10 Hans Hanew Developments in Small Scale ESP Technology

N
New d
developments
l t in
i small
ll scale
l ESP technology
t h l
Hans Hartmann,
Peter Turowski
Technology- and Support Centre (TFZ), Straubing, Germany

(www.tfz.bayern.de)
Hartmann
Technologie- und Förderzentrum
p08 B ha 010
im Kompetenzzentrum für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe
Content
• Introduction
• Current developments of small ESP's for wood combustion

and results from tests
• Outlook
O tl k on filter
filt test
t t project
j t by
b TFZ
• Test procedure
• Conclusions
Hartmann
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German emission directive
– Proposed future limitations for room heaters/stoves
Requirements for type tests according to 1.BImSchV
1.BImSchV-amendment,
amendment, emissions given at 13 % O2-conc.
conc.
(here: no inspection by chimney sweep shall be required!)
Step 1: Step 2: erected after

erected after erected after regulation
regulation date 31.12.2014 date
Dust CO Dust minimum

Furnace type CO
efficiency
[g/m³] [g/m³] [g/m³] [g/m³] [%]
Room heaters with flat furnace 2,0 0,10 1,25 0,04 73
Room heaters with filling furnace 25
2,5 0 10
0,10 1 25
1,25 0 04
0,04 70
Heat storage stoves 2,0 0,10 1,25 0,04 75
Closed fireplaces 2,0 0,10 1,25 0,04 75
Tiled stoves (flat furnace) 2,0 0,10 1,25 0,04 80
Tiled stoves (filling furnace) 2,5 0,10 1,25 0,04 80
Cooking stoves 3,0 0,10 1,50 0,04 70
Central heating&cooking stoves 3,5 0,10 1,50 0,04 75
Pellet stoves without water jacket 0,40 0,05 0,25 0,03 85
Pellet stoves with water jacket 0,40 0,03 0,25 0,02 90
Hartmann
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State-of-the-art wood furnaces in Germany – Recent measurements
from practice oriented trials. Here: total dust and particle sizes
Average of 10 to12 measurements (per furnace) using hard and soft wood in the usual moisture range
80
>10µm 72
3
mg/Nm 2,5-10µm 2%
2500
(13 % O2 ) 1-2,5µm 3%
<1µm 58 2%
60 6%
2%
50 4%
mission
7%
40 34 92%
Particle em
6%
12% 89%
5% 26
30 3% 11%
20 0%
3% 7%
20 1%
4% 83%
10 70% 3%
91% 1 96%
0
Pellet- Wood chip Log wood Tiled Chimney Heating oil
boiler boiler boiler stove stove boiler
Source: TFZ, unpublished
Hartmann
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Spanner ESP-type (Germany): SFF 20, SFF 50 and SFF 100
Electrostatic precipitator for small scale application
• Manufacturer: Spanner Re²
Re², Neufahrn
Neufahrn,Germany
Germany Integrated electrostatic
precipitator (by Spanner)
• Power of boiler: <30 kW, <85 kW and <150 kW on top of pellet boiler
• Voltage: 15 kV (50 W transformer)
• Pressure drop: 40 Pa
• PM
PM-emission:
i i <10
10 mg/Nm³
/N ³
• Automatic cleaning system by vibration (daily)
• State: field testing of prototypes
• Prospected price: around 1000,-/1500,- €
retrofit
unit
4 precipitating pipes with ventilated insulation (20 kW)
Hartmann
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Spanner ESP-type: Large filter version (SFF 50)
Filter entrance (top)
Filter outlet (bottom)
Hartmann
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Test results with Spanner ESP-type (SFF 20):
Particle removal from log wood boiler exhaust fumes
PM emissions and removal effiency measured with 30 kW log wood boiler at the
TFZ test stand with different wood fuels (unpublished data by TFZ)
raw gas clean gas removal effiency

