Electrical Power and Energy Systems 29 (2007) 312321

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

An improved hybrid lter for compensation of current and

voltage harmonics for varying rectier loads
Bhim Singh
a

a,*

, Vishal Verma

b,1

Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi 110042, India
Received 1 June 2004; received in revised form 29 March 2006; accepted 19 July 2006

Abstract
This paper presents a topology of an Improved Hybrid Filter System (IHF) with self supporting DC bus, to eliminate harmonics in
supply current and voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC), created due to nonlinear load, typically rectier load. The compensation principle and ltering characteristics of the system are discussed in detail. A PI controller over average DC bus voltage of hybrid
combination of active lters is used for the control of IHF. Operation of IHF is investigated under dynamic change of loading conditions. The eectiveness of the scheme to protect overloading of passive lters is demonstrated under distorted supply conditions along
with harmonic compensation.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Series active lter; Hybrid lter; Harmonic compensation; Harmonic isolation; Voltage distortion; Resonance

1. Introduction
The increased use of solid state converters, produces
harmonics in the supply current and voltage waveforms.
Nonlinear loads, including adjustable speed drives, UPS,
switch mode power converters, microprocessor controls,
robotics, fax machines and laser printers create harmonics
[122]. These devices also tend to be the most sensitive to
malfunction from harmonic distortion. The harmonic currents generated by these non-linear loads do not only cause
additional heating of power system components, but at the
same time they ow through the system impedance and
current harmonics create voltage drops at their respective
harmonic frequencies distorting the voltage waveform.
Electronic loads are sensitive to distortion of their supply
*

Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 11 26591045/26516223; fax: +91 11

26581579.
E-mail addresses: bsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in (B. Singh), vishalverma1@
hotmail.com (V. Verma).
1
Tel.: +91 11 27871047; fax: +91 11 27871023.
0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2006.07.010

voltage waveform and may malfunction or fail prematurely

when distortion is excessive. The presence of power factor
correction capacitors further worsens the situation by magnifying the harmonic distortions, due to the interaction
between the capacitors and the line impedance, called parallel resonance. There is also a high probability that higher
frequency harmonic components owing in the distribution
system can induce interference into nearby telecommunication systems [14].
Passive lters are traditionally used to absorb harmonic
generated by large industrial loads because of low cost. A
passive lter may be installed for one or a set of loads and
tuned to the dominant harmonics to be ltered. But the
installation of passive lters is virtually impossible to
upgrade, and its application may also create system resonance [3,4]. The rating of the passive lter must be coordinated with reactive power requirements of the loads and it
is often dicult to design the lters to avoid leading power
factor operation for some load conditions [4]. The design
and the rating are dependent on the harmonic frequency
impedances of a particular utility system [18]. Moreover,

