VALVE AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Valve is a mechanical means used to perform basically following functions.

1. To throttle the fluid, flowing in a line either as pressure regulation or flow
regulation
2. To isolate the part of system to carry out the maintenance job in safe
manner
3. To prevent reversal flow
4. To release excess fluid from system
VALVE DESIGN FACTORS

Pressure
Temperature
Fluid properties
Flow pattern
Line size
Pressure drop across the valve
Type Of fluid

VALVE CLASSIFICATION
Stem Movement
Rotary type
Sliding type
Application Purpose
Isolation
Control
TYPES OF VALVES
Gate valve
Globe valve
Angle valve
Diaphragm valve
Plug valve
Ball valve
Butterfly valve
Check
GATE VALVE
In a gate valve the diameter of the opening through which the fluid passes is
nearly the same as that of the pipe, and the direction of flow does not
change. As a result, a wide-open gate valve introduces only a small pressure
drop. The disk is tapered and fits into a tapered seat; when the valve is

opened, the disk rises into the bonnet, completely out of the path of the
fluid. Gate valves are used only for isolation purpose.
These valves are of three types:
1. Solid wedge type
2. Flexible wedge shaped inclined seat type
3. Double disc parallel seat type
Solid wedge Type

Water or sewage line

Minimum passing persist

Flexible Wedge Shaped Inclined Seat Type

All type fluid except corrosive liquid

Tight shut off
Low temperature fluid
Low-pressure fluid
Minimum galling and chattering
Plug self-adjusting

Double Disc Parallel Seat Type

Tight shut off

High temperature fluid

GLOBE VALVE
Glove valves (so called because in the earliest designs the valve body was
spherical) are widely used for controlling flow. The opening increases almost
linearly with stem position, and wear is evenly distributed around the disk.
The fluid passes through a restricted opening and changes direction several
times. As a result the pressure drop in this kind of valve is large. Moreover
these valves may be single seated or double seated.

ANGLE VALVE
1.
2.
3.
4.

Single seated
High pressure drop
Stream lined interior face
Self draining design

DIAPHRAGM VALVE

Pressure limitation
Temperature limitation
Less down time
Easy installation
Easy maintenance
Simple design
Used for handling of corrosive and suspended solid containing fluid

BUTTERFLY VALVE

Less space required

Tight sealing with elastomer
Control purpose
Low cast
Lightweight
Low torque to operate
Used for handling of corrosive & suspended solid containing fluid

Plug Valve
These are used below 250C. A quarter turn of the stem takes the valve from
fully open to fully closed, and when fully open, the channel through the plug
may be as large as the inside of the pipe itself, and the pressure drop is
minimal. They are tight shutoff type with elastomer facing. In plug valves the
area of contact between moving element and seat is large, therefore they
can be used in throttling service.
Ball Valve
Like Plug valves these also face temperature limitation because of elastomer
facing. In a ball valve the sealing element is spherical, and the problems of
alignment and freezing of the element are less than with a plug valve. Like
plug valve, the area of contact between moving element and seat is large,
therefore they can also be used in throttling service.
Needle Valve

Fine controlling
Used for instrument impulse line

Cryogenic Valve

Suitable for low temperature fluid

Extension bonnet
Used for cryogenic fluid

CHECK VALVE
A check valve permits flow in one direction only. It is opened by the pressure
of the fluid in the desired direction; when the flow stops or tends to reverse,
the valve automatically closes by gravity or by a spring pressing against the
disk.
Check valves are of three types
i) Swing Check Valve

Used in horizontal line

Works under force of gravity

Passing at low pressure

ii) Lift Check Valve

Vertical lift check valve

Globe check valve

Angle check valve

iii) Tilting Check Valve

Installed in vertical upward or horizontal line

Pressure drop varies with velocity

Speedy closing
iv) Spring Loaded Check Valve

High pressure drop

Speedy closing

Used at high pressure

VALVE APPLICATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

On and off control

Regulation
Venting
Air fail to open
Air fail to close
Air to open
Air to close
Prevent reversal flow
Release excess fluid

