton,Clive(2004),"ReceivedPronunciation",AHandbookofVarietiesofEnglish,WalterdeGruyter,pp.217230
Upton,CliveKretzschmar,WilliamA.Konopka,Rafal(2001),OxfordDictionaryofPronunciationforCurrentEnglish,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress
Wells,JohnC.(1970),"LocalaccentsinEnglandandWales",JournalofLinguistics6(2):231252,doi:10.1017/S0022226700002632
Wells,JohnC.(1982),AccentsofEnglishI:AnIntroduction,Cambridge,NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN0521297192
Wells,JohnC.(2008),LongmanPronunciationDictionary(3rded.),Longman,ISBN9781405881180
Wiik,K.(1965),FinnishandEnglishVowels,B94,AnnalesUniversitatisTurkensis
Wikstrm,Jussi(2013),"AnacousticstudyoftheRPEnglishLOTandTHOUGHTvowels",JournaloftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation43(1):3747,
doi:10.1017/S0025100312000345
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9/27/2015
Wise,ClaudeMerton(1957),Introductiontophonetics,EnglewoodCliffs
Wright,Joseph(1905),EnglishDialectGrammar
Wyld,HenryC.K.(1927),AshorthistoryofEnglish(3rded.),London:Murray
Externallinks
BBCpageonUpperRPasspokenbytheEnglishupperclasses(http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/posh.shtml)
SoundsFamiliar?(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/casestudies/receivedpronunciation/)Listentoexamplesofreceivedpronunciation
ontheBritishLibrary's'SoundsFamiliar'website
'Hover&Hear'R.P.(http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/Eng/Direct/Englishes/SglLgRPStandard.htm),andcompareitwithotheraccents
fromtheUKandaroundtheWorld.
WhateverhappenedtoReceivedPronunciation?(http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm)AnarticlebythephoneticianJ.C.
Wellsaboutreceivedpronunciation
SourcesofregularcommentonRP
JohnWells'sphoneticblog(http://phoneticblog.blogspot.com/)
JackWindsorLewis'sPhonetiBlog(http://www.yek.me.uk/Blog.html)
LinguismLanguageinaword,blogbyGrahamPointonoftheBBCPronunciationUnit(http://www.linguism.co.uk/)
Audiofiles
BlagdonHall,Northumberland(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/textonly/receivedpronunciation/blagdonhall/)
BurnhamThorpe,Norfolk(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/textonly/receivedpronunciation/burnhamthorpe/)
Harrow(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/textonly/receivedpronunciation/harrowschool/)
Hexham,Northumberland(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/textonly/receivedpronunciation/hexam/)
London(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/textonly/receivedpronunciation/london/)
Newport,Pembrokeshire(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/textonly/receivedpronunciation/newport/)
Teddington(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/textonly/receivedpronunciation/teddington/)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&oldid=682700509"
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