BFC 4043
B*
foundation
2 BL
BL
BFC 4043
BFC 4043
Where :
c cohesion of soil
- unit weight of soil
q = Df
Nc, Nq, N - bearing capacity factors
And
e 2 3 / 4 / 2 tan
N c cot
1 cot N q 1
2
2 cos 4 2
e 2 3 / 4 / 2 tan
2 cos 2 45
2
1 K p
N
1 tan
2
2 cos
Nq
where
K p
Nc
Nq
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
5.70
6.00
6.30
6.62
6.97
7.34
7.73
8.15
8.60
9.09
9.61
10.16
10.76
11.41
12.11
12.86
13.68
14.60
15.12
16.56
17.69
18.92
20.27
21.75
23.36
1.00
1.10
1.22
1.35
1.49
1.64
1.81
2.00
2.21
2.44
2.69
2.98
3.29
3.63
4.02
4.45
4.92
5.45
6.04
6.70
7.44
8.26
9.19
10.23
11.40
Nc
Nq
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.20
0.27
0.35
0.44
0.56
0.69
0.85
1.04
1.26
1.52
1.82
2.18
2.59
3.07
3.64
4.31
5.09
6.00
7.08
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
27.09
29.24
31.61
34.24
37.16
40.41
44.04
48.09
52.64
57.75
63.53
70.01
77.50
85.97
95.66
106.81
119.67
134.58
151.95
172.28
196.22
224.55
258.28
298.71
347.50
14.21
15.90
17.81
19.98
22.46
25.28
28.52
32.23
36.50
41.44
47.16
53.80
61.55
70.61
81.27
93.85
108.75
126.50
147.74
173.28
204.19
241.80
287.85
344.63
415.14
N
9.84
11.60
13.70
16.18
19.13
22.65
26.87
31.94
38.04
45.41
54.36
65.27
78.61
95.03
115.31
140.51
171.99
211.56
261.60
325.34
407.11
512.84
650.67
831.99
1072.80
BFC 4043
25
25.13
From Kumbhojkar (1993)
12.72
8.34
tan
3
' tan 1
Nc
Nq
Nc
Nq
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
5.70
5.90
6.10
6.30
6.51
6.74
6.97
7.22
7.47
7.74
8.02
8.32
8.63
8.96
9.31
9.67
10.06
10.47
10.90
11.36
11.85
12.37
12.92
13.51
14.14
14.80
1.00
1.07
1.14
1.22
1.30
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.70
1.82
1.94
2.08
2.22
2.38
2.55
2.73
2.92
3.13
3.36
3.61
3.88
4.17
4.48
4.82
5.20
5.60
0.00
0.005
0.02
0.04
0.055
0.074
0.10
0.128
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.30
0.35
0.42
0.48
0.57
0.67
0.76
0.88
1.03
1.12
1.35
1.55
1.74
1.97
2.25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
15.53
16.30
17.13
18.03
18.99
20.03
21.16
22.39
23.72
25.18
26.77
28.51
30.43
32.53
34.87
37.45
40.33
43.54
47.13
51.17
55.73
60.91
66.80
73.55
81.31
6.05
6.54
7.07
7.66
8.31
9.03
9.82
10.69
11.67
12.75
13.97
15.32
16.85
18.56
20.50
22.70
25.21
28.06
31.34
35.11
39.48
44.45
50.46
57.41
65.60
N
2.59
2.88
3.29
3.76
4.39
4.83
5.51
6.32
7.22
8.35
9.41
10.90
12.75
14.71
17.22
19.75
22.50
26.25
30.40
36.00
41.70
49.30
59.25
71.45
85.75
BFC 4043
Example 2.1
Given
view
Assume
Df = 1 m
Find
Soil parameters :
= 20, c = 15.2 kN/m2, =17.8 kN/m3
FS = 4, general shear failure condition and
Solution
qu 521
130kN / m 2
FS
4
Example 2.2
Given
Assume
Solution
:
:
:
qu 0.867c' N 'c qN 'q 0.4BN ' 0.86715.2 11.85 1 17.8 3.88 (0.4)(17.8)(1.5)(1.
Allowable load :
BFC 4043
qall
qu
237.3
Case I : 0 D1 Df
the value
'
q D f
d
'
B
Case III : d B
water has no effect on the qu
BFC 4043
q all
-
qu
FS
, where :
qu q
,
FS
and : qu ( net )
qu q
q D f
cd
1
BN
2
BFC 4043
Example 2.3
Using q all ( net )
qu q
;
FS
qu q 521 17.8
100.64kN / m 2
FS
5
Hence
Example 2.4
Using Example 3.1, and Terzaghis equation
q u 1.3cN c qN q 0.4BN ........( square. foundation ) with
FSshear = 1.5;
10.13kN / m 2
cd = FS
1
.
