229
Abstract
Leontaritis, K.J. and Mansoori, G.A., 1988. Asphaltene deposition: a survey of field experiences and research approaches. J. Pet. Sci. Eng., 1:229-239
The paper reviews the experiences of the oil industry and the progress and direction of the research community in
their efforts to provide solutions to the asphaltene deposition problem. The oil industry, basically, seems to be combating the problem through remedial rather than preventive methods. Mechanical and chemical cleaning methods
are being improvised to maintain production at economical levels. The research community, currently, is rather split
in the approach to model the asphaltene deposition problem. One school of thought considers the asphaltenes dissolved in the oil in a true liquid state and dwells upon thermodynamic techniques to predict their phase behavior.
Another considers asphaltenes to exist in oil in a colloidal state, as minute suspended particles, and utilizes colloidal
science techniques, among other, to predict their phase behavior.
Experimental work over the last 40 years suggests that asphaltenes may exist in a colloidal state in the crude oil
and further pursue of the subject in this direction by both the industrial and research communities is warranted.
1. Introduction
0920-4105/88/$03.50
230
nificant role in the production history and economics of the deep horizons (zone D-7) of the
Ventura Avenue field, California (Tuttle,
1983 ). Asphaltene problems at the Ventura Avenue field ranged from asphaltene deposition
during early oil production to asphaltene flocculation and deposition resulting from well acidizing and CO2 injection (EOR). It was also
reported that asphaltene deposits were found
in the production tubing in the Little Creek CO2
injection EOR pilot in Mississippi (Tuttle,
1983 ). Asphaltene deposition has not been reported previously during the primary and secondary recovery of the field.
Asphaltene precipitation, in many instances,
carries from the well tubing to the flow lines,
the production separator, and other downstream equipment. This was certainly the experience in Prinos. It has also been reported
(Katz and Beu, 1945) that asphaltic bitumen
granules occurred in the oil and gas separator
while oil was being produced from the Vedder
Zone of the Greely field, California.
The downtime, cleaning, and maintenance
costs are a sizable factor in the economics of
producing a field prone to asphaltene deposition. Considering the trend of the oil industry
towards deeper reservoirs, heavier and as a result asphaltic crudes, and the increased utilization of EOR techniques for recovering oil the
role of asphaltene deposition in the economic
development of asphaltene-containing oil discoveries may turn out to be important and
crucial.
TABLE I
Average composition of Prinos crude oil*~
Components
Mole percent
H2S
C02
N2
C1
C2
C:~
I-C4
n-C4
I-C~,
n-C~,
C~
C= +
35.64
3.80
0.19
8.96
3.36
4.65
1.07
3.10
2.37
1.80
3.65
31.41
100.00
231
200.
:=
loo.
100
Temperature,
200
C
Fig. 1. Asphaltene deposition envelope for Prinos oil (reproduced from Adialalis, 1982 ).
PA-7 Zone A1
232
T A B L E II
T A B L E IV
Component
(60/60 F)
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata- Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
Mata-Acema
*1
102
105
202
207
210
211
219
221
223
224
225
226
228
230
231
235
239
245
27.1
28.5
28.0
27.1
33.4
24.1
16.6
23.1
25.2
23.1
36.4
21.5
21.0
20.4
26.1
19.4
26.2
22.3
Asphaltene
content
(wt.%)
1.1
1.2
1.4
2.0
0.8
3.6
9.8
9.0
3.5
1.4
0.4
5.0
4.0
6.2
3.4
5.4
2.0
4.3
C7+
(vol.%)
68.24
69.17
72.04
--74.59
78.96
---56.72
77.73
----73.59
75.61
10.2
5.5
50 000
800
1200
150
17.2
29.4
86.7
0.0
N2
COx
C1
C2
C:~
1-C~
n-C4
1-Ca
n-Ca
C,;
C7
Cs
C9
C1,)
C11
C12.
Mole percent
1.80
1.32
33.15
13.95
9.91
1.29
4.66
1.40
2.48
3.59
3.30
3.25
2.89
2.50
2.13
12.33
100.00
phaltene flocculation. Also during the same experiments permeability reductions were severe
due to acid injection and not so when a slug of
Boscan mix was injected into the sand model
ahead of the acid.
233
From the start of production asphaltene deposits were observed in the tubing strings. Wells
often lost 20 to 25% of the wellhead pressure in
15 to 20 days, causing considerable loss in production. Cutting the deposits from the tubing
by wireline methods was too time-consuming
and sometimes impractical, so a program of
washing the tubing with a solvent was established. Some 400 tubing washes were performed in this manner in 1960-1962.
