Projections of Planes
BASICS
A plane is a two dimensional object having length and breadth only. Its thickness is
always neglected. Various shapes of plane figures are considered such as square,
rectangle, circle, pentagon, hexagon, etc.
(i)
(v)
(ii)
(iii)
(vi)
(iv)
(vii)
Figure 3.1
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Traces of a Plane
The trace of a plane is the line of intersection or meeting of the plane surface with the
reference plane; if necessary the plane surface is extended to intersect the reference plane.
The intersection line of the plane surface with HP is called the Horizontal Trace (HT) and
that of VP is called the Vertical Trace (VT).
POSITIONS OF A PLANE
A plane figure is positioned with reference to the reference planes by referring its surface
in the following possible positions.
1. Surface of the plane kept perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP
2. Surface of the plane kept perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP
3. Surface of the plane kept perpendicular to both HP and VP
4. Surface of the plane kept inclined to HP and perpendicular to VP
5. Surface of the plane kept inclined to VP and perpendicular to HP
6. Surface of the plane kept inclined to both HP and VP
(i)
(ii)
Figure 3.2
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Projections of Planes
The front view is projected onto VP which is a square a1,b1,c1,d1 having true shape
and size. The top view is projected onto HP and is a line ab(c)(d) parallel to XY. The
invisible corners are enclosed in ( ).
The plane surface is extended to meet HP to get the HT which coincides with the top
view of the plane. It does not have a VT because the plane is parallel to VP.
The projections and traces obtained are drawn with reference to the XY line as shown
in Fig. 3.2(ii).
(i)
(ii)
Figure 3.3
The top view is projected onto HP which is a square abcd having true shape and
size. The front view is projected onto VP and is a line ab(c)(d) parallel to XY. The invisible
corners are enclosed in ( ).
The plane surface is extended to meet VP to get the VT which coincides with the
front view of the plane. It does not have a HT because the plane is parallel to HP.
The projections and traces obtained are drawn with reference to the XY line as shown
in Fig. 3.3(ii).
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(i)
(ii)
Figure 3.4
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Projections of Planes
The top view abcd is projected onto HP. It is smaller than the true shape and size.
The front view is projected onto VP and is a line ab(c)(d) inclined at an angle q to XY.
The invisible corners are enclosed in ( ).
The plane surface is extended to meet HP to get the HT which is a line perpendicular
to XY. The plane surface is also extended to meet VP to get the VT which is a line inclined
at an angle q to XY.
The projections and traces obtained are drawn with references to the XY line as shown
in Fig. 3.5(ii).
(i)
(ii)
Figure 3.5
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The projections and traces obtained are drawn with reference to the XY line as shown
in Fig. 3.6(ii).
(i)
(ii)
Figure 3.6
Note:
(i) When a plane is placed with its surface inclined to one plane and perpendicular
to the other plane, its projections cannot be drawn directly. It is obtained in two
steps and will be discussed in the examples that follow.
(ii) When a plane is placed with its surface inclined to both the reference planes, its
projections are obtained in three steps which will be discussed in the following
examples.
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Projections of Planes
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Projections of Planes
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Problem 1 A pentagonal plate of side 35mm is placed with its surface vertical and
parallel to VP. Draw its projections when one of the sides is perpendicular to HP.
Solution When a plane is placed with its surface parallel to VP and perpendicular to
HP, draw its front view which will have the true shape and size. Project the top view
which will be a line parallel to XY.
To draw the projections
1. Draw a line perpendicular to XY. Arbitrarily mark the side 35 mm of the pentagon
on this line and construct the pentagon. Name the corners as abcde.
2. Project the top view of the plane by projecting all the corners from the front view
which is a line a(b)e(c)d drawn parallel to the XY line.
Problem 2 An equilateral triangular plate of side 50mm is kept with its plane parallel
to HP and one of the sides of the plate inclined at 45 to VP. Draw its projections.
Solution When a plane is placed with its surface parallel to HP and perpendicular to
VP, draw its top view which will have the true shape and size. Project the front view
which will be a line parallel to XY.
To draw the projections
1. Draw a line inclined at 45 to XY. Arbitrarily mark the side 50mm of the triangular
plate on this line and construct the triangle. Name the corners as a,b and c in
top view .
2. Project the front view a(c)b of the plane by projecting the top view which is a
line drawn parallel to XY line.
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Projections of Planes
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Projections of Planes
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Projections of Planes
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Problem 5 Draw the projection of a circular lamina which has 50mm as diameter
and its plane vertical and inclined at 45 to the VP. Its centre is 40mm above HP and
60mm infront of VP.
Solution When a plane is placed with its surface inclined to VP and perpendicular to
HP, its projections are obtained in two steps.
Step 1: Assume that the plane has its surface parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
Draw its front view which will have the true shape and size. Project the top view which
will be a line parallel to XY.
Step 2: Reproduce the top view tilted to the given angle f to VP and project the front
view of the plane which will be smaller than the true shape and size.
To draw the projections
1. Draw the front view of the circle considering the centre 40mm above XY line and
radius 25mm.
2. As the circle does not have any corners, divide the circle into equal parts, say 8,
(students are asked to divide the circle into a minimum of 12 parts) in such a
way that 8 points are marked on its circumference and project them to the front
view.
3. Project the top view of the plane by projecting the front view abc etc to get the
top view a(b)(c)(d)efgh as a line on XY line.