B. Singh, V. Verma / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 29 (2007) 312321

passive lters are not capable of absorbing harmonics for

uctuating loads due to the presence of variable frequencies.
Active lters are reported to provide compensation to
harmonics, reactive power in AC networks, to regulate terminal voltage, suppress the voltage icker, and to improve
voltage balance in three-phase system [16,17]. The shunt
active lters, popularly known as active lters (AF) are
controlled to inject a compensating current, to cancel current harmonics of the nonlinear loads, and are capable of
damping harmonic resonance between passive lter and
the supply impedance. But these usually require a large current rating with high current bandwidth and do not constitute a cost-eective harmonic ltering [14]. These are
suitable to the situations, where peak harmonic current
generated by current fed harmonic producing load is limited. Shunt active lters are employed only for loads, which
act as harmonic current source and are generally installed
at the load end [4,21]. On the contrary the series active lter
(SAF) presents high impedance to harmonic current, thus
acting as a voltage source to block harmonic current ow
[21,22].
Hybrid lters eectively mitigate the problems of both
passive lters and pure active lter and provide cost eective and practical harmonic compensation solution, particularly for high power nonlinear loads by providing
harmonic isolation between supply and load or improving
the compensation characteristics of the passive lters. The
combination of low cost passive lters and control capability of small rating active lter eectively improves the compensation characteristics of passive lters and hence
reduces the rating of the active lters (<5%), compared to
pure shunt or series active lter [16,1315].
Popular hybrid lter topologies consist of an active lter
in series with line (series hybrid lter {SHF}) or in series
with passive lter network in parallel with the load (parallel
hybrid lter {PHF}). The passive lters absorb all the harmonics in the load current, while the series/shunt active lters combination decouples the utility from the load and
the passive lters at the harmonic frequencies, and enhance
the ltering capabilities of passive lters respectively,
besides eliminating the resonance [410,13,14]. But these
topologies suer from some inherent problems. The parallel hybrid lter (PHF) suers on its rating if the supply is
distorted, whereas the series hybrid lter (SHF) corrupts
the voltage at point of common coupling (PCC). For industrial power system if sensitive control equipments are connected to PCC the voltage harmonics at PCC create serious
disturbance. Moreover these topologies are more eective
for current and voltage harmonic producing loads,
respectively.
Few researchers [2325] have investigated the hybrid lter with series connected active lter and combination of
active lter in series with passive lter connected in shunt
with load. The performance of the hybrid lter has been
investigated for the current fed type of loads, which
demands large reactive power generally catered by capacitors of passive lters. Thus with such design of passive lter

313

results in leading reactive current which prevail in the

power system under light load conditions, causing problem
to stabilization of the DC bus of the active lters. Moreover, with growing use of power supplies, VFDs, etc.,
which form voltage fed type loads, where the loads operate
near unity displacement factor need attention on the design
of passive lters, and operation of this topology. Two different schemes have been suggested for the operation of the
topology. One of the scheme utilizes SAF to isolate the
supply with the load at harmonic frequencies and PHF to
sink harmonic currents, supply reactive power and compensate for the voltage drop at harmonic frequencies across
the passive lter [23], and the other utilizes SAF for compensation of voltage distortion and PHF to tune passive lter to sink harmonic currents [24,25].
This paper deals with an analysis and control of an
improved hybrid lter consisting of combination of SAF
and PHF. The passive lters used are designed keeping in
mind their use with voltage fed type of loads. The design
of passive lter is carried out such that the net rms supply
current is lesser than the load current when the passive lters are switched in alone. The present study concentrates
on validation of such topology and control scheme with
varying rectier loads. Investigations are also made to
ascertain the elimination of resonance caused by capacitor
of passive lter with the supply impedance, and due to
overloading of passive lter under distorted mains conditions. The proposed hybrid lter eliminates the problems
of both series and parallel hybrid lter systems. The proposed topology is also capable of maintaining the power
quality for the sensitive loads connected to PCC, and is
equally suitable for both types of aforementioned harmonic producing loads. Investigations have been carried
out to validate the successful operation of the topology
with self supported DC bus under distorted mains conditions for varying rectier loads.
2. System conguration
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of an improved hybrid
lter system, which consists of tuned passive shunt lters,
active lter in series with line and an active lter in series
with passive lter with coupling transformer. Both series
and shunt active lters have a small rating typically 5%
of the load kVA rating and are controlled to act as a harmonic isolator between the supply and the load by constraining all the harmonic currents to sink into passive
lters, and voltage harmonic compensator, respectively.
The series active lter prevents supply and load interaction
and eliminates possibility of series and parallel resonance
[14]. The shunt active lter compensates the voltage drop
at harmonic frequency at the PCC. The harmonic isolation
provided by series active lter reduces the need for precise
tuning of the passive lters and allows their design to be
insensitive to supply impedance and eliminates possibility
of lter overloading due to ambient harmonic loads [4].
The series active lter allows the passive lters to be exactly

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B. Singh, V. Verma / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 29 (2007) 312321

