1

Novel method for detection of transformer

winding faults using Sweep Frequency
Response Analysis
Jashandeep Singh

Yog Raj Sood

Abstract-- Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) is an

established tool for determining the core deformations, bulk
winding movement relative to each other, open circuits and short
circuit turns, residual magnetism, deformation within the main
transformer winding, axial shift of winding etc. This test is
carried out on the transformer without actual opening it and is
an off line test. This paper explains the fundamental studies of
SFRA measurement on basic electrical circuits, which can be
extended for studying the mechanical integrity of a transformer
after short circuit fault, transportation etc.
Index Terms SFRA, Power Transformer,
Deformation, Impulse response, Resonance frequency.

Winding

I. INTRODUCTION

ower transformers are one of the most expensive elements

in a power system and their failure is a very costly event
[4]. Power transformers are mainly involved in the energy
transmission and distribution [1]. Unplanned power
transformer outages have a considerable economics impact on
the operation of electric power network. To have a reliable
operation of transformer, it is necessary to identify problems
at an early stage before a catastrophic occurs. In spite of
corrective & predictive maintenance, the preventive
maintenance of power transformer is gaining due importance
in modern era and it must be taken into account to obtain the
highest reliability of power apparatus like a power
transformer. The well known preventive maintenance
techniques such as DGA, thermal monitoring, oil analysis,
partial discharge measurement, capacitance & tan delta
measurements, sweep frequency response analysis, etc. are
applied for transformer for a specific type of problem [1, 4].
In the FRA technique, a low amplifier swept frequency signal
is applied at the end of one of the transformer windings and
the response is measured at the other end of the winding with
Jashandeep Singh is Research Scholar in the Department of Electrical Engg.
(EED), NIT Hamirpur (H.P), India (erjashan78@yahoo.com)
Yog Raj Sood is Prof & Head, Electrical Engg. Department, NIT Hamirpur
(H.P), India (yrsood@gmail.com)
Piuesh Verma is Prof & Head, Electrical & Electronics Engg. Dept, Lovely
Institute
of
Engg.&
Technology,
Phagwara
(Pb.),
India
(pverma19@yahoo.co.uk)
Raj Kumar Jarial is Lecturer (Selection Grade ), Electrical Engg. Department,
NIT Hamirpur (H.P), India

1-4244-1298-6/07/$25.00 2007 IEEE.

Piush Verma

Raj Kumar Jarial

one phase at a time. The method is based on the fact that every
transformer winding has a unique signature of its transfer
function which is sensitive to change in the parameters of the
winding, namely resistance, inductance and capacitance. It
consist of measuring the impedance of transformer winding
over a wide range of frequencies and comparing the results of
these measurements with a reference set taken either during
installation or at any other point of time. Difference in
signature of the responses may indicate damage to the
transformer which can be investigated further using other
techniques or by an internal examination [9].
II. WINDING DEFORMATION
Winding deformation may be due to mechanical and
electrical faults. Mechanical faults occur in the form of
displaced winding, hoop buckling, winding movement,
deformations and damaged winding. They may be due to the
loss of pressure, vibration during transportation and also
excessive mechanical force during a close-up short circuit
fault. Winding movements may also result from stresses
induced by electrical faults such as an interturns short circuit
as a result of lightning strikes [5, 10, 13]. It may also result in
insulation damage. The deformation can also be due to ageing
of paper. As a transformer ages the insulation shrink and the
clamping pressure may be lost which reduces its voltage
withstand strength. Winding deformations in transformers are
difficult to establish by conventional methods of diagnostic
tests like ratio, impedance/ inductance, magnetizing current
etc. Deformation results in relative changes to the internal
inductance and capacitance of the winding. These changes can
be detected externally by low voltage impulse method or FRA
method [4].
III. PURPOSE FOR SFRA MEASUREMENT
SFRA measurement is required.
After short circuit testing of Power Transformer.
After Impulse testing of power transformer.
Quality assurance during manufacturing.
Assess Mechanical Condition of Transformers
(mechanical distortions).
Detect Core and Winding Movement.
Due to large electromagnetic forces from fault
currents.