5
shear
tan
tan 20
d = tan-1[ FS
] = tan-1[ 1.5 ] =
shear
cd
With :
13.64
N 1.2
; Nq
3 .8
; Nc
12
BFC 4043
1
BN Fs Fd Fi
2
Where :
c cohesion
q effective stress at the level of the bottom of
foundation
- unit weight of soil
B width (or diameter) of foundation
Nc, Nq, N - bearing capacity factors
Fcs , Fqs , Fs - shape factors
Fcd , Fqd , Fd - depth factors
Fci , Fqi , Fi - load inclination factors
Values
-
N q tan 2 45 e tan
2
N 2 N q 1 tan
B Nq
L Nc
Fqs 1
B
tan
L
Fs 1 0.4
B
L
Fcd 1 0.4
Df
B
Df
Fd 1
if Df/B > 1
Df
B
Df
B
Fd 1
10
BFC 4043
inclination
Fci Fqi 1
90
Fi 1
Skemptons :
Df
q net ( u ) 5c 1 0.2
B
B
1 0.2 L
Table 2.3
Vesics Bearing Capacity Factors for General Equation (1973)
Nc
Nq
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
5.14
5.38
5.63
5.90
6.19
6.49
6.81
7.16
7.53
7.92
8.35
8.80
9.28
9.81
10.37
10.98
11.63
12.34
13.10
13.93
14.83
15.82
16.88
18.05
19.32
20.72
1.00
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.43
1.57
1.72
1.88
2.06
2.25
2.47
2.71
2.97
3.26
3.59
3.94
4.34
4.77
5.26
5.80
6.40
7.07
7.82
8.66
9.60
10.66
N
0.00
0.07
0.15
0.24
0.34
0.45
0.57
0.71
0.86
1.03
1.22
1.44
1.69
1.97
2.29
2.65
3.06
3.53
4.07
4.68
5.39
6.20
7.13
8.20
9.44
10.88
Nq/ Nc
Tan
Nc
Nq
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
22.25
23.94
25.80
27.86
30.14
32.67
35.49
38.64
42.16
46.12
50.59
55.63
61.35
67.87
75.31
83.86
93.71
105.1
1
118.3
7
133.8
8
152.1
0
173.6
4
199.2
6
229.9
3
266.8
9
11.85
13.20
14.72
16.44
18.40
20.67
23.18
26.09
29.44
33.30
37.75
42.92
48.93
55.96
64.20
73.90
85.38
99.02
115.3
1
134.8
8
158.5
1
187.2
1
222.3
1
265.5
1
319.0
7
N
12.54
14.47
16.72
19.34
22.40
25.99
30.22
35.19
41.06
48.03
56.31
66.19
78.03
92.25
109.4
1
130.2
2
155.5
5
186.5
4
224.6
4
271.7
6
330.3
5
403.6
7
496.0
1
613.1
Nq/ Nc
Tan
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.75
0.77
0.80
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.01
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.15
1.20
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.78
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.97
1.00
1.04
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.19
11
BFC 4043
6
762.8
9
Example 2.5
Figure 2.5
Given
Find
1
' BN Fs Fd Fi ) ; q 0.7 18 12.6kN / m 2
2
B
B
B
B
tan 1 0.58 1.58 ; Fs 1 0.4 1 0.4
0.6
L
L
B
B
90
So
Df
0.202 F 1
2 0.7
1 2 0.581 sin 30
1
; d
B
B
B
20
1
90
0.605 ;
Fi 1
20
30
0.11
1
' BN Fs Fd Fi )
2
12.618.41.58 1 0.202 0.605 1 18 B 22.4 0.61 0.11 221.2 44.68 13.3B
B
2
B
qall
qu
3
thus set :
150
14.89
73.73
4.43B
2
B
B
12
BFC 4043
M
Q
Q
6e
1
BL
B
and
q min
Q
6e
1
BL
B
4Q
3L B 2e
13
BFC 4043
1
B ' N Fs Fd Fi
2
FS
; where A
Qult
Q
; FS
q u'
q max
Example 2.6
Given : A square foundation as shown in Figure 2.7. Using
general bearing capacity factors, (table 2.3)