Zs(Ls,Rs)

a
b
c

isa

iLa

isb

iLb

isc

Cdc

iLc
Cr

if a
Lr

VDC

Lr

if c

Rectifier Load

Cr
5:1

CDC
3 Phase VSI

if b

3 Phase VSI

5th 7th
HPF
Passive Filters

Fig. 1. Improved hybrid lter (IHF).

tuned to dominant load harmonics and can be designed to

achieve unity displacement factor. Whereas the shunt
active lter compensates for the voltage drop caused at harmonic frequencies at the point of common coupling,
improving power quality of the supply to other loads connected to the PCC along with compensation of voltage harmonic induced by series active lter. The shunt active lter
is also responsible for maintaining the constant DC link
voltage.
This scheme is also capable of providing limited line voltage regulation. For multiple, large and diverse type of nonlinear loads, the proposed hybrid lter can be installed at
the PCC. Even under supply voltage distortion, this conguration eectively provides harmonic isolation since the
shunt active lter compensates any distortion reected at
the PCC. Moreover the series active lter acts as a series
harmonic voltage source into the supply line and decouples
the load from the supply. However, this conguration is
susceptible to danger under short circuit condition in utility
line due to series active lter in the line. In such case an adequate protection is required to avoid such short circuits [9].
The proposed hybrid lter is controlled as an active
impedance, contrary to the conventional parallel and series
active lters, which are controlled as a current source (innite impedance) and voltage source (zero impedance),

respectively [3,4]. The series active lter is controlled as a

current controlled harmonic voltage source, to oer zero
impedance at fundamental frequency and high impedance
at all desired harmonic frequencies and shunt active lter
controlled as voltage controlled harmonic voltage source
which compensates for the distortion at PCC. This forces
the entire harmonic component of the load current to sink
into the passive lter and decouples the supply and load at
all frequencies, except fundamental along with compensation of voltage harmonics at the PCC. System parameters
are given in Table 1.
3. Principle of operation
Fig. 2 shows the proposed hybrid lter, which consists of
a series active lter, tuned passive lters, high pass lter and
shunt active lter. Fig. 3a and b shows the operation of the
hybrid lter at fundamental frequency (f1) and at harmonic
frequency (fh), respectively. At the fundamental frequency,
the series active lter allows a current is1 = il1 + if1 to ow
through it, where if1 is the fundamental current drawn by
the passive lter network. The shunt lter consumes this
fundamental frequency component to maintain the self supporting DC bus. The shunt active lter at fundamental frequency provides no compensation. At harmonic frequency
fh, the series active lter acts like an isolator forcing all

Table 1
System parameters for present study
Line impedance
Load impedance
Tuned passive lter
Tuned passive lter
High pass lter
Ripple lter
DC bus capacitance
Gains for PI controller
Gains of Se.AF and Sh.AF

Ls = 0.5 mH, Rs = 0.1

CLoad = 1000 lF, RLoad = 50X
Cf5 = 50 lF, Lf5 = 8.10 mH, Rf5 = 0.1X
Cf7 = 25 lF, Lf7 = 8.27 mH, Rf7 = 0.1X
Cf7 = 25 lF, Lf7 = 8.27 mH, Rf7 = 0.1X
Chp = 50 lF, Lhp = 0.68 mH, Rhp = 1.5X
Cr = 1.5 lF, Lr = 20 mH, Rr = 0.1X
CDC = 2200 lF
Kp = 0.032, KI = 0.00004
K1 = 24, K2 = 1.2

Zs
Is

Ifh

Vch*

IL
VL

Vch#

Vs
Passive
Filters

Vf

Fig. 2. Single phase equivalent circuit for IHF.

B. Singh, V. Verma / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 29 (2007) 312321

Zs1

Is1

If

+
Passive
Filters

V s1

Ish

L
O
A
D

Zsh
V

+
Vsh

*
ch

Ifh

=K1Ish

ILh
+VLh

Vch# = -K2Vfh

315

Passive
Filters

Vfh

Fig. 3. Single phase equivalent circuit of IHF (a) at fundamental Frequency (b) at harmonic frequencies.