Winding Shrinkage causing release of clamping

pressure.
Transformer Relocations or Shipping
IV. SFRA MEASUREMENT

Frequency response analysis plots the ratio of the

transmitted voltage waveform to the applied voltage
waveform in dBs. The impedance attenuated the input
voltage signal. The basic measurement circuit is shown in
Figure 1. To remove the effect of test leads, a three lead
system is used to measure both input and output voltages [7].

An ideal resistor reduces the output voltage across the

frequency range e.g. a 50 resistor would give an output
voltage half the input voltage. This would be a straight line at
-6dB, a 500 resistor would give a response at -20.8 dB as
shown in Figure 3. We have tested the 350 Ohm resistance
using SFRA, its results appears to be around -18db, shown in
Figure 4. It clearly indicates that, as the resistance of the
system goes on increasing, the dB level of response decreases.

Figure 2: Response of a short circuit

Figure 1: Measurement of voltages for SFRA

The test leads are made from low loss RG-58 RF coaxial
cable with the shield grounded to the instrument chassis
through a standard connector. The M5200 SFRA Instrument
requires a match impedance signal cable, & performs a single
end measurement. The signal is measured w.r.t. the instrument
ground. The shield of the signal cable must be connected to
the chassis using 50 ohm impedance- matched RF BCN
Connector. The length of the lead is 60 ft (This length is the
shortest length useful to test the largest transformer from a
location on the ground, adjacent to the test transformer).
Nevertheless, it is the lead length that determines the max
effective frequency [18].
The response in dBs is calculated by the following equation:
Response in dBs, dB = 20 log10 (

Vout
)
Vin

(1)

The output voltage, Vout is referenced via a 50 co-axial

cable to ground. This means we have:

Vout
50
=
Vin 50 + Z

Figure 3: Responses of a 50 and a 500 ideal resistor

An open circuit would provide infinite impedance, and an

output voltage of zero. This is not calculated as a dB value,
but equates to infinite dB down.
An ideal inductor at low frequency behaves as a short
circuit, as frequency increases, the impedance increases,
heading towards an open circuit. The response of an ideal
inductor is shown in Figure 5. It starts at 0dB and then shows
a characteristics roll off, on the log scale, as the frequency
increases.

(2)

Where Z is frequency dependent impedance function for an

Inductor or Capacitor or a combination of the two.
V. FREQUENCY RESPONSES OF INDUCTOR, CAPACITOR AND
RESISTOR
Individual passive components- R,L,C have identifiable
and distinct frequency responses. In practice, however, there
is no such thing as an ideal inductor, an ideal capacitor or an
ideal resistor; each has elements of the other components.
Consequently their responses contain elements of each
component.
The expected responses for a short circuit, at any
frequency, is that Vout = Vin, as Z=0 . This equals 0 dB
across the frequency range. This is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 4: Experimental response of 350 ohm Resistor

Signal attenuation, SA is inversely proportional to the

frequency and the rate of increment of the attenuation is -20
dB per decade.
B. Capacitor only

Figure 8: Circuit connection of C only

Figure 5: Experimental response of inductor

A ideal capacitor behave like an open circuit at low

frequencies but at high frequencies it behaves like a short
circuit & its response climbs towards zero as frequency rises,
as indicated in Figure 6 [7, 11].

From the circuit,

v2
(50 * jwC )
=
(7)
v1 (50 * jwC ) + 1
(50 * jwC )
dB = 20 log10
(8)
(50 * jwC ) + 1
A=

At low frequency,

1
f
v 2 50 jwC

f
v1
1
v2
20 log10 20 log f
v1
X C

Figure 6: Experimental response of capacitor

VI. THEORETICAL FRA MEASUREMENT ON BASIC ELECTRICAL

CIRCUITS
A. Inductor only
The connection diagram for measuring FRA of Inductor is
shown in Figure 7.

(9)

(10, 11)

Signal attenuation SA increases as the frequency is

increased and the capacitive reactance is inversely
proportional to the frequency. SA will increase at the rate of
20 dB per decade.
C. Parallel connection of Capacitors and Inductors

Figure 9: Circuit connection of parallel L & C

Figure 7: Circuit connection of L only

From the circuit,

v2
50
=
v1 50 + jwL
50
dB = 20 log10
50 + jwL
A=

v2
50 (1 w 2 LC )
=
v1 50 (1 w 2 LC ) + jwL
(12, 13, 14)
1
w=
LC
v2
20 log
20 log 0
v1
A=

(3)
(4)