At Hassi Messaoud it is observed that deposition of asphaltenes into the tubing does not
occur after the pressure falls below the bubble
point and asphaltenes previously deposited
were repeptized by the two-phase crude. If a
mechanical choke or an asphaltene deposit
choke is available sufficiently deep in the tubing it will cause two-phase flow and thus minimization of asphaltene deposition without the
need of tubing wash. This idea was tested in
five different wells and an improvement in the
productivity of each well was accomplished. So,
at the Hassi Messaoud field asphalt deposition
was controlled to a reasonable extent by producing wells at low wellhead pressures.
234
235
236
nominators of all of these apparently contrasting experiences.
General trends in industry and research
Despite the apparent mix of ideas and opinions and practical approaches with regards to
the asphaltene problem certain general trends
can already be distinguished. With respect to
the oil industry the solution to the problem,
wherever it occurs, seems to take the form of
applying whatever means are available to remedy the asphaltene problem to the point that
an oil discovery can be economically produced.
To date, this involves techniques that are suitable and applicable to a particular project which
may be: (a) mechanical cleaning of the wells
and surface equipment, i.e., wireline methods,
opening of vessels, etc.; (b) chemical cleaning
of the wells and surface equipment, i.e., circulation of solvents; (c) temperature and pressure manipulation of the produced fluids in
order to minimize the occurrence of conditions
that have been determined to promote asphaltene deposition and thus extend the on-stream
efficiency of wells and equipment, i.e., bottom
hole chokes, etc.; (d) some cases where solvents are used to effect peptization of asphaltenes during production and thus act as
preventive means have been reported.
In the research community there appear to
be two different trends or directions in the quest
for finding a solution to the asphaltene problem. One school of researchers is pursuing the
asphaltene problem by considering the asphaltenes as "molecules" in liquid phase (the oil
phase) which may or may not form a solid phase
depending on the thermodynamic conditions of
temperature, pressure, and composition. The
formation of the solid phase is manifested by
asphaltene deposition. This idea, of course, requires that the phase change which the asphaltene molecules undergo must be reversible.
However, mixed experimental results have been
reported on this matter. Some say that the process is not reversible (Adialalis, 1982), and
Conclusions
237
sign, it seems possible to devise asphaltene deposition preventive measures by controlling the
electrical effects attributed to the charge of asphaltenes. The primary electrokinetic phenomenon in effect is the "streaming potential"
generated by the movement of the electrically
charged asphaltene particles due to the flow of
oil. This streaming potential seems to neutralize the similar charge of the asphaltene particles and cause them to flocculate. The electric
charge of asphaltenes has not yet been explained, primarily because of the complexity of
the composition of asphaltic materials. The
difference in charge ( + o r - ) displayed by asphaltene particles derived from different crudes
has not been explained either. One suggestion
has been that the large quantities of nickel and
vanadium found in asphaltene deposits may
hold the key to these charges. This idea may be
investigated by analyzing metal contents of asphaltene deposits that contain asphaltene particles with different electric charge.
One thing that appears to have universal
acceptance is that resins in the crude act as
peptizing agents of the asphaltene particles. A
number of experiments have been performed
that point out the peptizing role of resins. However, because of the significance of the resins as
peptizing agents of the asphaltene particles and
the fact that based on current experimental information they appear to be utilizable for combating the asphaltene problem in the field, more
experiments must be performed to establish
clearly and beyond any doubt the resin role in
the asphaltene deposition problem and generate enough thermodynamic properties of the
resins to be utilized in modeling efforts to the
problem.
Experimental evidence (Swanson, 1942; Lichaa, 1977) suggests that for an oil mixture
there is a critical concentration of resins below
which the asphaltene particles may flocculate
and above which they cannot flocculate regardless of how much the oil mixture is agitated or
refluxed. The authors believe that there should
be certain unique geological conditions which
238
TABLE V
Resin and asphaltene content of crude oils*
Crude oil
Sp. grav.
(60/60F)
Resins
(% by wt.)
Asphaltenes
(% by wt.)
Pennsylvania
Oklahoma, Tonkawa
Oklahoma, Okla. City
Oklahoma, Davenport
Texas, Hould
Texas, Mexia
Louisiana, Rodessa
Calif., Huntington Beach
Mexico, Panuco
Russia, Surachany
Russia, Balachany
Russia, Bibi-Eibat
Russia, Dossor
Russia, Kaluga
Asia, Iraq (Kirkuk)
Mississippi, Baxterville*~
0.805
0.821
0.835
0.796
0.936
0.845
0.807
0.897
0.988
0.850
0.867
0.865
0.862
0.955
0.844
0.959
1.5
2.5
5.0
1.3
12.0
5.0
3.5
19.0
26.0
4.0
6.0
9.0
2.5
20.0
15.5
8.9
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.5
1.3
0.0
4.0
12.5
0.0
0.5
0.3
0.0
0.5
1.3
17.2
239
Acknowledgement
This research is supported by the National
Science Foundation Grant CBT-8706655.
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