V ch K 1 I sh

the load current harmonics to ow through the passive lter

network by producing high impedance in the path. The
shunt active lter at harmonic frequency compensates for
distortion in the voltage at PCC due to drop across passive
lter, by acting as a harmonic voltage source. The voltage
across the passive lter at frequency fh is ideally
V fh Z f I lh

and for the active lter in shunt branch as

V#
ch K 2 V fh

Practically, the series lter is controlled to present no

impedance at fundamental frequency and a K1(X) resistance to supply and load harmonics [13]. Harmonics in
the supply current exist due to ILh, load current at harmonic frequencies and Vsh, the supply harmonic voltage.
Using superposition theorem on Fig. 3b, the supply harmonic current is given as:

 

V sh fZ lh 1  K 2 Z fh g
1  K 2 Z fh V lh
I sh

2
Z eq
Z eq

4. Control scheme
The control scheme of IHF system is shown in Fig. 4.
The main objective of IHF is to control the series active
lter to present zero impedance for the fundamental frequency and high impedance at harmonic frequencies,
and shunt active lter to provide zero impedance for harmonic frequency and high impedance at fundamental frequency. This forces the entire harmonics load current at
harmonic frequency to ow into passive lter decoupling
the supply and load at harmonic frequencies and provides
the voltage appearing at PCC near sinusoidal. In order to
nd the reference output voltages of the series active lter
(vch ) and active lter in shunt (v#
ch ), harmonic component
of the supply current (ish), and voltage drop across the

where
Zeq = {Zsh + K1 + (1  K2)Zfh}Zlh + {(Zsh + K1)
(1  K2)Zfh}. For K1 to be very large, much greater than
Zs, and Zf, and K2  1, the supply current becomes near
sinusoidal (Ish  0). The rst term of Eq. (2) indicates the
operation of hybrid lter acting as a attenuator at harmonic
frequency, eliminating the possibility of parallel resonance,
and, second term reects the capability of series lter to act
as a blocking resistance to harmonic current from supply
side to ow into the passive lter. Hence the desired output
voltage of the series active lter is given as

K2
v fha

SRF
Isolator

vch

PWM
Generation

Voltage at PCC

is a

AF of PHF

vch*

isa1

SRF
Isolator

Supply Current
V DC

Ref.
Voltage

The voltage at PCC can also be obtained by using superposition theorem as



Z lh 1  K 2 Z fh V sh
V PCC
Z eq


Z sh K 1 1  K 2 Z fh V lh

5
Z eq

v fa

PI
Controller

K1

+
X

isa*

Hys.
Generation
SAF

isa

VDC
Low Pass
Filter

Fig. 4. Block diagram of control scheme.

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B. Singh, V. Verma / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 29 (2007) 312321

passive lters (vfh) are to be evaluated. The present study

utilizes the SRF theory for the extraction of harmonic
component of the supply current and voltage at PCC.
The control also incorporates the command for maintaining the average DC bus voltage of hybrid lter to constant value.
The SRF isolator extracts the fundamental component
of the supply current by transformation of isa, isb and isc
to dq reference frame. In the synchronously rotating reference frame, the components at fundamental frequency
(x1), are transformed to DC quantities and all harmonic
components undergo a frequency shift of x1(=50 Hz).
2 3
# isa
  r"
1
1
2 6 7
isa
2 1 2
p
p
6

4 isb 5
3
3
3 0 
isb
2
2
isc
  
 
isd
cosx1 t  sinx1 t isa

7
isq
isb
sinx1 t cosx1 t
SRF isolator extracts the DC quantities by low pass lters (LPF) for each isd and isq, realized by moving averager
at 100 Hz. The extracted DC components isdc D and isdc Q are
transformed back into abc coordinates to obtain the fundamental components as shown below