D. Series connection of Inductors and Resistors

At high frequency,

v2 1

(5)
v1 f
v2
1
20 log10 20 log10 20 log f (6)
v1
f

Figure 10: Circuit connection of series R & L

The Signal attenuation of the circuit,

A=

v2
50
=
(15)
v1 (50 + jwL + R)

The above equation indicates that, at low frequency the

value of inductance is small enough; the attenuation is
dominated by the resistance. As the resistance increases, the
attenuation decreases. However, this is not true if the value of
the inductive reactance is larger compared to the value of the
resistance. Therefore, at high frequencies, the attenuation is
definitely dominated by the inductive reactance. The inductive
reactance increases with the frequency and this will result in
further decreasing of the signal attenuation. At the high
frequency range, the FRA responses produced by the series
connection of inductor and resistor are quite similar to the SA
results for a single inductor. This shows that, the values of
resistances are too small compared to the value of the
inductive reactance to produce any changes on the responses
in the high frequency region.

in the high-frequency response, often leading to the creation

of new resonant frequencies. The high-frequency response
may also be affected by the tank or cable grounding. Poor tank
grounding is easy to spot, as it affects all windings, whereas
damage is usually confined to one winding or at worst one
phase. Poor cable grounds are more difficult to detect, as they
may cause changes to just one winding, but are unlikely to
lead to the creation of new resonant frequencies [13, 6].
VIII. MODELING TRANSFORMER AS A TWO PORT NETWORKS
FOR SFRA MEASUREMENTS
Generally, any pair of terminals where a signal may enter
or leave an electrical network is described as a port.
When performing SFRA we have an input signal,
referenced to ground, and a measured signal, also referenced
to ground. A transformer undergoing SFRA can thus be
modeled by a two-port network. Figure 12, illustrates a basic
two-port network.

E. Parallel connection of Capacitors and Resistors

Figure 11: Circuit connection of parallel R & C

A=

v2
50 (( R * jwC ) + 1)
(50 * R * jwC ) + 50 (16)
=
=
v1 50 (( R * jwC ) + 1) + R (50 * R * jwC ) + 50 + R

At low frequency, the circuit behaves as a voltage divider

with the ratio depending on the value of R. The lower the
resistance, the higher is the SA. As the frequency is
increased, the attenuation increases and if the resistance is
sufficiently low, the signal attenuation will be like a voltage
divider. However, if the resistance is high, the capacitance
will dominate the response [5].
VII. DIAGNOSING FAULTS
The low frequency faults, such as short-circuited turns,
change the magnetizing characteristics of the transformer and
hence affect the low-frequency response. Circulating currents
loops, if they are sufficiently large, redirect leakage flux into
the core and also change the low-frequency response. An
ungrounded core changes the shunt capacitance of the
winding closest to the core and also the low-frequency
response.
The medium-frequency response is sensitive to faults that
cause a change in the properties of the whole winding. A
significant increase in the medium-frequency resonances
normally indicates axial movement of a winding. A significant
decrease normally indicates radial movement of the inner
winding (hoop buckling). Slight differences are often accepted
as being a result of windings settling into place.
The high-frequency response is sensitive to faults that
cause changes in the properties of parts of the winding.
Localized winding damage causes seemingly random changes

Figure 12: SFRA Two Port Network

Z11, Z22, Z12, and Z21 are

the open-circuit impedance

parameters. It should be noted that the negative terminals are
short circuited when transformer are tested. The transformer
tank is common for both negative & lower terminals. The
transformer tank & lead ground shields must be connected
together to achieve a common-mode measurement. This
assures that no external impedance is measured. It also
reduces the effect of noise. It is very important to obtain zero
impedance between the lower or negative terminals to assure
repeatable measurements.
The impedances, Z11, Z22, Z12, and Z21, are formed by the
complex RLC network of the specimen. They include
capacitances, inductances, mutual inductances and resistances
and are related to the construction and materials of the
transformer.
Voltage Transfer Function,

H V ( jw) =

Vout ( jw)
(17)
Vin ( jw)

The magnitude and phase is represented as follows [18].

A(dB) = 20 log10 ( H ( jw))

A( ) = tan 1 ( H ( jw))

(18, 19)

In this diagram:
Z12 represents the impedance of the winding and any
other electrical paths between the input and output
bushings; for a short circuit, Z12 would equal zero.

