Disusun Oleh :
Linda Wirianty (113194013)
Diah Jati Kusuma (113194221)
JURUSAN KIMIA
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA
2012
PERSAMAAN DIFERENSIAL
1. dy + ex = 0
dx
2. dy + sinx dx = 0
y
3. d2y + cosx = 0
dx2
4. d2y + hE y = 0
dx2
2m
1
g2 (g) . f2 (x)
= f1 (x) dx + g1 (y) dy
f2 (x)
=0
g2 (y)
= f1 (x) dx + g1 (y) dy = 0
f2 (x)
= f (x)
g2 (y)
+
g (y)
=0
1. x3dx + ( y + 1 )2 dy = 0
x3dx + ( y + 1 )2 dy = 0
x4 + 1/3 ( y + 1 )3 = c
3x4 + 4 ( y + 1 )3 = c . Diturunkan
12x3 + 12 ( y + 1 )2
. Dibagi 12
2. dx
+ dy
sin5y
=0
( 1 + sinx )
jawab :
( 1 + sinx )dx + sin5ydy
=0
= 0
=c
x cos x
x cos x
x cos x
contoh :
1.
f ( x,y ) = x x y
4
3
= (x) (x) (y)
4
= (x) (x y)
4
= (x x y)
2. (x + y ) dx
y
( 1 + ( /x) ) dx
= 2xydy dibagi x
=2
y dy
x
Dibagi x
Misal :
y = Ux x = Uy
=c
=c
U=y
x
dy = Udx + xdU
( 1 + U2 ) dx
= 2U ( Udx + XdU )
( 1 + U2 ) dx
= 2U2dx + 2UxdU
( 1 + U2 ) dx - 2U2dx = 2UxdU
( 1 + U2 - 2U2 ) dx
= 2UxdU
( 1 - U2 ) dx
= 2UxdU
dx
2U
dU
( 1 - U2 )
x
dx - 2U
dU
= 0
( 1 - U2 )
ln x + ln ( 1 - U2 )
= ln c
ln x ( 1 - U2 )
= ln c
x ( 1 - U2 )
= c
x ( 1 (y/x)2 )
= c .. dikali x2
x ( x2 y 2 )
= cx2
x ( x2 y 2 )
= cx2
( x2 y 2 )
= cx
1.
dy + p ( x ) y = Q (x)
dx
missal :
y.e p (x) dx
konstan
dx
dx
= e p (x) dx ( yp (x) + dy / dx )
= Q (x) e p (x) dx dx
dy . e p (x) dx
= Q (x) e p (x) dx dx + c
2. dy - y = e 2x
dx
jawab :
y . e -1 . dx = e 2x . e -1 . dx dx + c
y . e -dx
= e 2x . e - dx dx + c
y.e
-x
= e 2x . e - x dx + c
y.e
-x
= e 2x - x dx + c
y.e
-x
= e x dx + c
y.e
-x
=ex+c
= e x (e x + c )
= e 2x + c e x
pembuktian :
= e 2x + c e x
dy
= 2 e 2x + cex
dx
2 e 2x + cex - (e 2x + c e x ) = e 2x
2 e 2x + cex - e 2x - ce x
= e 2x
e 2x = e 2x
*******
dy + p ( x ) y = Q (x)
dx
y.e p (x) dx = Q (x) . e p (x) dx dx + c
dy + p ( x ) y = Q (x) y
dx
dx
y-n dy
+ p ( x ) y ( -n + 1 ) = Q (x) misal :
dx
U = y ( -n + 1 )
dy
= ( -n + 1 ) yn
dx
1
( -n + 1 )
1
dU
( -n + 1 )
+ p ( x ) y = Q (x)
dx
dy
dx
- - - y = xy5
dy
dx
dU
dx
= yn
dy
dx
y -5 dy y -4 = x
dx
- du U = x dibagi 4
dx
du + 4U = -4x
dx
U . e 4 dx = -4x e 4 dx dx + c
U.e
4x
= - 4x e
4x
e 4 x dx
dx + c
d . eUx = U . e Ux dx
U . e 4 x = - 4 x e 4 x dx + c
=-xd.e
4x
+c
= - [ x e 4 x - x e 4 x dx ] + c
= - [ x e 4x - x e 4x ] + c
U . e 4 x = - x e 4 x + x e 4 x + c .... dibagi e 4 x
= - x + x + c e -4x
Pembuktian
y -4
= - x + x + c e -4x
= + ce - 4 x
dx
+ ce - 4 x - ( - x + + ce - 4 x ) = x
-(-x)
=x
x =x
d . e 4x = 4. e 4x dx
(1)
Apabila persyaratan tersebut terpenuhi, maka persamaan tersebut bisa diselesaikan dengan
persamaan differensial eksaks
a. Penerapan persamaan Differensial eksaks dalam ilmu kimia yaitu dalam memperoleh rumus
P.V=n .R .T
untuk mngetahui apakah bisa diselesaikan dengan persamaan eksaks atau tidak maka Nilai M dan
N harus diturunkan terlebih dahulu, sebagai berikut:
M (T,V) =
N (T,V) =
=nR
=-nRT
=-nR
=-nR
Sehingga
M ( T, V) =
=
dF
dT
F (T, V)
=
=
(2)
Untuk mendapatkan nilai h (V) maka kita masukkan nilai turunan F terhadap nilai N
d h(V) = 0 dv
h (V) =0
Masukkan nilai h (V) ke persamaan 2, sehingga diperoleh:
F (T, V) =
F (T, V) =
Atau lebih dikenal dengan
P (T, V)
=
PV=nRT
,dan
dW = P dV , sehingga
dU = T ds P dV
(3)
=U+PV
dH = dU + d(P V)
= dU + P dV + V dU
dH = T ds P dV + P dV + V dP
dH = T ds + V dP
(4)
A =UTS
dA = dU d(T S)
dA = d U T dS S dT
= T ds P dV T dS S dt
dA = P dV S dT
(5)
=HTS
dG =d H d(T S)
= T ds + V dP T dS S dT
dG = V dP S dT
(6)
= T ds P dV
2. dH
U (S, V);
dU = ( )
+ (
H (S, P);
dH = (
+ (
= T ds + V dP
3. dA
= P dV S dT
A (V, T);
4. dG
dA = (
+ (
= V dP S dT
G (P, T);
Hubungan Maxwell
1. dU
(
= T ds P dV
)
dA = ( )
+ (
2. dH
(
= T ds + V dP
)
3. dA
= P dV S dT
4. dG
(
= V dP S dT
)
) - (
Agar dapat menjadi persamaan differensial eksaks, maka perlu terlebih dahulu menentukan faktor
integral. Faktor integral terdiri dari 2 macam :
1.