Sand :
18kN / m 3
30
c0
0.7 m
1.5m x 1.5 m
Figure 2.7
Find :
Ultimate load, Qult,
assume one way load eccentricity, e = 0.15m
14
BFC 4043
Solution : with c = 0;
1
B ' N Fs Fd Fi
2
Where :
q = 0.7(18) = 12.6 kN/m2
for = 30, from Table 2.3 : Nq=18.4 and N =22.4
B = 1.5 2(0.15) = 1.2m
L = 1.5m
Thus values for general bering capacity equations : (using B
and L)
Fqs 1
B'
1.2
tan 1
tan 30 1.462
L'
1.5
Df
B
0.289 0.7
1.5
1.135
B'
1 .2
Fs 1 0.4
1 0.4
0.68
L'
1 .5
Fd 1
1
2
15
BFC 4043
Figure 2.8
Solution :
q u cN c qN q 0.5BN .......( strip. foundation
with; c
qu
145.8kN / m 2
72.9kN / m 2
2
2
16
BFC 4043
1.52m
= 20.44 kN/m3
=30
c = 38.3 kN/m2
Figure
2.9
Assume B=1 m;
q ult 1.3(38.3kN / m 2 )(37.16) ( 20.44kN / m 3 )(1.52m)(22.46) 0.4(20.44kN / m 3 )(1m)(19.13)
1850 698 391kN / m 2 2939kN / m 2
2939kN / m 2
980kN / m 2
3
2670 kN
required width of wall
2.72m 2 B 2 B 1.65m
980kN / m 2
q all
Assume B=2m;
17
BFC 4043
Assume B=1.8m;
q ult 1.3(38.3kN / m 2 )(37.16) (20.44kN / m 3 )(1.52m)(22.46) 0.4( 20.44kN / m 3 )(1.8m)(19.13)
1850 698 282kN / m 2 2830kN / m 2
2830kN / m 2
943kN / m 2
3
2670kN
required width of wall
2.83m 2 B 2 B 1.68m
2
943kN / m
q all
Assume B=1.7m;
Q Mxy Myx
A
Ix
Iy
Where :
q contact pressure
Q total axial vertical load
A area of footing
Mx, My total moment about respective x and y axes
Ix, Iy moment of inertia about respective x and y
axes
18
BFC 4043
Figure 2.10
0.91m
0.14m2
1.22m
1.52m
0.31m
Given :
1.52m by 1.52m square footing; P=222.4kN; soil
=18.85kN/m3
concrete =24 kN/m3; qu = 143.64 kN/m2
Find :
a. Soil contact pressure
b. FS against bearing capacity pressure
Solution :
a.
Q Mxy Myx
A
Ix
Iy
19
BFC 4043
= [(1.52m)(1.52m)-(0.14m)(0.14m)](0.91m) x
18.85kN/m3
= 39.3kN
Q = 222.4 + 17.19 + 0.43 + 39.3 = 279.32kN
Area, A = 1.52mx1.52m = 2.31m2
Soil contact pressure or Stress, q = Q/A = 120.9 kN/m2
qult 1.2cN c D f N q 0.4BN
b.
qu 143.64kN / m 2
71.82kN / m 2
2
2
Example 2.10
Draw soil contact pressure
for footing in Figure 2.11
Conversion to SI unit
P=222.4 kN;
H=88.96 kN;
M=81.35kN.m;
W=88.96 kN
Df=1.22m;
B=2.29m (7.5ft);
L=1.52m (5ft)
20
BFC 4043
Q Mxy Myx
A
Ix
Iy
89.47kN / m 2 143kN / m 2
2
4
3.48m
1.52m
2
q right 232.47kN / m and .....qleft 53.53kN / m 2
Iy
(d )( L) P W 0...and ...
(1.52m) 311.36kN ........( A)
2
2
V = 0 :
( d )( L) x 0
3
2
M ( H )( S )
2.29m d
81.35kN .m 88.96kN 1.22m 311.36
0..... B
2
3
21
BFC 4043
254.46kN/m2
1.61m
2.29m
2.29m
22
BFC 4043
Figure 2.13
Q Mxy Myx
A
Ix
Iy
Q=P+W1+W2=60+9.3+11.2=80.5kips
A=6ftx6ft=36ft2
My=4kipsx4.5ft=18kip-ft (about point C)
x=6ft/2=3ft
Iy=6ft(6ft)3/12=108ft4;
Mx=0;
Mxy/Ix=0
q
Q M x y M y x 80.5kips 18kip. ft (3 ft )
2.24kips / ft 2 0.50kip / ft 2
A
Ix
Iy
36 ft 2
108 ft 4
23
BFC 4043
Pressure
diagram
DE
EH
6 ft 1.5 ft
2.25 ft
DF
FG
2
2
DE
2.25 ft
FG 6 ft ;...
