Periodic table
Periodic Table : Periodic table may be defined as the
arrangement of known elements according to their
properties in a tabular form
Newlands law of octaves: When the elements are
arranged in the increasing order of atomic masses, the
properties of every eight elements are similar to the
first one. Newland called this relation as the law of
octaves due to similarity with the musical scale.
First
Octave
2nd octave
3rd Octave
I
H
II
Li
III
Be
IV
B
V
C
VI
N
VII
O
F
Cl
Na
K
Mg
Ca
Al
Cr
Si
Ti
P
Mn
S
Fe
Position of isotopes -
X+ X2+ + e
3rd ionization energy
X2+ X3+ + e
It is the minimum amount of energy required to remove
an electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its ground
state to form a gaseous ion .The ionization energy is
the amount of energy it takes to detach one electron
from a neutral atom.
The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the
nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the
higher its ionization energy will be.
The first ionization energy is the energy required to
remove one electron from the parent atom denoted by
I1 Na --> Na+ + eThe second ionization energy is the energy required to
remove a second valence electron from the univalent
ion to form the divalent ion, and so on denoted by I2 -
electron affinity :
The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy
released when an electron is added to a neutral atom
to form a negative ion. Although electron affinity varies
greatly, some patterns emerge. Generally, nonmetals
have more positive electron affinity values than metals.
Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron. The
electron affinities of the noble gases have not been
measured conclusively, so they may or may not have
slightly negative values.[36]
Electron affinity generally increases across a period.
This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the
atom; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a
group 1 atom on gaining an electron because it obtains
a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable