TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MFE030
Lecturer:
Hoffman
LM SHEFER-BOSWELL
214134644
N.F DWAYIYO
212038028
Crit
eria
Lab 1
Student Number
MB KHUMALO
Assessment
Mr
Group
Comments
Max
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix
Total
15
Remarks
TABLE OF CONTENTS
We make it happen !!
1.
2.
Theoretical Background..2
3.
Experimental Apparatus3
4.
Experimental Procedure3
5.
Results..4
6.
Discussion of Results5
7.
Conclusion...5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hl = k v2/2g
where
hl = head loss
k = friction factor
v = velocity in 13.6 pipe line (v2)
g = gravitational acceleration
Fig. 1: Schematic Diagram of the Sudden contraction
Inverted air-filled
manometer
A
H
B
H
Flow
1
Sudden
Contraction
The k-factor for the fitting can be determined calculating the slope of the graph
found when plotting the Head Loss vs Velocity Head.
The Velocity head is calculated by firstly determining the mean velocity of the
flow by dividing the flow rate by the cross-sectional area of the pipe
downstream of the contraction. The flow rate being calculated by calibrating
the rotameter. (As in MFE020 Fluid Mechanics II Lab 1)
To determine the Head Loss (hl), apply Bernoullis Law to the sudden
contraction
Z1 + p1/g + v21 /2g = Z2 + p2/g + v22/2g + hl
therefore
hl = (v21 v22)/2g + (P1 P2) / g
The velocities are calculated as explained above.
Consider the manometer fitted across the contraction. The pressure at point A
is equal to the pressure at B (since the inverted manometer is filled with air), ie
PA = P
therefore
where P1 = PA + g H1
P1 - g H1 = P2 - gH2
(P1 P2) / g = H1 H2
3. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
3.1
3.2
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
Step
1:
Connect the pipeline to the discharge from the pump.
2:
Attach a return tube to feed the water back to the test bench.
3:
Plug in the power lead of the test bench and start the pump.
4: Open the valve on the test bench to maximum
5: Open the valve on the piping apparatus to maximum
6:
Close valve on the piping apparatus and check that the manometer
attached to the sudden contraction is free of bubbles, level and about
halfway on the scale.
7:
Open valve slightly.
8:
Note the level of the float in the rotameter and the levels in the
manometer limbs.
9:
Increase the flow slightly.
10: Repeat steps 8 and 9 until maximum flow is reached.
5.
RESULTS
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
After following the experimental procedures and doing the required calculation
it was possible to arrive at a suitably accurate friction factor for a sudden
contraction, when we considering the method used to determine it.
Although the K-factor determined is adequate, there are however many
possible reasons for error. These include things such as inaccurate recordings
during experimentation, faulty calculations and incorrect visual representation
of the results. These sources of error are prevalent as human limitations are a
strong factor. Using a stop watch to measure water flow and manually or
visually recording results provide ample opportunities for error. Due to the
aforementioned factors the recorded k- factor for this particular pipe
contraction is pertinent.
8.
CONCLUSIONS
Fluid Mechanics 3rd Ed. Douglas JF, Gasiorek JM, Swaffield JA.
Area1 =
Manomet
er
Upstream
Manometer
Calibration Equation =
Float
height
539.13 mm2
Flow Rate
Velocity
Velocity
Upstream
Q
V1
Downstrea
m
V2
Velocity
Head
Velocity
Difference
Pressure
Differenc
e
Head Loss
V22/2g
(V12
V22)/2g
hl
H1
Downstrea
m
H2
mm
mm
mm
X10-6 m3/s
m/s
m/s
mH2O
Readin
g
0
Reading
Reading
310
Calculatio
n
0.181
Calculation
320
Calculatio
n
97.45
0.671
Calculatio
n
0.023
Calculatio
n
0.012
Calculati
on
0.010
Calculatio
n
0.022
330
315
116.23
0.216
0.800
0.033
0.017
0.015
0.032
345
325
145.99
0.271
1.005
0.051
0.027
0.020
0.047
365
335
171.59
0.318
1.181
0.071
0.038
0.030
0.068
385
340
200.56
0.372
1.381
0.097
0.052
0.045
0.097
410
355
227.79
0.423
1.568
0.125
0.067
0.055
0.122
430
365
256.02
0.475
1.762
0.158
0.084
0.065
0.149
455
375
294.12
0.546
2.025
0.209
0.112
0.080
0.192
480
385
315.46
0.585
2.172
0.240
0.128
0.095
0.223
515
400
359.20
0.666
2.473
0.312
0.166
0.115
0.281
10
535
405
379.08
0.703
2.610
0.347
0.185
0.130
0.315
Volume
(m^3)
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Area
= 539.13 mm2
= 145.27 mm2
Flow rate
Velocity
0.181 m/s = V1
0.671m/s= V2
Velocity head
=
Velocity head = 0.023 mm
Pressure difference
Velocity difference
m/s
mH2O
K- FACTOR
LAB 1
by
MB KHUMALO
214245888
LM SHEFER-BOSWELL
214134644
N.F DWAYIYO
212038028
Subject:
Fluid Mechanics 3
Lecturer
Mr Hoffman
Date:
19/05/15
We swear that this is the original work of the authors. All information obtained directly or
indirectly from other sources has been fully acknowledged.
Signed:
Dated:
Signed:
Dated:
Signed:
Dated: