tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap

water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two

basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper
tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection,
or solder. Copper offers a high level of corrosion resistance, but is
becoming very costly.
Copper

Types of copper tube

Soft copper[
Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around
obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of
the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper
hard or rigid, it is carefully annealed to make it soft again; it is
therefore more expensive to produce than non-annealed, rigid
copper tubing. It can be joined by any of the three methods used
for rigid copper, and it is the only type of copper tubing suitable for

flare connections. Soft copper is the most popular choice for

refrigerant lines insplit-system air conditioners and heat pumps.
Rigid copper[
Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using
a sweat, roll grooved, compression or crimped/pressed
connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the
drawing process, cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to
go around corners or around obstacles. If heated and allowed to
cool in a process called annealing, rigid copper will become soft
and can be bent/formed without cracking.
Soldered

Solder fittings are smooth, and easily slip onto the end of a tubing
section. The joint is then heated using a torch, and solder is
melted into the connection. When the solder cools, it forms a very
strong bond which can last for decades. Solder-connected rigid
copper is the most popular choice for water supply lines in
modern buildings. In situations where many connections must be
made at once (such as plumbing of a new building), solder offers
much quicker and much less expensive joinery than compression
or flare fittings. The term sweating is sometimes used to describe
the process of soldering pipes.
Compression connections[

Compression fittings use a soft metal or thermoplastic ring (the

compression ring, "olive" or "ferrule") which is squeezed onto the
pipe and into the fitting by a compression nut. The soft metal
conforms to the surface of the tubing and the fitting, and creates a
seal. Compression connections do not typically have the long life
that sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many
cases because they are easy to make using basic tools. A
disadvantage in compression connections is that they take longer
to make than sweat, and sometimes require re-tightening over
time to stop leaks.
Flare connections[

Flare connections require that the end of a tubing section be

spread outward in a bell shape using a flare tool. A flare
nut then compresses this bell-shaped end onto a male fitting.
Flare connections are a labor-intensive method of making
connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years.
Crimped or pressed connections[
Crimped or pressed connections use special copper fittings which
are permanently attached to rigid copper tubing with a powered
crimper. The special fittings, manufactured with sealant already
inside, slide over the tubing to be connected. Thousands of
pounds-force per square inch of pressure are used to deform the
fitting and compress the sealant against the inner copper tubing,

creating a water-tight seal. The advantages of this method are

that it should last as long as the tubing, it takes less time to
complete than other methods, it is cleaner in both appearance
and the materials used to make the connection, and no open
flame is used during the connection process. The disadvantages
are that the fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly

Vinyl Tubing
Vinyl tubing is ideal for fl uid transfer applications where it is benefi cial (or necessary)
to see the movement of the fl uid. These clear transparent tubings offer good
chemical resistance to a wide range of fl uids. The better grades of Tygon can be
used for short term applications in peristaltic pumps. Tygon LFL offers the longest
pump performance of the batch.
Select from industrial, food grade, pharmaceutical grade, fuel grade and vacuum

Fuel & Lubricant

A consistent performer lot after lot, Tygon Fuel and Lubricant Tubing is the most requested fuel and lubricant tubing for a variety of
applications
-- from small engine fuel lines to coolant transfer. Specifi cally designed to handle most fuels and industrial lubricants, Tygon F4040-A
tubing resists the swelling and hardening caused by hydrocarbon-based fl uids. This signifi cantly reduces the risk of failure due to
cracking and
leakage. Its minimum extractability safeguards the liquid or vapor being transferred against adulteration.

Long Flex Life

Crystal-clear Tygon Long Flex Life Pump Tubing is formulated specifi cally for use in peristaltic pump applications. With its
superior fl ex life
characteristics, manufacturing processes can be simplifi ed by reducing production downtime due to pump tubing failure. The
excellent wear
properties of Tygon LFL Pump Tubing also lead to a reduction of particulate spallation. This feature limits the risk of sensitive-fl uid
contamination

critical to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and beverage industries. FDA-compliant (21CFR175.300) and meets USP Class IV
requirements.
Limited autoclavability.
Temperature range: -50 to 74C (-58 to 165F)