CONTROL VALVE

A valve with a power positioning actuator for moving the valve closure
element to any position relative to valve port or ports in response and in
proportion to an external signal sent by control loop. An independent source
is used to provide energy for control valve actuator.
COMPONENTS OF CONTROL VALVE
Actuator
Means, which convert the control signal into, stem force required for valve
plug travel. It may be a diaphragm, piston & cylinder, electric,
hydraulic, electric motor, or solenoid.
Actuator spring
A spring that moves the actuator stem in a direction opposite to that created
by diaphragm pressure.
COMPONENTS OF CONTROL VALVE
Actuator Stem
A rod like extension of diaphragm plate to permit convenient external
connection
Bonnet Assembly
Removable upper part of the valve body having part through witch stem
moves. It contains packing housing that prevent fluid leakage through stem
and provides mounting means for actuator.
COMPONENTS OF CONTROL VALVE
Diaphragm
It is a pressure responsive element that transmits force to diaphragm plate
and actuator stem
Cage
It is a hallow cylindrical trim element that is guide to align the movement of
the plug with seat ring. It retains the seat ring in the valve body and its wall
opening determines the flow characteristics of control valve.
CONTROL VALVE TERMINOLOGY
Actuator Stem Force
The net force from an actuator that is available for positioning of the valve
plug.
Actuator Travel Characteristics
Relation between percent travel of stem and diaphragm pressure.

Valve Flow Coefficient (Cv)

This is equal to number of U. S. Gallons per minute of 60 f water that will
flow through a valve with 1 psi drop under stated condition.
Formulas for Cv calculations
LIQUIDS:
Q:
d:
p:

Cv = 1.17 Q(d/p)
FLOW RATE IN M/Hr
Specific Gravity of Liquid in Kg/Mat atmospheric temperature
Pressure Drop in Bar

STEAM:
1st Case: absolute outlet pressure is greater than 50% of absolute inlet
pressure
Cv = Q/16( p.P1)
Q
FLOW RATE IN Kg/Hr
P1
Absolute inlet pressure of steam in bar abs
p
Pressure Drop in Bar
IInd Case: Absolute outlet pressure is lower than 50% of absolute inlet
pressure
Cv = Q/(10.P1)
Q
- Flow rate in Kg/Hr
P1
- Absolute inlet pressure of steam in bar abs
Note: Formulae given above apply to saturated steam; for superheated
steam correction factors are required.
GAS:
1st Case: absolute outlet pressure is greater than 50% of absolute inlet
pressure
Cv = Q/380 (d.T)/( p.P2)
Q:
Flow rate in Kg/Hr
P1:
Absolute outlet pressure of gas in bar abs
d:
Specific Gravity of Gas referred to
air(Air=1)
p: Pressure Drop in Bar
IInd Case: Absolute outlet pressure is lower than 50% of absolute inlet
pressure (CRITICAL FLOW)
Cv = (Q/205.P1) d.T
Q:
Flow rate in Kg/Hr
P1:
Absolute inlet pressure of steam in bar abs
Capacity
Rate of flow through a valve under stated condition.

Clearance Flow
This is the minimum controllable flow with valve plug not seated.
Dead Band
The amount of diaphragm pressure that can be varied without initiating valve
plug motion.
Diaphragm Pressure Span
This is the difference between high and low diaphragm pressure to produce
rated travel of valve plug. It may be stated as inherent or installed
characteristics.
Rated Travel
Linear movement of valve plug from full open to full closed condition.
Stem Unbalance
The net force produced on valve plug in any condition by fluid pressure acting
upon it.
Flow Characteristics
This is the relation between flow through the valve and percent rated travel
of valve plug. It should be designated as either inherent or installed flow
characteristics.
Equal Percentage Flow Characteristics
An inherent flow characteristic witch for equal increment of rated travel will
ideally give equal %age change of existing flow.
Linear Flow Characteristics
An inherent flow characteristics which can be represented ideally by straight
line on a rectangular plot of flow versus % rated travel.
Quick Opening Flow Characteristics
An inherent flow characteristic in there is maximum flow at minimum travel
of valve plug.
Modified Parabolic Flow Characteristics
An inherent flow characteristic which provide fine controlling at low valve
plug travel and approximately a linear characteristic for upper portion of
valve travel.
SEAT LEAKAGE CLASS:
AS PER ANSI B.16.104 - SIX CLASSES
CLASS I:
No specified values mutually agreed between customer and
supplier.
CLASS II:
0.5 % of the rated full open capacity.
CLASS III:
0.1 % of the rated full open capacity.
CLASS IV: 0.01 % of the rated full open capacity.
CLASS V:
5x10-4 ml/min/inch/psi pressure differential.

CLASS VI:

Bubbles/ min depends on port area

for soft-seated valves.