W-CDMA Modulation

10

00

QPSK Modulation
2 bits per symbol

Symbols are coded

multiplied by orthogonal codes

Added together

Root raise cosine filtered

11

01

~10dB pk/Average

~18% EVM

Data 00 10 01 11 01 00 10 11

Many signal channels per 3.84 MHz carrier

1:1 frequency re-use

e.g. 64 voice signals typical

Air Interface

Radio System Design

12

In discussing CDMA at this level of the different protocols, there is no

fundamental difference between two major standards. CDMA and W-CDMA are
quite different in almost every important practical detail, coding, timing,
bandwidth, modulation but as a radio signal they are surprisingly similar.
Additional notes:

12

W-CDMA Coding

Each QPSK signal is spread using a scrambling code

Producing another, different QPSK signal

Then many spread signals are added together

The resulting signal has high peak to average ratio
Peaks are rare because they only occur when all the scrambled signals coincide with
the same symbol

Data1 00 10 01 11 * scrambling code1

= 10 11 00 00

Data2 01 00 11 01 * scrambling code2

= 11 10 10 10

Air Interface

Radio System Design

13

13

W-CDMA Signal

Signal spread to 3.84 MHz BW

Noise like spectrum
Peaks up to 10dB more than the average
CCDF shows the statistical distribution

Air Interface

Radio System Design

14

14

EVM Simulations (1)

8 Channel W-CDMA signal with 5 x Over sampling

Air Interface

Radio System Design

15

The animation on this slide covers some of the images. In words, the slide shows
the magnitude of the complex envelope time domain signal, then the ideal
sampled data showing the constellation points and finally an overlay of the phase
space trajectory with peaks far away from the data points.
Additional notes:

15

EVM Simulations (2)

8 Channel W-CDMA signal with 5 x Over sampling

Air Interface

Radio System Design

16

The animation on this slide covers some of the images. In words, the slide shows
the magnitude of the complex envelope time domain signal, then the ideal
sampled data showing the constellation points and finally an overlay of the phase
space trajectory with peaks far away from the data points.
Additional notes:

16

EVM Simulations (3)

8 Channel W-CDMA signal with 5 x Over sampling

Air Interface

Radio System Design

17

The animation on this slide covers some of the images. In words, the slide shows
the magnitude of the complex envelope time domain signal, then the ideal
sampled data showing the constellation points and finally an overlay of the phase
space trajectory with peaks far away from the data points.
Additional notes:

17

Hard Clipping to 6 dB
Clipped to 6 dB

8 channel signal

Air Interface

Radio System Design

18

Clipping is done in the digital baseband. It is not literally clipping as such a

crude method would cause spectral spreading. Those data combinations that
would have caused a peak are smoothed out such that the peak does not occur.
Additional notes:

18

Resulting Errors (1)

Air Interface

Radio System Design

19

Again, the animation on this slide covers some of the images. So the two views
here are the raw and the clipped phase trajectories with the slightly distorted data
sample points. The distortion is however much less than would appear from the
trajectories, because the peaks do not actually contain any data.
Additional notes:

19

Resulting Errors (2)

Air Interface

Radio System Design

20

Again, the animation on this slide covers some of the images. So the two views
here are the raw and the clipped phase trajectories with the slightly distorted data
sample points. The distortion is however much less than would appear from the
trajectories, because the peaks do not actually contain any data.
Additional notes:

20

Resulting Errors (3)

Air Interface

Compare the blue

trajectory against the
previous red one

Radio System Design

21

Again, the animation on this slide covers some of the images. So the two views
here are the raw and the clipped phase trajectories with the slightly distorted data
sample points. The distortion is however much less than would appear from the
trajectories, because the peaks do not actually contain any data.
Additional notes:

21