Ultra Soft

Tygon Ultra-Soft Tubing resists a broad range of aqueous chemicals and provides an excellent alternative to silicone tubing in
applications
where corrosive chemicals are used. Its minimal resistance to compression permits use in low-torque pump applications including
battery
driven types.
Tygon R-1000 Tubing stays fl exible at temperatures as low as -100F (-73C ). Its smooth bore facilitates easy cleaning and helps
prevent
possible buildup. Do not autoclave. Durometer hardness: Shore A, 40. Clear.
Temperature range: -50 to 74C (-58 to 165F)

Vacuum Tube
Tygon Vacuum Tubing has extra-heavy walls that will withstand a full vacuum at room temperature (29.9 [759 mm] of mercury at
23C [73F]
23C) and up to 27 [686 mm] of mercury at 140F [60C].
Low vapor pressure (low outgassing) makes it suitable for vacuum applications down to 3 x 10-2 mm Hg at 165F (74C). Ideal for
analytical
testing of gases or vapors. Well-suited for use in making manometers.
Temperature range: -50 to 74C (-58 to 165F)

Lab Tubing
Crystal-clear and fl exible, Tygon Laboratory Tubing handles virtually all inorganic chemicals found in the lab. It is nonoxidizing and non-contaminating.
Long-lasting and crack-resistant, Tygon R3603 is less permeable than rubber tubing. The glassy-smooth inner bore helps prevent
buildup so that cleaning is facilitated. Coils are marked at 1-foot intervals for easy measuring. FDA-compliant (21CFR175.300).
Limited autoclavability.
Remains fl exible at -45F (-43C). Durometer hardness: Shore A, 55.

Temperature range: -50 to 74C (-58 to 165F)

3M Cable Ties are designed to secure wire bundles and harness components quickly, without slipping.
Featuring a self-locking head and a locking mechanism, they are designed to handle temperatures up to
185F (85C). Available in several strengths and lengths, including screw mount. Most are plenum rated
and USA made.
3M Cable Tie Mounting Bases 3M Cable Tie Bases make mounting wire and cable a quick, easy and
secure process. 2-way and 4-way configurations as well as adhesive-backed and screw mount options
offer flexible mounting alternatives to meet a variety of applications. RoHS 2011/65/EU Yes

Low to medium temperature performance. Bonds well to metals (aluminum, stainless steel), glass, many
plastics (polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, ABS) powder coated paints and medium to low
surface energy materials. Designed for indoor use. Products include SJ4570 and SJ4575.
3M Miniature Cable Ties are small lightweight cable ties for use in holding applications up to 18 lb. Ties
come in UV-resistant black for outdoor and indoor use as well as natural (white) nylon for an economical
solution
Aquarium pumps drive water into or out of filtration systems. The most commonly used aquarium pumps are power filter pumps,
aeration-powered pumps, external pumps and submersible pumps. Pumps operate by generating pressure differences between
intake and outgoing valves.
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Aeration Pumps
Aeration pumps take advantage of the force air places on water in a tube. As air is pumped into a water tube, the continuous
stream of rising bubbles drags water along its upward motion. Aeration filters are very inexpensive and commonly used in
small aquariums up to 20 gallons. A vibrating pump creates air pressure along a tube and is connected to either the base of the
intake or the return part of the filter. If the pump is connected to the return tube, a siphon is used to bring the water into the filter.
If the pump is connected to intake tube, gravity is used to return the water.

Power Filter Pumps

Power filters are magnetically driven. They are attached to the filter, usually sliding together and acting as a single unit. Power
pumps use two magnets; one is attached to an impeller inside the filter, and another is attached to the motor. As the magnet on the
motor spins, it causes the magnet attached to the impeller to spin as well. The spinning impellor pushes water along a tube, either
to or from the filter.

External Pumps
External pumps are maintained outside of the aquarium and have three classifications: centrifugal, diaphragm and peristaltic.
Centrifugal pumps, like the attached power filter pumps, are magnetically driven. A spinning impellor forces water to the

outsides of the impellor housing and through a tube. The impellors and motors are larger and much stronger than those on power
filter pumps. They can pump large volumes of water through filtration system in short periods of time and are usually used on
larger tanks (55 gallons and up). Diaphragm pumps deliver water in pulses as a motor opens and closes the diaphragm, forcing
water to enter and exit a chamber. Peristaltic pumps employ rollers along flexible water tubes to pump water. As a roller glides
over the tubing, the water is pushed in the direction of the roller. Peristaltic and diaphragm pumps are used by more experienced
hobbyist who want to maintain very specific water quality parameters.