Z11 and Z22 represent the complex impedance paths

to ground, through the bushing and the winding
insulation.
Z21 represents the impedance between the two
reference grounds; this should be ~ 0
It should be clear that if we vary the values of Z11 and
Z22, we change the network, and the results for SFRA may
vary. This is the reason why good grounding is important, and
why we try to be as consistent as possible in applying grounds
to the base of the bushings.
In an ideal situation, there is no substantial impedance
between the two bushing flange connections and Z21
approaches zero. Any stray impedance may affect the results.
Z12 represent not just the winding impedance but also any
other impedance paths between the input and output signals.
Due to the generally small size of Z12 compared to any other
paths, it dominates and Z12 is a close approximation to the
winding impedance under most circumstances [8, 16].

Figure 13: FRA comparison of identical sister unit transformers

IX. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

There is a hierarchy of analysis using SFRA. The best
method is to compare results to those obtained previously as a
baseline. But sometime baseline results are not available then,
we can rely on three further types of comparison over baseline
comparisons:
comparison with a sister unit of the same design
phase to phase comparison of short circuit test results
phase to phase comparison of open circuit test results
Comparison with a sister unit has clear benefits in that
reference results may be determined for a number of
transformers at one time as shown in Figure 13. Experience
has shown, however, that sister units, even with successive
serial numbers in the factory, may show variation: resonance
shifts and form changes. Consequently we must use such
results with caution.
Short circuit test results allow direct comparison between
phases of a transformer. This is a very powerful test as, by
shorting out the LV windings during a HV test, we remove the
effect of the core. Hence we are looking at the response of the
three winding arrangements as large inductors. These should
show the classic shape of such a response: near zero dB down
at low frequency as the DC resistance of each winding is
small, and an inductive roll off as frequency increases. Any
variation between phases should warrant an investigation.
Figure 14 illustrate the impact of open circuit & short circuit
connections in a transformer.
Open circuit phase-to-phase comparison is only possible in
a few circumstances. Each winding has an expected shape,
with some predictable variations. However, there are many
causes of variation between phases which means that it is
possible to have substantial differences with no problem in the
transformer [15].

Figure 14: FRA response under open circuit & short circuit connections

X. STANDARD INTERPRETATIONS
Experience has shown that different frequency bands of the
SFRA trace relate to different elements within a transformer.
A general overview is given in Table 1 for open circuit
measurements.
TABLE I
FREQUENCY BANDS AND POSSIBLE SOURCES OF VARIATION

Band
<2kHz

2kHz to 20kHz
20kHz to 400kHz
400kHz to 2MHz

Likely Causes of Variation

Core Deformation, Open Circuits,
Shorted Turns &
Residual Magnetism
Bulk Winding Movement Relative to
Each Other, clamping structure
Deformation Within the main and
tap windings
Movement of main and tap winding
Leads; axial shift

It is possible to use as the basis for an expert system,

however, caution must be used. The bands overlap and are not
well defined; the band limits are not strictly set and vary both

with manufacturer and transformer MVA and voltage. Hard

and fast rules are difficult to generate as there are so many
designs and manufacturers.
With short circuit measurements we are really only looking
at low frequencies, below a couple of kHz. Variation between
successive measurements means a change in impedance for
the winding and needs to be investigated thoroughly.
Variation between phases within a transformer may be the
result of design and construction. Anything within about 0.2
dB is usually considered acceptable, but even here it may be
an indication of a variation of significance [17].
XI. CONNECTIONS OF SFRA
Generally, an SFRA measurement is made from one
terminal on the transformer (e.g H1 or A) to another terminal
(e.g. H2 or N). It is important to record all relevant
information, which includes tap position, oil level and
terminals grounded or shorted.
It is important to note that where previous test results exist,
the best testing procedure is to repeat those tests: taking note
of tap position, shorted or grounded bushings and any
particular details for specific tests performed.
Doble make M5200 SFRA model is capable of doing all
needed SFRA test which can be analyzed with SFRA
software. Ensure the cables are connected to the test set
following the color coded BNC connections. A test lead
integrity check may be performed if required.
When running a test on a transformer winding, for example
H1-H0, attach the Red Lead to the H1 bushing and the Black
Lead to the H0 bushing, as shown in Figure 15.
When connecting leads to a transformer, ensure that you
attach the lead grounds to a stud or bolt at the base of the
bushing, and that good electrical contact is established and
maintained. It is important to record nameplate and test
arrangement data in the 'Nameplate' section of the software.
Changing tap position or DETC position or removing core
ground connections will give different SFRA results. This

