CONCRETE
SOLUTION GUIDE
SOLUTION
GUIDES
CONTENTS
Glossary
Introduction
Reference project
11
System performance
18
On-site implementation
23
Environmental performance
25
32
References
33
GLOSSARY
Heat Island Effect
Resulting from the urbanisation of areas
due to the introduction of impermeable
surfaces, which absorb solar radiation and
emit heat energy more readily than those in
undeveloped areas 1.
Thermal Emittance
Albedo
The ability of a surface to reflect solar
radiation. It is recorded as a ratio between
reflected solar radiation and total amount
of radiation falling onto a surface. A higher
albedo equates to more radiation reflected 2.
4
Typical Applications
Car parks, driveways, pavements and walkways,
swimming pool decks, sports courts,
hard shoulders, ground stabilisation for
permeable blocks.
6
INTRODUCTION
Urbanisation of rural and lightly developed areas creates an increase in impermeable surfaces due to
the construction of buildings and their supporting infrastructure. Increases in impermeable surfaces
with traditional drainage systems, kerbs and gutters linked directly to surface drainage networks,
can result in high instantaneous water flows that can overwhelm existing infrastructure leading to
increased risks of flash flooding.
Systems integrating permeable surfaces can provide a solution to help manage manage surface water,
through infiltration and attenuation to maintain natural water flows.
Permeable concrete can form an integral part of a SuDS 3 solution, a key tenant of sustainable planning.
PERMEABLE CONCRETE
PERMEABLE AGGREGATE
SUB-BASE
EXPERIENCE
DELIVERY
Volume: 28.5m3
We were having major issues with floods in our storage sheds and standing water in
the car park, so we started looking at asphalting the area to fix this. When speaking to
Lafarge Tarmac they spoke about permeable concrete and the fact I could reduce the
standing water and flooding, offering a better experience for my customers for
no more work than just asphalting. We have since been hit with one of the worst
winters on record, hail storms and floods, but my car park and yard are free from
water, all due to my new concrete drainage system. My customers are happier
and feel safe, I should have done this years ago.
George Mount,
Owner Roots Farm Shop
Roots Farm Shop opted for a permeable concrete paving solution over a traditional
asphalt approach to cope with increasing popularity, flood risk and safety and
health concerns.
A decision was made to extend and expand
their car parking facilities due to a lack of
existing space through increasing customer
demand, however they were faced with a
number of issues that could not be solved by
traditional methods.
Increasing the impermeable area surrounding
the shop and local farm buildings was seen
to have the potential to exacerbate existing
concerns and issues of flooding during
periods of high rainfall. Permeable concrete
offered the ability to increase the area of
PERFORMANCE
Permeable concrete is a concrete paving solution with
improved permeability characteristics compared to
conventional permeable concretes.
Offering a porosity of up to 30%, an average flow rate of
36,000 mm/hr/m2 with compressive and flexural strengths
of 10-20 N/mm2 and 1.5-3 N/mm2 respectively.
A permeable solution offers significant benefits over
traditional solutions. The combination of trafficking
surface and drainage system in a single element creates
benefits in construction processes and in construction
and environmental costs.
11
12
Full Infiltration
Allows all water falling onto the surface to
infiltrate through the constructed layers to the
underlying ground enabling natural drainage
flows to be maintained.
A full infiltration system is only viable if
the existing ground offers suitable levels of
permeability.
Permeable aggregate sub-base
permeable
concrete
Undisturbed low
permeability soil
13
SYSTEM B
SYSTEM C
Partial Infiltration
Full Attenuation
Permeable aggregate
Permeable aggregate
Permeable concrete
Permeable concrete
Impermeable membrane
Undisturbed low
permeability soil
Drainage system
Undisturbed low
permeability soil
Drainage system
14
15
DESIGN CHARACTERISTIC
CONSIDERATION
Sub-grade permeability
It is important for all permeable solutions that the existing water table level
is established and particularly for those incorporating an attenuation layer. A
high underlying water table level can reduce storage capacities of attenuation
layers due to a reduction in available layer depth. In areas with high water tables
increases in levels can negate the filtering effect as the distance to the water
course is reduced.
Discharge consents
Traffic loading
The capacity of the system is required to be designed in line with the rainfall
return periods for that location. When decisions are made regarding capacity
this should be undertaken in combination with structural design to ensure an
effective and durable solution.
