analysis and results in a plot of the maximum (roof) displacement versus the base shear is shown
for a six story frame in Figure 8.1. This type of analysis can also be used to determine the
sequence of hinging which can indicate possible problem areas in the structural system. Please
note that the pushover curve shown in Figure 8.1 ignores the effect of geometric stiffness.
1 Robertson, L.E, and See, S.T., The Shanghai World Financial Center, STRUCTURE
Magazine, June 2007.
8-2
(8.4)
(8.5)
8-3
(8.6)
Where
Substituting Eqs.8.5 and 8.6 into Eq. 8.4 and rearranging some terms leads to the pseudo-static
form
(8.7)
Where
;
The incremental displacement vector can be obtained by solving for
. This result can then
be used to obtain the acceleration vector, the velocity vector and the displacement vector at the
end of the time interval. These vectors then become the initial conditions for the next time
interval and the process is repeated.
Output from a nonlinear response analysis of a MDOF system can include response parameters
such as the following: an envelope of maximum story displacements, an envelope of the
maximum relative story displacement divided by the story height (sometimes referred to as the
interstory drift index), an envelope of maximum ductility demand on structural members such as
beams, columns, walls and bracing, an envelope of maximum rotation demand at the ends of
members, an envelope of the maximum story shear, time history of the base shear, moment
versus rotation hysteresis plots for critical plastic hinges, time history plots of story displacement
and time history pots of energy demands (input energy, hysteretic energy , kinetic energy and
dissipative energy). For multiple degree of freedom systems, the definition of ductility is not as
straight-forward as it was for the single degree of freedom systems. Ductility may be expressed
in terms of such parameters as displacement, relative displacement, rotation, curvature or strain.
8-4
8-5
Figure 8.3. The geometry and loading of the 2-story frame analyzed with FEDEASLab
MATLAB toolbox.
The lateral loads shown in Figure 8.3 are the loads defining the load shape used for static
nonlinear analysis (units shown are kips and inches).
The Geometry of the frame is defined using the following MATLAB script:
%% ONE BAY, TWO STORY FRAME MODEL
%% Create Model
% all units in kip and inches
%% Node coordinates (in feet!)
XYZ(1,:) = [ 0
0]; % first node
XYZ(2,:) = [ 0
12]; % second node, etc
XYZ(3,:) = [ 0
24]; %
XYZ(4,:) = [25
0]; %
XYZ(5,:) = [25
12]; %
XYZ(6,:) = [25
24]; %
8-6
Execution of the above script on MATLAB creates the model and displays its geometry (Figure
8.4):
8-7
Figure 8.4. The node numbering and element connectivity for the 2-story frame analyzed with
FEDEASLab MATLAB toolbox.
Nonlinear element properties are defined by the following script:
%% Define elements
% all units in kip and inches
%% Element name: 2d nonlinear frame element with concentrated inelasticity
[Model.ElemName{1:8}] = deal('OneCo2dFrm_NLG');
% One-component nonlinear
2d frame element
% [Model.ElemName{1:8}] = deal('EPPwHist2dFrm_NLG'); % Elastic-perfectly
plastic nonlinear 2d frame element
% [Model.ElemName{1:8}] = deal('TwoCo2dFrm_NLG');
% Two-component nonlinear
2d frame element
%% Element properties
fy = 50;
% yield strength
eta = 1.e-5;
% strain hardening modulus for multi-component models
%% Columns of first story W14x193
for i=1:2;
ElemData{i}.E = 29000;
ElemData{i}.A = 56.8;
ElemData{i}.I = 2400;
ElemData{i}.Mp = 355*fy;
ElemData{i}.eta = eta;
end
%% Columns of second story W14x145
for i=3:4;
ElemData{i}.E = 29000;
ElemData{i}.A = 42.7;
ElemData{i}.I = 1710;
8-8
ElemData{i}.Mp = 260*fy;
ElemData{i}.eta = eta;
end
%% Girders on first floor W27x94
for i=5:6;
ElemData{i}.E = 29000;
ElemData{i}.A = 27.7;
ElemData{i}.I = 3270;
ElemData{i}.Mp = 278*fy;
ElemData{i}.eta = eta;
end
%% Girders on second floor W24x68
for i=7:8;
ElemData{i}.E = 29000;
ElemData{i}.A = 20.1;
ElemData{i}.I = 1830;
ElemData{i}.Mp = 177*fy;
ElemData{i}.eta = eta;
end
%% Default values for missing element properties
ElemData = Structure ('chec',Model,ElemData);
The script for nonlinear analysis with inclusion of geometric stiffness (P- effects) is as follows:
%% TWO STORY STEEL FRAME, PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS WITH CONSTANT GRAVITY LOADS AND
LATERAL FORCES UNDER LOAD CONTROL for NONLINEAR GEOMETRY
%===========================================================================
% FEDEASLab - Release 2.6, July 2004
% Matlab Finite Elements for Design, Evaluation and Analysis of Structures
% Copyright(c) 1998-2004. The Regents of the University of California. All
Rights Reserved.
% Created by Professor Filip C. Filippou (filippou@ce.berkeley.edu)
% Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Berkeley
%============================================================================
%% Initialization: clear memory and define global variables
% all units in kip and inches
CleanStart
%% Create output file
IOW = Create_File (mfilename);
%% Create Model
Model_TwoStoryFrm
% echo input data of structural model to output file (optional)
Print_Model (Model,'Push-over analysis of two story steel frame');
%% Element properties
SimpleNLElemData
% print element properties (optional)
Structure ('data',Model,ElemData);
%% 1. Loading (distributed loads and vertical forces on columns)
% define loading
for el=5:6 ElemData{el}.w = [0;-0.50]; end
for el=7:8 ElemData{el}.w = [0;-0.35]; end
Pe(2,2) = -200;
Pe(3,2) = -400;
Pe(5,2) = -200;
Pe(6,2) = -400;
GravLoading = Create_Loading (Model,Pe);
8-9
810
Upon execution of the script the results of analysis are stored in a results file and the moment
diagram, the deformed shape at the end of time steps, and the force-displacement diagram are
displayed (Figures 8.5 to 8.7).
811
Figure 8.5 Moment distribution and plastic hinge locations at the end of pushover analysis
Figure 8.6 Displaced shape of the frame at the end of pushover analysis
812
2.5
Load factor
1.5
0.5
0
0
10
Figure 8.7 Force displacement diagram for push-over analysis including geometric stiffness.
Notice that if geometric stiffness was not considered, the following force-displacement curve
would result which would erroneously indicate that the capacity will never drop that indicated by
material strength (Figure 8.8).
3
2.5
Load factor
1.5
0.5
0
0
10
Figure 8.8 Force displacement diagram for push-over analysis without geometric stiffness.
813
FEDEASLab is also capable of performing nonlinear dynamic analysis. For example, Figure 8.9
shows roof displacement of this 2-story frame when the frame is subjected to ground motion
acceleration shown in Figure 8.10. Notice the fact that the frame never comes back to its initial
position and exhibits significant permanent deformation which is an indication of severe damage.
10
10
Time (sec.)
10
15
Figure 8.9 Dynamic roof displacement response of the 2-story frame when subjected to base
acceleration history of Figure 8.10
814
400
Acceleration (in/s2)
300
200
100
0
100
200
300
0
Time (sec.)
10
15
815