LTC and DETC positions during test

Location
HV/LV/TV, MVA, Impedance
Red and black lead locations
Bushings shorted
LTC and DETC ranges and nominal position
Bushings grounded
XII. MEASUREMENT TYPES
A. Open Circuit
An open circuit measurement is made from one end of a
winding to another with all other terminals floating. For a
delta winding, connections would be H1 to H3, for example.
For a star winding measurements are taken from HV terminals
to neutral, such as X1 to X0.
B. Interwinding
An Interwinding measurement is from one winding to
another with all other terminals floating. This would include,
for example, H1 to X1 on a double wound transformer or H1
to Y1 on an autotransformer with a tertiary. Note that H1 to
X1 on an autotransformer is not an Interwinding measurement
but an open circuit measurement on the series winding.
Interwinding measurements are usually considered as optional
tests or tests for further investigation when open circuit and
short circuit tests are inconclusive (Interwinding tests are
marked with an asterisk to indicate their optional nature).
C. Short Circuit
A short circuit measurement is made with the same SFRA
test lead connections as an open circuit measurement but with
the difference that another winding is short circuited. To
ensure repeatability, Doble recommends that the three voltage
terminals on the shorted winding are all shorted together. This
would mean, for example, shorting X1 to X2, X2 to X3 and
X3 to X1. This ensures all three phases are similarly shorted
to give consistent impedance. Any neutral connections
available for the shorted winding should not be included in the
shorting process.
XIII. TEST CONNECTIONS

Figure 15: Connecting Leads to the Transformer to Measure H1-H0

means that where previous results are available, measurements

must be made in a manner consistent with those previous
results. The following details are a minimum set required for
each test.
Manufacturer, serial number

Make sure good electrical connections are made at bushing

terminals and at the base of bushings; clean, file or wire brush
connection points if necessary. Test connections are given
here for some common transformer designs; the red lead is
first of the two named terminals.
Each table gives the recommended tests with position of
the red lead and black lead clearly identified. Reversing these
test leads may provide small variations in higher frequency
response. Care must therefore be taken in attaching test leads
in the appropriate manner.
Good grounds are key to good high frequency responses
make sure ground connections are not hampered by loose
connections, paint or dirt and grease [18]. Table 2 to 5,
illustrate all possible combination of SFRA tests for deriving

meaningful analysis related to mechanical integrity of power

transformers.
XIV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, various basic concepts related to Sweep
Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) are presented in
relation to SFRA of various R, L, C circuits. It has been
explained that basic R, L, C elements responses are helpful for

modeling a power transformer which can be considered as a

two port network. It has been shown that SFRA responses of
different combination of transformer winding can highlight
completely the mechanical integrity of power transformer by
their careful comparison. In nutshell it has been demonstrated
that FRA techniques are better than impulse response
techniques.

TABLE 2
TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Test Type

Test

HV Open Circuit (OC)

All other terminal floating

Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9

LV Open Circuit (OC)

All other terminal floating
Short Circuit (SC)
High (H)to Low (L)
Short [X1-X2-X3]

3 Phase
-
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2

3 Phase
-
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0

3 Phase
-
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2

3 Phase
-
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0

1 Phase
H1-H2 or
(H1-H0)
X1-X2 Or
(X1-X0)
H1-H0
Short [X1X2 or X1-X0]

TABLE 3
THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Test Type

Test

HV Open Circuit (OC)

All other terminal floating

Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
Test 11
Test 12
Test 13
Test 14
Test 15
Test 16
Test 17
Test 18

LV Open Circuit (OC)

All other terminal floating
Tertiary Open Circuit (OC)
All other terminal floating
Short Circuit (SC)
High (H) to Low (L)
Short [X1-X2-X3]
Short Circuit (SC)
High (H) to Tertiary (T)
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]
Short Circuit (SC)
Low (L) to Tertiary (T)
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]

3 Phase
--
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2
Y1-Y3
Y2-Y1
Y3-Y2
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2

3 Phase
--
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2
Y1-Y0
Y2-Y0
Y3-Y0
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2