 


is1 a
isdc D
cosx1 t
sinx1 t

8
is1 b
 sinx1 t cosx1 t isdc Q
2
3
2
3
0
r 1
is1 a

p 
26 1
3 7 i s1 a
6
7


9
4 is1 b 5
4 2
2 5
p
3
i s1 b
3
1
is1 c
2 2
The phase harmonic currents are as
2
3 2 3 2
3
i s1 a
isa
isha
6
7 6 7 6
7
4 ishb 5 4 isb 5  4 is1 b 5
i s1 c
ishc
isc

3
i s1 a
6  7
6
7
6
7
4 vchb 5 K 1 4 ishb 5 K 3 4 is1 b 5
vchc
i s1 c
ishc
2 # 3
2
3
vfha
vcha
6 # 7
6
7
4 vchb 5 K 2 4 vfhb 5
vfhc
v#
chc
vcha

isha

Similarly the harmonic component of voltage at PCC

(vh(PCC)) can also be extracted. The shunt branch consisting
of PHF and passive lter compensates voltage at harmonic
frequencies. Thus the voltage across this branch (vfh) will
therefore be equal to vh (PCC), for K2 = 1.
A PI controller is used to maintain average DC bus voltage to its reference value which also compensates for the
inverter losses, required to regulate DC bus voltage and
for compensation feedback requires ltering to attenuate
AC components. The ltering of DC voltage also ensures
that power transfer between the DC bus of the inverter
and supply takes place only at fundamental frequency
and not as a result of harmonic frequency. This avoids harmonic oscillations of active lter current and supply currents. The required ltering of DC bus voltage is
dependent on the value of the capacitor, which in turn is
sized according to the voltage ripple specications [3].
The output of the PI controller is represented as gain
K3. Thus the reference outputvoltages of series active lter
(vch ) and active lter in shunt (v#
ch ) are given as

12

5. System equations of proposed lter

The proposed system comprises AC mains, nonlinear
load, passive lter, series active lter, shunt active lter
and its control scheme. System equations are developed
in this section for dierent blocks.
5.1. DC link voltage controller
The output reference voltages of series and shunt active
lters are achieved in accordance with Eqs. (11) and (12).
In Fig. 4, K1 is assigned a value between 20 and 25 and
K2 is assigned a value near 1. The higher value of K1, does
not improve the compensation characteristics but introduces the harmonics in the line voltage [3]. The value of
K3 is estimated using a PI controller over the average
DC bus voltage {vdc(n)} and its reference value {vdcn } of
the series active lter. The DC bus voltage error ve(n) at
nth sampling instant is as
ven vdcn  vdcn

13

The error signal, ve(n) is processed in PI controller and output K3(n) at nth sampling instant is expressed as
K 3n K 3n1 K p fven  ven1 g K I fven g

10

11

14

5.2. PWM voltage controller

The switching logic for phase a is formulated as
follows:
if vcha P vtri sa 1
else sa 0

15

where vtri is the instantaneous value of the carrier waveform and sa is the switching logic for the inverter leg corresponding to phase a. Similarly the switching logic of the
other two phases (b and c) of series active lter and
the three phases of shunt lter are formulated.
5.3. State space equations of the active lters
The active lters are connected to line and shunt branch
through the coupling transformers (CT). The CT has a
nominal turns ratio of n1:n2 (1:6) for series active lter
and turns ratio of n1:n2 (1:10) for shunt active lter. As
shown in Fig. 1, the secondaries of the CTs are connected
in star, and across the secondary winding a capacitor Cr is
connected. The output of the active lter is ltered using a

B. Singh, V. Verma / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 29 (2007) 312321

ripple lter (Lr, Cr) to avoid the induction of high frequency ripple voltage generated by the PWM inverter at
the terminals of the secondary winding of the CT. The voltage across the secondary winding of the CT has the same
waveform as the voltage across Cr. The high frequency
components gets dropped across Llr, whereas the low
frequency components, drops across Cr. Thus the voltage
controlled series active lter is modeled by the following
state space equations:
pifa fvfab  vfac  vcr ab vcr ac g=3  Rr ifa =Lr