16
PERFORMANCE
DELIVERY
Permeable concrete has existed for more than 60 years, but recent improvements
and growing interest in sustainable construction have allowed it to become a
more viable option.
Permeable concrete is one of the most advanced concrete solutions and is the
result of innovation focused on the compaction of concrete.
17
18
19
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compliance to BS EN 142271:2004
Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications
Part 1: Cement bound granular mixtures is
needed, with typical strength and permeability
characteristics of 5-6N/mm2 and 20,000mm/
hour/m2 respectively, permeable concrete can
comprehensively satisfy these requirements.
21
22
SPECIFICATION
The design of a permeable concrete solution is required to take into
consideration site and location specific conditions, such as the strength of
underlying ground and weather conditions it is expected to endure.
An indicative design has been created to provide a base for the development
of specific designs once site conditions have been ascertained.
Sub-grade
23
The base system has been designed by GHW Consulting Engineers Ltd, www.ghwconsulting.co.uk
Permeable concrete
(150mm)
Permeable Aggregate
Sub-base (200mm)
Geotextile membrane
Within a full infiltration system the membrane will require a permeability rate
of at least 1,000mm/hr in order, as with preceeding layers, to maintain free
drainage rates.
Soil Permeability
CBR Ratio
Loading
This design has been developed with the following applications in mind;
residential parking, pedestrian areas and the occasional light commercial vehicle
with a pay load up to 7.5 tonnes.
Footpath construction
24
SUSTAINABILITY
COMPARISON OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTS
Alternative solutions have been based upon designs freely available within the industry.
Environmental performance data for the application of permeable asphalt is not readily available within the industry. Information included
within this analysis has been based upon an adjustment of impermeable asphalt data, the volume of asphalt included within the analysis
has been reduced to reflect the void ratio of permeable asphalt (assumed to be 25% voids).
25
Permeable concrete
Permeable asphalt
Photochemical
ozone formation
0.75
Embedded energy
0.5
0.25
Air acidification
Depletion of
abiotic resources
Water consumption
Greenhouse effect
Production of waste
A - Permeable concrete
pavament
B - Permeable asphalt
pavement
C - Permeable block paving
27
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The primary permeable concrete constituents are derived from non-depleted resources
(aggregates, limestone etc), providing a relative low depletion of abiotic resources.
RESOURCE OPTIMISATION
Whilst the production of waste is higher in the permeable concrete solution when
compared to the asphalt solution, significant progress is being made in the recycling
processes which will lead to a sharp decrease in the production of concrete waste.
WATER CONSUMPTION
Due to the raw materials utilised in the production of permeable concrete water
consumption can be significantly reduced. Dependent on application, permeable concrete
may only require a third of the water required for asphalt production and installation.
Photochemical ozone formation: is caused by
NOx, VOC and CO which can create low level
ozone, this can have a damaging effect on
humans at high concentration levels but also
on vegetation at low levels.
Air acidification: SO2 and NOx are key causes
of acidification. When expelled into the
atmosphere they can damage and accelerate
damage to buildings, with an additional
detrimental effect on soil and vegetation.
28
RECYCLING
BES 6001*
ISO 14001
Lafarge Tarmac are fully accredited with
ISO 14001, having implemented Environmental
Management Systems throughout our
business, maintaining our commitment to
reducing our environmental impact 12.
Lafarge Tarmac concrete products offer the ability to conform with a wide-ranging number of assessment criteria in both BREEAM and LEED.
For more information contact Lafarge Tarmac sustainability team.
* Our BES 6001 certificate number for our readymix concrete products is BES 559207.
29
CREDIT/TARGET
BREEAM
LEED
30
PEOPLE
PLANET
Safetyand
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health
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Community
Climate
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Environmental
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stewardship
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PERFORMANCE
SOLUTIONS
Economicvalue
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Economic
Governanceand
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Governance
Communication
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Sustainable
Sustainablesupply
supplychain
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Innovation
Innovationand
andquality
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Sustainable
Sustainableconstruction
construction
3731
OUR SUSTAINABILITY
SUSTAINABILITY
OUR
STRATEGY
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3832
INFORMATION
REFERENCES
33
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whether express or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability and validity of the content and accepts no liability for any
loss or other commercial damages incurred as a result of using and relying on the information provided. There is no
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the exclusive property of their respective owners.
34
SOLUTION
GUIDES
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'Lafarge Tarmac', the 'LT logo', 'Tarmac' and 'Lafarge' are all registered trademarks. 2014 Lafarge Tarmac Limited.
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