F ' ( x ) = f ( x ).
(2) Dada una funcin f(x) que sea 0, dar una definicin
de rea bajo la curva y=f(x) que no recurra a la
intuicin geomtrica.
Ejemplo
F ( x ) = 4 x3 + x 2 + 5
pues
es una antiderivada de f ( x ) = 12 x + 2 x
2
F ' ( x ) = 12 x + 2 x = f ( x )
2
f ( x )dx = F ( x ) + C
integrando
Ejemplos
1).
1 dx = x + C
x
x dx =
+C
2
3). e
2).
4).
dx = e x + C
1
dx = ln x + C
x
1
F ' ( x ) = , x 0,
x
F ( 1) = 2,
F ( e ) = 4.
Solucin
F ( x) =
ln ( x ) + C1 si x < 0
1
dx =
si x > 0
x
ln x + C2
F ( 1) = 2 ln ( ( 1) ) + C1 = 2 C1 = 2
F ( e ) = 4 ln e + C2 = 4 1 + C2 = 4
C2 = 3
Luego
ln ( x ) + 2 si x < 0
F ( x) =
si x > 0
ln x + 3
5. Hallar
( x
+ 2 x + 1 dx
2
x
2x
x + 2 x + 1 dx =
+
+ x+C
4
3
3
Propiedades
Sean F ' ( x ) = f ( x ) y G' ( x ) = g ( x ) . Entonces
1).
2).
f ( x ) g ( x ) )dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
(
k f ( x ) dx = k
f ( x ) dx = kF ( x ) + C , k \ {0}
= F ( x) G ( x) + C
3).
n +1
x
x n dx =
+ C;
n +1
n 1 n .
Ejemplos
1).
(5x
5 x 4 8 x 3 + 9 x 2 2 x + 7 dx
8 x + 9 x 2 x + 7 dx =
3
5 x 4 dx 8 x 3dx + 9 x 2 dx 2 xdx + 7 dx =
4 +1
3+1
2 +1
1+1
x
x
x
x
5.
8.
+ 9.
2.
+ 7x + C =
4 +1
3+1
2 +1
1+1
= x5 2 x 4 + 3x 3 x 2 + 7 x + C.
du
g ( u ) dx dx = G ( u ) + C
ya que, mediante la regla de la cadena,
d
du
du
= g (u )
G ( u ) = G ' ( u )
dx
dx
dx
f ( g ( x ) ) g ' ( x ) dx = f ( u ) du.
Halle
9
x
+
3
x
+
5
( 2 x + 3) dx
Solucin
hacemos la sustitucin
u = x + 3x + 5
2
du = d x + 3x + 5 =
2
g ( u ) = 9u
( 2 x + 3) dx
9
x
+
3
x
+
5
2
x
+
3
dx
=
g
u
du
(
)
(
)
2
g (u )
du
= 9u du = u + C
8
Volviendo a la variable x
9( x
+ 3x + 5
( 2 x + 3) dx
= x + 3x + 5 + C
2
Halle
Solucin
u = 2 3x
23x
dx
hacemos la sustitucin:
du = d ( 2 3 x ) = 3dx
Solucin
23x
23x
dx = e ( 3) dx
3 g(u)
du
u
= e du
3
Solucin
1
1 u
u
= e du = e + C
3
3
2 3 x
1 2 3 x
dx = e
+C
3
d
uv
=
vdu
+
udv
(
)
de donde,
uv = vdu + udv
udv
=
uv
vdu
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx =
fcil de fcil de
derivar integrar
f ( x ) G ( x ) G ( x ) f ' ( x ) dx
donde G es una anti derivada de g.
Tambin
u
dv
=
fcil de fcil de
derivar integrar
uv vdu,
x e dx
2
Solucin hacemos
u = x2
dv = e x
du = 2 xdx
v=
dv =
x
x
e
dx
=
e
Reemplazando
x e dx = ( x ) ( e ) ( e ) ( 2 x ) dx
2
dv
du
= x e 2 xe dx
2
u= x
dv = e
du = d x
v=
dv = e
x
x
= x e 2 xe e dx
2 x
x
x
= x e 2 xe e
2
=e
(x
2 x + 2) + C
dx = e
ln xdx
du = dx
x
dv = dx
v = dv = dx = x
1
ln
x
dx
=
x
ln
x
x
dx
(
)
(
)
(
)
u dv x
v
v
u
du
= x ln x x + C
cos x dx = sen x + C
2
sec
x dx = tan x + C
2
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C csc x cot x dx = csc x + C
csc
x
dx
=
cot
x
+
C
tan x dx = ln cos x + C
Solucin hacemos
sen ( 2 x )( 2 ) dx
u=2x.
du
sen ( u ) dx = sen ( u ) du = cos ( u )
dx
= cos ( 2 x )
Observe que:
sen ( 2 x ) dx cos ( 2 x )
e sen ( x ) dx
x
I = e x sen ( x ) dx
u=e
dv = sen ( x ) dx
du = e dx
x
v=
senxdx = cos x
entonces
I = e cos x
x
e ) cos ( x ) dx
(
I = e x cos x + e x cos ( x ) dx
t=e
dz = cos ( x ) dx
dt = e dx
x
z=
cos x d x = s e n x
tdz = tz zdt
I = e x cos x + e x senx I
Por lo tanto
e cos x + e senx
e senxdx =
+C
2
x