4. Tilt and reproduce the top view a(b)(c)(d)efgh to the required angle 45 with XY in
such a way that the centre (c1)g1 is 60 mm from the XY line.
5. Draw horizontal lines from a1b1c1, etc., and vertical lines from top view a1, b1, c1,
etc., to get the required front view a1b1c1, etc.
6. Join a1b1c1, to get the front view of the circular plate which is an ellipse.
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Projections of Planes
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Problem 6 A regular hexagon of side 35 mm has a corner in the HP. Its surface is
inclined at 45 to HP. The top view of the diagnol through the corner in HP makes an
angle of 60 with VP. Draw its projections.
Solution In this position, the surface of the plate is inclined to both HP and VP, its
projections are obtained in three steps.
Step 1: Assume that the plane has its surface parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP.
Draw its top view which will have the true shape and size. Project the front view which
will be a line parallel to the XY line.
Step 2: Reproduce the front view tilted to the given angle q to HP and project the top
view of the plane which will be smaller than the true shape and size.
Step 3: Reproduce the top view by considering the side/diagonal of the plate that makes,
the given angle with VP. Project the front view of the plane which is also smaller than
the true shape and size.
To draw the projections
1. Draw the top view of the hexagon considering that one of the sides is parallel to
XY. Then only while tilting the surface to the required angle with HP, a corner of
the plane will rest on HP.
2. The front view of the plane is projected and obtained on XY as a line ab(f )(e)cd
3. Tilt and reproduce the front view ab(f )(e)cd to the given angle 45 with XY in
such a way that the end a is on XY line.
4. Draw horizontal lines from top view a, b, c, etc., and vertical lines from front view
a1, b1, c1, etc., to get the top view a1,b1c1d1, etc., smaller than the true shape and
size.
5. Reproduce the top view a1, b1, c1, d1, e1, f1 in such a way that the diagonal a1d1 is
inclined to the given angle 60 to VP.
6. Draw horizontal lines from a1, b1, c1, etc., and vertical lines from top view a2, b2,
c2, etc., to get the required front view a2, b2, c2, d2, e2, f 2 of the plate smaller than
the true shape and size.
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Projections of Planes
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Problem 7 Draw the projections of a regular pentagon of side 40 mm which has its
surface inclined at 30 to VP and a side parallel to VP and inclined at 60 to HP.
Solution In this position, the surface of the plate is inclined to both VP and HP. Its
projections are obtained in three steps.
Step 1: Assume that the plate has its surface parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
Draw its front view which will have the true shape and size. Project the top view which
will be a line parallel to XY line.
Step 2: Reproduce the top view tilted to the given angle f to VP and project the front
view of the plane which will be smaller than the true shape and size.
Step 3: Reproduce the front view by considering the side of the plate that makes the
given angle with HP. Project the top view of the plane which is also smaller than the
true shape and size.
To draw the projections
1. Draw the front view of the pentagon considering one of the sides perpendicular to
XY. Then only while tilting the surface to the required angle with VP, this side of
the plane will rest on VP.
2. The top view of the plane is projected and obtained on XY as a line.
3. Tilt and reproduce the top view line to the given angle 30 with XY in such a way
that the end a(b) is on the XY line.
4. Draw horizontal lines from front view a, b c, etc and vertical lines from top view
a1, b1, c1, etc., to get the front view of the plane which is smaller than the true
shape and size.
5. Reproduce the front view in such a way that the side a1b1 is inclined to the given
angle 60 to HP.
6. Draw horizontal lines from a1, b1, c1, etc., and vertical lines from a2, b2, c2, etc., to
get the required top view of the pentagon plate which is smaller than the true
shape and size.
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Projections of Planes
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Problem 8 Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of side 25 mm, having one of
its sides on the ground and inclined at 60 to VP and its surface making an angle of
45 with the ground.
Solution In this position, the surface of the plate is inclined to both HP and VP, its
projections are obtained in three steps.
Step 1: Assume that the plane has its surface parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP.
Draw its top view which will have the true shape and size. Project the front view which
will be a line parallel to the XY line.
Step 2: Reproduce the front view tilted to the given angle q to HP and project the top
view of the plane which will be smaller than the true shape and size.
Step 3: Reproduce the top view by considering the side of the plate that makes, the
given angle with VP. Project the front view of the plane which is also smaller than the
true shape and size.
To draw the projections
1. Draw the top view of the hexagon considering one of the sides is perpendicular to
XY. Then only while tilting the surface to the required angle with HP, this side of
the plane will rest on HP.
2. The front view of the plane is projected and obtained on XY as a line (a)b(f )c(e)d.
3. Tilt and reproduce the front view (a)b(f )c(e)d to the given angle 45 with XY in
such a way that the end (a)b is on XY line.
4. Draw horizontal lines from top view a, b, c etc and vertical lines from front view
a1, b1, c1, etc., to get the top view a1,b1,c1,d1,e1,f 1, smaller than the true shape
and size.
5. Reproduce the top view a1, b1, c1, d1, e1, f1, in such a way that the side a1, b1 is
inclined to the given angle 30 to VP.
6. Draw horizontal lines from a1, b1, c1 etc and vertical lines from top view a1, b1, c1,
etc., to get the required front view a2,b2,c2,d2,e2,f 2 of the plate smaller than the
true shape and size.
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