150 100
mg/Nm3
%
(13 % O2 ) 93 92 94
91 90
86 88
120 85 85 85 85 80
82 109 81
78
93
90 60
removal effiency
PM emission
62
60 40
46
39
P
33 36 36
32 30
26 28
30 25 24 20
16 19 18
7 9 5 6
4 5 3 5 5 4 4 3 2
2
0 0
birch beech spruce, m c=23% spruce, m c=13% spruce, m c=13%
m c=18% m c=14% norm al logs unsplit large logs
Hartmann
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Test results with Spanner ESP-type (SFF20):
Particle size distribution
100
< 1 µm
% 2,5 - 1 µm
80 10 - 2,5 µm
Share of particle size
73% 79% 90% 76% 53% 60% 77% 81% 58%

70 > 10 µm
67%
60
50
40 13%
7% 8%
30 6% 15%
6%
6% 15%
3% 8%
20 7%
6%
3%
10% 12% 27% 7%
6%
10 7% 3% 19%
19% 19%
11% 3% 9% 10% 10%
7%
4%
0
ESP-status: off on off on off on off on off on
F l
Fuel: Birch Beech Spruce Spruce,
Spruce Spruce,
Spruce
w=23 % round wood big logs
Hartmann
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Ruegg- / K&W-type ESP (Switzerland/Germany):
Electrostatic precipitator for small scale application
• Mainly for wood stoves
• Min. 1,5 m metal exhaust pipe required
• Voltage: 20 kV
• Cleaning by hand
• El t consumption:
Electr. ti 12/3
12/3,6
6W
(on/standby)
• State: series (Switzerland),
field testing (Germany)
• Price:
Pi around d 1300
1300,- €
Photos:
Electrode and particle deposition in exhaust pipe Particle deposition in exhaust pipe Ruegg, Switzerland
Hartmann
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Ruegg- / K&W-type ESP: Examples of applications
Application in living rooms Application in chimneys
Filter insert
• Electrode
• Thermostat
Feed pipe
• Purge air
• High voltage
Control module
• Contol unit
• Ventilator
• Electr. supply 230V
Source: Ruegg, Switzerland
Hartmann
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Test results with Ruegg- / K&W- type ESP
Source: C. Gaegauf, Ökozentrum

Ö
Dust reduction by mass Langenbruck (Switzerland)
Further conclusion: - Particle reduction by mass is slightly lower than by particle numbers (SMPS)
- Separation is largely independent from total dust concentrations
Hartmann
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APP-type ESP (R ESP, by APP Applied Plasma Physics,
esidential
Norway): Electrostatic precipitator for chimney-top applications

• Mainly for wood or coal stoves and boilers
• Voltage: not specified
• Electr. consumption: not specified
• Price: yet unknown (below 1000 1000,- €)
• State: field testing of prototypes
Source: APP, Norway
Hartmann
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Oeko Tube ESP (by OekoSolve AG, Liechtenstein/Switzerland)
Electrostatic precipitator for chimney-top applications
• Mainly for wood stoves 01 Chimney head
• Max. power output: 35 kW 02 Oeko Tube
03 Electrical connection
04 Electrode
• Cleaning by hand (chimney sweep ?):
first revision after 2 months
• Electr. consumption: 20 - 30 W
• Price: about 1400,- €
• State: series
Source: OekoSolve, Switzerland
Hartmann
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Spartherm ESP ("Airbox", Germany)
Electrostatic precipitator for living room applications
• Mainly for wood stoves or fireplaces
• Max. power output: 15 kW
• Manual bypass operation
• Cleaning by hand (every 100 hours, using
vacuum cleaner)
• Electr. consumption: not specified
• Price: yet unknown
• Ptate: yet unknown
Source: Spartherm, Germany
Hartmann
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Developing an "electrostatic scrubber"
(Project FH Gelsenkirchen/Germany)
Scrubber by Schräder Abgastechnik Load distribution and orientation
of electrical field
Test setup for

"electrostatic scrubber"
pressure reducer gauge nozzle electrode
high voltage supply liquid collector