3 Phase
--
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0
Y1-Y3
Y2-Y1
Y3-Y2
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0

3 Phase
--
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0
Y1-Y0
Y2-Y0
Y3-Y0
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
H1-H3
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0

1 Phase
H1-H2
or
(H1-H0)
X1-X2
Or
(X1-X0)
Y1-Y2
Or (Y1-Y0)
H1-H0
Short [X12]
H1-H0
Short [Y12]
X1-X0
Short [Y12]

TABLE 4
THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Test Type

Test

HV Open Circuit (OC)

All other terminal floating

Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10

LV Open Circuit (OC)

All other terminal floating
Tertiary Open Circuit (OC)
All other terminal floating
Short Circuit (SC)

3 Phase
--
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0
Y1-Y0
Y2-Y0
Y3-Y0
H1-H0

3 Phase
--
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0
Y1-Y3
Y2-Y1
Y3-Y2
H1-H0

3 Phase
--
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2
Y1-Y0
Y2-Y0
Y3-Y0
H1-H0

3 Phase
--
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2
Y1-Y3
Y2-Y1
Y3-Y2
H1-H0

High (H) to Low (L)

Short [X1-X2-X3]
Short Circuit (SC)
High (H) to Tertiary (T)
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]
Short Circuit (SC)
Low (L) to Tertiary (T)
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]

Test 11
Test 12
Test 13
Test 14
Test 15
Test 16
Test 17
Test 18

H2-H0
H3-H0
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0

H2-H0
H3-H0
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X0
X2-X0
X3-X0

H2-H0
H3-H0
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2

H2-H0
H3-H0
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
X1-X3
X2-X1
X3-X2

TABLE 5
AUTO TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Test Type

Test

3 Phase

1 Phase

Series Winding (OC)

All other terminal floating

Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
Test 11
Test 12
Test 13
Test 14
Test 15
Test 16
Test 17
Test 18

H1-X1
H2-X2
H3-X3
X1-H0X0
X2-H0X0
X3-H0X0
Y1-Y3
Y2-Y1
Y3-Y2
H1-H0X0
H2-H0X0
H3-H0X0
H1-H0X0
H2-H0X0
H3-H0X0
X1-H0X0
X2-H0X0
X3-H0X0

H1-X1

Common Winding (OC)

All other terminal floating
Tertiary Winding (OC)
All other terminal floating
Short Circuit (SC), High (H) to Low (L)
Short [X1-X2-X3]
Short Circuit (SC), High (H) to Tertiary (T)
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]
Short Circuit (SC), Low (L) to Tertiary (T)
Short [Y1-Y2-Y3]

XV. REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]

Jorge Pleite, Carlos Gonzalez, Juan Vazquez, Antonio Lazaro,

Power transformer core fault diagnosis using frequency response
analysis, IEEE MELECON 2006, May 16-19, Benalmadena, Spain,
pp 1126-1129.
Charles L. Sweetser , Patrick Picher, A Report on activities By
IEEE WG Pc57.149 And CIGRE WG A2.26 On Frequency
Response Analysis (FRA) Testing, 2005 Doble Engineering
Company.
Ashok Kumar Yadav, Subash C. Taneja, Transformer diagnostics
testing by SFRA, The Journal of CPRI, vol.2, No.2, September
2005, pp 177-185.
P.M.Nirgude, B. Gunasekaran, Channakeshava, A.D. Rajkumar, B.P.
Singh, Frequency response analysis approach for condition
monitoring of transformer, Electrical Insulation and Dielectric
Phenomena, 2004. CEIDP '04. 2004 Annual Report Conference on
17-20 Oct. 2004, pp 186 189.
D.M.Sofian, Z.D. Wang, S.B. Jayasinghe, Frequency response
analysis in diagnosing transformer winding movements fundamental understandings.; Universities Power Engineering
Conference,
2004.
39th
International
Volume 1, 6-8 Sept. 2004 pp 138 - 142 Vol. 1
S.A.Ryder, Diagnosing transformer faults using frequency
response analysis, Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE Volume
19, Issue 2, March-April 2003, pp 16 22.
Tony Mcgrail, SFRA Basic Analysis Vol 1, Version 1.0, 2003
Doble Engineering Co., pp 4-13.
Tony Mcgrail, SFRA Basic Analysis Vol 2, Version 1.0, 2003
Doble Engineering Co., pp 3-5.
Simon A. Ryder, Methods for comparing frequency response
analysis measurement, IEEE International Symposium on Electrical
Insulation, Boston, MA USA, April 7-10, 2002.