;..DE 0.375kip / ft 2
1 .0
6 ft
Shear.at .. A A : 2.25 ft ( 2.74 0.375kips / ft 2 )(6 ft )
1
2
Moment.at .. A A : 31.93kips
3.
FS .against.sliding
4.
4kips
FS .against .overturning
8.05
13.4
Turning .moment
4kips ( 4.5 ft )
24
BFC 4043
q0 B
Es
where :
A1 is a function of H/B and L/B and A2 is a function of
Df/B
All parameters of H, B and Df (with L into the paper) are
as
shown in Figure 2.14.
25
BFC 4043
26
BFC 4043
z2
S e C1C 2 q q
0
Iz
z
Es
where :
Iz strain influence factor
C1 correction factor due to depth =
1 0 .5
time in years
0.1
1 0.2 log
q D f
27
BFC 4043
at
at
z=0
z = z1 = 0.5B
at
z = z2 = 2B
at
at
z=0
z = z1 = B
at
z = z2 = 4B
28
BFC 4043
Type of soil
Loose sand
Medium dense
sand
Dense sand
Silty sand
Sand and gravel
Soft clay
Medium clay
Stiff clay
Modulus of
Elasticity, Es
(MN/m2)
10.5 24.0
17.25 27.60
Poissons ratio, s
34.50 55.20
10.35 17.25
69.00 172.50
4.1 20.7
20.7 41.4
41.4 96.6
0.30 0.45
0.20 0.40
0.15 0.35
0.20 0.40
0.25 0.40
0.20 0.50
Primary consolidation, Sc
H
1 e0
S c C c
where :
log
p
p0
p0 overburden pressure
p =4(Ip)q0 net consolidation pressure at midheight of clay layer
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910
29
BFC 4043
30
BFC 4043
Figure 2.19
A foundation to be constructed as in Figure 2.19. The base of
the foundation is 3m by 6m, and it exerts a total load of
5400 kN, which include all self weight. The initial void ratio,
e0 is 1.38 and compression index, Cc is 0.68.
Required :
Expected primary consolidation settlement of clay layer.
Solution :
p0 = 19.83(200 - 198) + (19.83 9.81)(198 - 192) + (17.1
9.81)(192 185.6)/2 = 123.1 kN/m2
Weight of excavation = 19.83(200 - 198) + (19.83 9.81)
(198 195.5) = 64.7kN/m2
Net stress increase, q 0 load pressure weight of excavation
5400kN
19.83 200 198 19.83 9.81198 195.5 235.3kN / m 2
3m 6m
nz = 3.0m
31
BFC 4043
z 195.5m
192.0m 185.6m
6.7 m
2
1.5m
3 .0 m
0.224 ; n
0.448
6 .7 m
6 .7 m
(b)
H
1 e0
S c C c
log
160.7 kN / m 2
p
6 .4 m
0.68
log
2
p0
1 1.38
123.1kN / m
0.212m
secondary consolidation
32
BFC 4043
t
S s C H log s
t
p
where :
Ss secondary compression settlement
C coefficient of secondary compression, can be
determined from Figure
3.26
H thickness of clay layer that is considered
ts time for which settlement is required
tp time to completion of primary consolidation
33
BFC 4043
25.4
And
3.28 B 1
3.28 B
Where :
Fd depth factor =
for
B 1.22m
Fd
25.4
for
B 1.22m
Df
1.33
1 0.33
B
Example 2.8
Given:
A shallow square footing for a column is to be
constructed. Design load is 1000 kN. The foundation
soil is sand. The SPT numbers from field exploration as
shown in the table.
Assume that the footing must be 1.5m deep, the
tolerable settlement as 25.4mm and the size is >
1.22m.
Required :
(a) The exact size of the footing (b) safety factor for
foundation
Solution :
34
BFC 4043
Navg = (7+8+11+11+13+10+9+10+12)/9=10
With S=25.4mm and N=10
3.28 B 1
3.28B
Fd
25.4
25.4
3.28 B 1
119 .8
3.28 B
Fd
Df
1.33
Fd 1 0.33
B
35
BFC 4043
1
BN Fs Fd Fi
2
1
BN Fs Fd Fi q
2
36
BFC 4043
37
BFC 4043
38