Submersible Pumps
Submersible pumps are magnetically driven pumps that are placed inside the aquarium. They are efficient, convenient and small,
but come with a few caveats. Submersible pumps generate heat and could end up overheating the aquarium. Since it is
submerged, great care and attention must be given to the electrical lines to avoid shorts and electric shocks

Thermocol box
Thermocol Box to Prevent Hypothermia During CT Scanning

The newborns are at a risk of hypothermia during ultrasound studies, echo-cardiography or CT Scanning.
Recently we have used thermocol box to avoid hypothermia during CT Scanning. Cesarean section was
performed to deliver a baby with congenital 1244 T.P. Yadav, S. Mishra, R.K. Gautam, From the
Departments of Pediatrics and Dermatology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi 110 001.
REFERENCES 1. Ketchum LD, Cohen IK, Master FW. Hypertrophic scar and keloids: A collective review.
Plast Reconstr Surg 1974,53:140-154. 2. Rockwell WB, Cohen IK, Ehrlich HP. Keloids and hypertrophic
scars: A comprehensive review. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989, 84: 827-837. 3. Mackie RM. Keloids and
hypertrophic scars. In: Textbook of Dermatology, 5th edn. Eds. Champion RH, Burton JL, Ebling FJG.
London, Black Scientific Publishers, 1992, Vol. 3, pp 2073- 2076. 4. Brown AS, Hoelzer DJ, Piercy SA. Skin
necrosis from extravasation of intravenous fluids in children. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979, 64: 145-151. 5.
Tomaraei SN, Marwaha RK. Extrava sation injuries. Indian Pediatf 1993, 30: 1157-1161. hydrocephalus at
a gestational age of 35 weeks. The baby weighed 2.3 kg at birth. In view of the rapid increased in head

circumference, shunt surgery was considered. >n 17th day, the neurosurgeon insisted on performing a
CT Scan. The baby was sedated with triclofos. Her rectal temperature was 36.8C, peripheries were pink
and warm when kept in a thermocol box. Her head was positioned for CT Scanning by using gamgee
pads and thermocol pieces.

Visceral Larva Migrans

Visceral larva migrans is due to entry of nematode larvae in extra-intestinal viscera of unnatural or
incompatible host or under unfavorable conditions thereby provoking granulomatous lesions. The
condition is rare between the ages of 1-4 years. We report a case of visceral larva migrans in a child who
presented as pyrexia of unknown origin. A five-year-old girl was brought with a one month history of
mild to moderate degree of fever, dry cough, loss of appetite and pica. The child had jaundice one year
back which lasted for 2 months. There was no history of passing worms. She used to play with a pet dog
at home. Examination revealed a febrile child with anemia and mild hepatosplenomegaly. Examination
of the fundus was normal. Investigations showed a hemoglobin level of 6.4 g/dl, total count of 36,000/

cu mm with 30% neutrophils, 17% lymphocytes, 53% eosinophils. The ESR was VOLUME 32-NOVEMBER
1995 A. Gajendragadkar, H. Patel, Residents, Neonatal Unit and Radiology Department. J.J. Hospital,
Bombay 400 008. REFERENCE 1. Daga SR, Chandrashekar L, Pol PP, Patole S. Appropriate technology in
keeping babies warm in India. Ann Trop Pediatr 1986,6:23-25. 80 mm at the end of first hour. Liver
function tests were normal. The chest Xray showed parahilar streaking and patchy pneumonia in the
right lower zone. Liver biopsy showed alteration of the normal architecture. The parenchyma showed
pseudolobules with dense fibrosis and eosinophilic infiltration forming microabscesses. Oval larval forms
suggestive of Toxocara canis with foreign body giant cells around the parasite and necrotizing vasculitis
were observed. (Fig. 1). The child was treated with diethylcarbamazine 2 mg/kg thrice daily for 30 days.
The fever subsided within a week and the child became totally asymptomatic. The clinical picture of
visceral larva migrans varies from an asymptomatic stage with persistent eosinophilia (l) with or without
constitutional symptoms to hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, cough, wheezing, pica, fever, anorexia,
lassitude, pallor, nephrotic syndrome and pseudotuberculous eye lesions (ocular toxocariasis). Chest Xray may reveal miliary infiltrates, atelectasis or areas of consolidation. A high leucocyte coun