Source: Prof. R. Rawe, FH Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Hartmann
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Filter test programme by TFZ (starting October 2008)
Field test: 10 filters installed in the City of Straubing:

4 x Ruegg/K&W; 3 x Spanner type, 3 x APP-type)
¾ Monitoring of function
¾ Cleaning requirements
¾ Operational errors
Test stand trials:

Each filter is tested over 6 weeks semi-permanent operation for
¾ Particle reduction (diluted/ undiluted flue gas) with old&new stove or boiler
¾ Monitoring of function
¾ Cleaning requirements (depositions)
¾ Dust composition changes
¾ Electricity consumption
Hartmann
p08 B ha 010
Absolute increase of measured total dust emission after flue
gas dilution as function of OGC-emission
Evaluation of 95 parallel measurements at a chimney stove and a tiled stove using various wood fuels at
different operational modes (wood logs, briquettes, various moisture contents, charging modes and times etc.)
1400 y = 5E-05x2 + 0,1078x + 3,5295

mg/Nm3 R2 = 0,9709
0 9709
(13 %1200
O2)
Increase of total dust emission
1000
gas
800
iin diluted flue g
600
400
200
0
3
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 mg/Nm
4000 4500
-200 (13 % O2)
Organic gaseous carbon emission (OGC,
(OGC undiluted)
Source: TFZ unpublished (2008)
Hartmann
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Particle sampling using dilution tunnel
Parameter Mean value

l
(from 95 trials)
CO2 , undiluted 4,8 Vol. -%
CO 2 , diluted 0,9 Vol. -%
dilution ratio 5,7
flue gas temperature, undiluted 262 °C
flue gas temperature, diluted 56 °C
Dilution tunnel at TFZ
Hartmann
p08 B ha 010
Open questions on filter test setup
• Testing with/without flue gas dilution? (TFZ: both variants!)

• Consideration of any purge air of the filters (relevant for Spanner
Spanner-
and Ruegg-type). ⇒ similar air injection is required for dust
sampling before filter (in parallel tests)
• Method for flue gas dilution (e.g. partial flow dilution combined with
full flow dilution method?)
• TFZ
TFZ: Partial
P ti l flow
fl dilution
dil ti (2x):
(2 ) controlled
t ll d air
i ratio
ti adjusted
dj t d tto
temperature requirements of <52 °C
(acc. to engine standard ISO 8178 )
Hartmann
p08 B ha 010
Conclusions
• Several concepts or products for low cost ESP are currently

available for small scale furnaces.
• Suitable in-room
in room applications are rarely given (chimney based
solutions are easier)
• Cleaning and withdrawl of precipitated dust is often not
mechanized (high manual efforts)
• Still only few experimental data and long term experience are
available
• Internationally acceped testing procedures for ESP

need to be developed !
Hartmann
p08 B ha 010
Thank you
for your attention !
www.tfz.bayern.de
Hartmann
p08 B ha 010

10 Hans Hanew Developments in Small Scale ESP Technology

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Technology- and Support Centre (TFZ), Straubing, Germany

• Current developments of small ESP's for wood combustion

Step 1: Step 2: erected after

Dust CO Dust minimum

Filter entrance (top)

Filter outlet (bottom)

raw gas clean gas removal effiency

73% 79% 90% 76% 53% 60% 77% 81% 58%

Source: Ruegg, Switzerland

Source: C. Gaegauf, Ökozentrum

Norway): Electrostatic precipitator for chimney-top applications

Source: APP, Norway

Source: OekoSolve, Switzerland

Source: Spartherm, Germany

Test setup for

high voltage supply liquid collector

Field test: 10 filters installed in the City of Straubing:

Test stand trials:

1400 y = 5E-05x2 + 0,1078x + 3,5295

Source: TFZ unpublished (2008)

Parameter Mean value

Dilution tunnel at TFZ

• Testing with/without flue gas dilution? (TFZ: both variants!)

• Several concepts or products for low cost ESP are currently

• Internationally acceped testing procedures for ESP

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