X1-H0X0

Y1-Y2
(Y1-Y0)
H1-H0X0
Short [X1H0X0]
H1-H0X0
Short [Y1-Y2]
X1-H0X0
Short [Y1-Y2]

[10] Simon Ryder, "Frequency Response Analysis for Diagnostic Testing

of Power Transformers", Electricity Today Magazine, Issue June
2001.
[11] The Impedance Measurement Handbook 2nd Edition, Agilent
Technologies, 2000.
[12] J.A. Lapworth and T.J. Noonan, Mechanical condition assessment
of power transformers using frequency response analysis, 1995
Conference of Doble clients, Boston, 1995.
[13] P. T. M. Vaessen and E. Hanique, " A New Frequency Response
Analysis Method for Power Transformers", IEEE Trans. On Power
Delivery, Vol. &No. 1, January 1992, pp 384-391.
[14] Lawrence P. Huelsman, 1984. Basic Circuit Theory, New Jersey,
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
[15] E.P.Dick, C.C.Erven, "Transformer Diagnostic Testing by Frequency
Response Analysis" IEEE Trans PAS-97, No. 6, pp 2144-2153,
1978.
[16] http://www.ece.pdx.edu/~ece2xx/ECE222/Slides/TwoPortsx4.pdf
[17] Tony McGrail, Charles Sweetser, Experience with SFRA for
Transformer Diagnostics, Doble Engineering.
[18] Manual M5200 SFRA, Version 1.1.

XVI. BIOGRAPHIES
Jashan deep Singh was born in Ludhiana (Punjab),
India. He did his Diploma in Electrical Engg. From
G.N.E. Ludhiana in 1999, B.Tech in Electrical Engg.
and M.Tech in Instrumentation & Control in 2002 and
2004 respectively. He is doing his Ph.D from NIT,
Hamirpur. He is working as lecturer in the Electrical
Engineering department of NIT, Hamirpur. His
interest researches are Energy management,
Transformer Diagnosis and Electrical machines.

Dr. Yog Raj Sood obtained his B.Sc degree from P.U.
Chandigarh in 1980. He received his B.E. degree in
Electrical Engineering with Honours and M.E. in
Power System from Punjab Engineering College
Chandigarh (U.T.), in 1984 and 1987 respectively. He
has obtained his Ph.D. from Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee in 2003. He joined Regional
Engineering College Kurukshetra in 1986. Presently he is Professor &
Head in the Electrical Engineering Department of National Institute of
Technology, Hamirpur (H.P.), India.
He has published a number of research papers. He has been awarded The
Union Ministry of Energy- department of Power Prize for publication of
one of his research paper in the journal of the Institution of Engineers
(India). His research interests are in the area of computer applications to
power system, wheeling, deregulation, open access transmission system,
power network optimization, high voltage engineering and nonconventional sources of energy.

Dr.Piush Verma graduated in 1991 with degree in

Electrical Engineering from Institution of Engineers
(India). He received his Master degree with Honors
and Ph.D in Electrical engineering with from Thapar
Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed
University), Patiala (India) in 1995 and 2005. He has
over 15 years of experience in research, industry and
academics. Presently he is Professor in the department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering and involved in research in the area of Condition
Monitoring of Transformers.

Raj Kumar jarial, was born in India, and received his

Degree(Electrical
Engineering),
Masters
Degree(Power Systems Engineering) with Distinction
and Ph.D. Degree(Power Systems Engineering) in the
year 1990, 1993 and 1997 respectively in India. Then
he has joined the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),
Roorkee, India, as a Lecturer, Assistant Professor and
Associate Professor during 1998, 2001, and 2005 respectively. He has
worked as a Visiting Staff in the Department of Electronics and Electrical
Engineering, University of Bath, UK under Boyscast Fellowship.
Presently He is working as Associate Professor in IIT Roorkee. His field
of interest is Power System Economics, Unit Commitment, Power System
Privatization, Restructuring and Deregulation, Transmission and
Distribution network charging, Artificial Intelligence Applications to
Power System and FACTS.