16a

pifb fvfba  vfbc  vcr ba vcr bc g=3  Rr ifb =Lr

16b

pifc pifa pifb

16c

where vcr ab represents line to line voltage across ripple lter

capacitors connected in star.
pvcr a ifa =C r

17a

pvcr b ifb =C r

17b

pvcr c ifc =C r

17c

where p is the dierential operator (d/dt) and Rr is the eective resistance of the coil (Lr). vfab, vfbc and vfca are the three
phase output line to line voltages of the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). It may be expressed in terms of instantaneous
DC bus voltage (vdc) and switching functions as
vfab vfa  vfb ; vfbc vfb  vfc and vfca vfc  vfa ;
where
vfa vdc 2sa  sb  sc =3

18a

vfb vdc 2sb  sc  sa =3

18b

vfc vdc 2sc  sa  sb =3

18c

vcha, vchb and vchc are the voltage injected in the line by
series lter, this produces high impedance KX at harmonic
frequencies and produces a gain of K3 at fundamental frequency. Their values are given as
vcha vcr a n1 =n2
vchb vcr b n1 =n2

19a
19b

vchc vcr c n1 =n2

19c

Similarly state space equations may be developed for

shunt active lter. The derivative DC voltage (pvdc) is as
pvdc ifa  sa ifb  sb ifc  sc i0fa  s0a
i0fb  s0b i0fc  s0c =C dc

20

where ifa, ifb, ifc are the series active lter currents and i0fa ,
i0fb , i0fc are the shunt active lter currents. Similarly the
switching functions are dened as sa, sb, sc and s0a , s0b , s0c ,
respectively, for series and shunt active lters.
5.4. Modeling of load
A three-phase rectier with lter capacitor feeding resistive load is considered for three-phase, three-wire system.
The system equations are developed in this section. The

317

rectier load incorporates six diodes and each conducts

for some time lesser than 120. This non linear load can
be modeled through following equations:
pid vmax  vcap  2Rs id =2Ls
pvcap id  vcap =RL =C

21
22

where id is the current on DC side of the rectier, vcap is the

voltage across DC load, Rs, Ls are supply resistance and
inductance, C is DC lter capacitor, RL is load resistance
and vmax is maximum value of line voltages impressed
across pair of diodes. The load currents ila, ilb and ilc are
given as
ila

ilb

ilc

If vmax vab
If vmax vbc

id
0

id
id

0
id

If vmax vca

id

id

If vmax vba
If vmax vac

id
id

id
0

0
id

If vmax vcb

id

id

23

6. Performance of the hybrid lter system

The simulation has been carried out in MATLAB
environment along with SIMULINK and POWER SYSTEM BLOCKSET toolboxes. Dynamic response of the
proposed system is studied for sudden load perturbation
to evaluate the lter response. Figs. 57 demonstrate the
steady state and transient behaviour of the hybrid lter
system, harmonic spectrum of load current, supply current with passive lter, supply current with hybrid lter
system and harmonic spectrum of voltage at PCC, for
a three- phase system supplying rectier load under ideal
mains condition. Fig. 5 shows the dynamic performance
of proposed system when the rectier load is changed
at t = 0.02 s and at t = 0.10 s. Supply currents and load
currents settle to steady state values in less than half
cycle after the change of the load from, 4.35 kW to
8.7 kW and vice-versa, illustrating the fast dynamic
response of the system. Amplitude and rms value of supply current are observed lower than load current. The
rating of SAF and PHF are observed to be 5.3% and
4.4%, respectively. Figs. 6 and 7 show that the proposed
improved hybrid lter system is able to keep the THD of
supply current within 1.1% and THD of voltage waveform at PCC below 2.5%, meeting the IEEE 519 Standard. Fig. 6 also clearly indicates that due to presence
of passive lter alone parallel resonance is excited
between capacitor of passive lter and supply side impedance near 11th harmonic frequencies, which is mitigated
with ease by application of proposed IHF. Fig. 5 shows
that DC bus is able to self-support, using the proposed
scheme. Table 2, clearly shows that proposed topology
is quite eective for the rectier with output lter capacitance, as voltage type harmonic producing load. Even