2.
faktor integral fi =
faktor integral fi =
Contoh soal :
(x2 + y2 + x) dx + xy dy = 0
M (x,y)
= x2 + y2 + x
N (x,y) = x y
Factor integral : fi =
= (
=
=x
Untuk memperoleh persamaan differensial eksaks maka nilai dari factor integral dikali dengan
persamaan awal
x [(x2 + y2 + x) dx + xy dy = 0]
(x3+x y2 + x2)dx + x2y dy = 0
= x3+x y2 + x2
M (x,y)
N (x,y) = x2y
=
M (x,y)
=( )
x3+x y2 + x2 = ( )
dF
= x3+x y2 + x2 dx
F (x,y)
Untuk mendapatkan nilai h (y) maka kita masukkan nilai turunan F terhadap nilai N
x2y
= x2y
d h(y) = 0 dy
h (y)
=0
F (x,y)
Po
+ P1
+ P2
+ + P(n-1)
+ Pny = G(x)
+ + P(n-1)
+ Pny = G(x)
D= operator
D=
Dy=
Sehingga
Po
+ P1
+ P2
y = y c + yp
[Po Dn + P1 Dn-1 + P2 Dn-2 + P (n-1) D + P n] = 0
(D m1) (D m2) (D m3) = 0
m1 ; m2 ; m3 ; ..
penyelesaian complementer
penyelesaian
yp
yp =
yp =
misal
=u
(D m1) u
(
u.
= Q (x)
misal
=z
Sehingga yp =
Demikian seterusnya hingga semua factor penyebut habis, untuk lebih jelas perhatikan contoh soal
di bawah ini:
+ 2y = ex
Diketahui operator (D) =
(D2 3D + 2)y = ex
(D - 2) (D - 1)
m1= 2 m2= 1
penyelesaian complementer yc = c1em1x + c2em2x
yc = c1e2x + c2ex
penyelesaian
yp =
yp =
misal = u
u=
selanjutnya
yp =
yp =
u (D - 2)
= ex
u.
u. e -2x
u. e -2x
u. e -2x
=
=
= -e-x
= - ex
misal z
dx
dx
z=
= -ex
z (D - 1)
z.
-x
z. e
=
-x
z. e
=
-x
z. e
= -x
z
= -x . ex
sehingga diperoleh yp = -x . ex
dx
dx
= ex
DETERMINAN
i+j
det (A) =
.aij Mij
det (A) =
A
1. |A| =
= -10
= (-1)1+1.1.|2| + (-1)1+2.4.|3|
= (-1)2.2 + (-1)3.4.3
= 2 + (-12)
= -10
2. |A| = (-1)2+1.3.4 + (-1)2+2.2.1
= (-1)12 + 2
= -10
1. |A| =
=
= -10
2. |A| =
=
= -10
A= 1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9
Baris Kolom
|A| = (-1) 1+1. 1
+ (-1)1+2 . 2
+ (-1)1+3.3
A=
C=
Cij = (-1)1+1
= (-1)2. 0 (-12)
= 12
C12 = (-1)1+2
= (-1) 3 . 0 (6)
= 6
C13 = (-1)1+3
= (-1) 4. -4 (12)
= -16
C21= (1)2+1
= (-1) 3 . 0 (5)
=5
C23 = (-1)2+3
= (-1) 5 12 (4)
= 16
C22 = (-1)2+2
= (-1) 4 . 0 (-2)
=2
C31 = (-1)3+1
= (-1) 4 . 6 (-6)
= 12
C32 = (-1)3+2
= (-1) 5. 9 (-1)
= -10
C33 = (-1)3+3
= (-1)6. 18 (2)
= 16
CT=
A.CT =
A.CT =
CT = adj (A)
I=
A.A-1 =
A-1 =
A-1 =
A-1 . A = I
A-1 =
=
64
=
A.A = I
-1
HAMILTON
<0
>C1 = c2<
Hij =
Sij =
apabila I = j
apabila I j
1 if I = j apabila I j
0 if I j tidak ada ikatan langsung
Hij E Sij = 0
h =
~
v=0
= [ d2
=?
n; m; e
H11 =
S11 = 1
H12 =
S12 = 0
H21 =
S21 = 0
H22 =
S22 = 1
X=
E.1
E.0
E.0
E.1
-E
x=1
1=
E=
E=
x = -1
..
-1 =
- = E
E=+
A=Ct
x
z
A
1 2
z
y
I0
x+y+z
It
- log I0
It
= A = CCt
lambert - beet