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B. Singh, V. Verma / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 29 (2007) 312321

PCC

500

-500

100

-100

50

-50

PF

100

-100

ca(P)

50

-50

ca(S)

100

-100
232

dc

230
228
226

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Time (secs.)
Fig. 5. Dynamic performance of IHF for rectier load with an additional load connected at t = 0.02 s, and is withdrawn at t = 0.10 s. Vca(S), Vca(P):
compensating voltage injected by SAF and shunt active lter.

B. Singh, V. Verma / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 29 (2007) 312321

319

25
Load Current
Source Current with Passive Filters alone
Source current with Hybrid Filter

R.M.S. Current (Amp)

20

15

10

10

15

20

25

Harmonic Index

Fig. 6. Harmonic spectrum of load current,, supply current with passive lter and with IHF, under ideal supply condition.

350
Voltage at PCC with Passive Filter alone
Voltage at PCC with Hybrid Filter

R.M.S. Voltage (Volts)

300

250

200

150

100

50

10

15

20

25

Harmonic Index

Fig. 7. Harmonic spectrum of voltage at PCC with Passive Filter and IHF under ideal supply condition.

Table 2
Percentage THD of dierent hybrid lters with rectier load

Series hybrid lter

Parallel hybrid lter
Improved hybrid lter
Improved hybrid lter
(With distorted Vs)
a

iL

iS a

V PCC a

iS b

V PCC b

95.16
96.04
96.85
96.98

45.46
47.37
45.35
110.81

0.37
0.38
0.37
1.29

3.62
3.84
1.09
1.67

3.86
2.92
2.63
3.03

Response with passive lter alone connected to the load.

Response with SHF/PHF/IHF connected to the load under balanced/
distorted mains conditions.
b

under distorted supply condition where dominant fth

and seventh harmonics are 1.96% and 0.5%, respectively
and THD of supply voltage 2.1%, the system is able to
keep supply current THD below 1.7% and THD of voltage at PCC near 3%, as shown in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. However Fig. 8 also clearly indicates that IHF is
able to protect passive lter caused by series resonance
excited due to distorted mains condition near fth and
seventh harmonic frequencies. The dynamics of the system remained unaected even with distorted mains
conditions.

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B. Singh, V. Verma / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 29 (2007) 312321

30
Load Current
Source Current with Passive Filters alone
Source current with Hybrid Filter

R.M.S. Current (Amp)

25

20

15

10

10

15

20

25

Harmonic Index

Fig. 8. Harmonic spectrum of load current, supply current with passive lter and with IHF, under distorted supply condition.

350
Voltage at PCC with Passive Filter alone
Voltage at PCC with Hybrid Filter

R.M.S. Voltage (Volts)

300

250

200

150

100

50

10

15

20

25

Harmonic Index

Fig. 9. Harmonic spectrum of voltage at PCC with passive lter and IHF under distorted supply condition.

7. Conclusion
The performance of IHF system has demonstrated its
ability to control and isolate the harmonics. It has been
observed that the system has a fast dynamic response and
is able to keep the THD of the supply current well below
the limit specied by the IEEE 519 Standard. The cost of
the system is very much reduced due to the use of tuned
passive lters which sinks the harmonic currents. The
scheme has the advantage of simplicity and is able to self
support its DC bus, through power transfer from line at

fundamental frequency. The eectiveness of the series

active lter system to provide harmonic isolation can also
be observed with the passive lters, not precisely tuned at
dominant frequencies. Since the topology incorporates
low rating active lters, hence is not designed for large otuned passive lter conditions.
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