La proyeccin de la
magnetizacin de la misma
onda de spin largo de la
direccin de la cadena
como una funcin de la
distancia a lo largo de
la cadena de giro.
In 1 + 1, 2 + 1 and 3 + 1 dimensions this equation admits several integrable and nonintegrable extensions like the Landau-Lifshitz equation, the Ishimori equation and so on.
For a ferromagnet J > 0 and the ground state of the Hamiltonian
is that in which all
spins are aligned parallel with the field H. That
is an eigenstate of can be verified by
rewriting it in terms of the spin-raising and spin-lowering operators given by:
resulting in
where z has been taken as the direction of the magnetic field. The spin-lowering operator S
annihilates the state with minimum projection of spin along the z-axis, while the spinraising operator S+ annihilates the ground state with maximum spin projection along the zaxis. Since
Uno podra suponer que el primer estado excitado del hamiltoniano ha seleccionado al azar
de giro en la posicin i gira de manera que
where N is the total number of Bravais lattice sites. The proposition that the ground state is
an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian is confirmed.
One might guess that the first excited state of the Hamiltonian has one randomly selected
spin at position i rotated so that
but in fact this arrangement of spins is not an eigenstate. The reason is that such a state is
transformed by the spin raising and lowering operators. The operator
projection of the spin at position i back to its low-energy orientation, but the operator
will lower the z-projection of the spin at position j. The combined effect of the two
operators is therefore to propagate the rotated spin to a new position, which is a hint that the
correct eigenstate is a spin wave, namely a superposition of states with one reduced spin.
The exchange energy penalty associated with changing the orientation of one spin is
reduced by spreading the disturbance over a long wavelength. The degree of misorientation
of any two near-neighbor spins is thereby minimized. From this explanation one can see
why the Ising model magnet with discrete symmetry has no spin waves: the notion of
spreading a disturbance in the spin lattice over a long wavelength makes no sense when
spins have only two possible orientations. The existence of low-energy excitations is related
to the fact that in the absence of an external field, the spin system has an infinite number of
degenerate ground states with infinitesimally different spin orientations. The existence of
these ground states can be seen from the fact that the state
does not have the full
rotational symmetry of the Hamiltonian , a phenomenon which is called spontaneous
symmetry breaking.
In this model the magnetization
where V is the volume. The propagation of spin waves is described by the Landau-Lifshitz
equation of motion:
Una diferencia importante entre los fonones y magnones radica en sus relaciones de
dispersin. La relacin de dispersin para fonones es a primera lineal orden en
vector de onda k, a saber = ck, donde es la frecuencia, y c es la velocidad del
sonido. Magnon tienen una relacin de dispersin parablica: = Ak2 donde el
parmetro A representa un "rigidez vuelta." La forma k2 es el tercer trmino de un
desarrollo de Taylor de un trmino coseno en la expresin de la energa procedente
de la Sj punto-producto Si . La razn subyacente para la diferencia en relacin de
dispersin es que ferroimanes violan la simetra de inversin temporal. Dos giros
adyacentes en un slido con una constante de red que participan en un modo con
vector de onda k tienen un ngulo entre ellos igual a ka.
where is the gyromagnetic ratio and is the damping constant. The cross-products in this
forbidding-looking equation show that the propagation of spin waves is governed by the
torques generated by internal and external fields. (An equivalent form is the LandauLifshitz-Gilbert equation, which replaces the final term by a more "simply looking"
equivalent one.)
The first term on the r.h.s. describes the precession of the magnetization under the influence
of the applied field, while the above-mentioned final term describes how the magnetization
vector "spirals in" towards the field direction as time progresses. In metals the damping
forces described by the constant are in many cases dominated by the eddy currents.
One important difference between phonons and magnons lies in their dispersion relations.
The dispersion relation for phonons is to first order linear in wavevector k, namely = ck,
where is frequency, and c is the velocity of sound. Magnons have a parabolic dispersion
relation: = Ak2 where the parameter A represents a "spin stiffness." The k2 form is the
third term of a Taylor expansion of a cosine term in the energy expression originating from
the Si Sj dot-product. The underlying reason for the difference in dispersion relation is
that ferromagnets violate time-reversal symmetry. Two adjacent spins in a solid with lattice
constant a that participate in a mode with wavevector k have an angle between them equal
to ka.
Experimental observation[edit]
Spin waves are observed through four experimental methods: inelastic neutron scattering,
inelastic light scattering (Brillouin scattering, Raman scattering and inelastic X-ray
scattering), inelastic electron scattering (spin-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy),
and spin-wave resonance (ferromagnetic resonance). In the first method the energy loss of a
beam of neutrons that excite a magnon is measured, typically as a function of scattering
vector (or equivalently momentum transfer), temperature and external magnetic field.
Inelastic neutron scattering measurements can determine the dispersion curve for magnons
just as they can for phonons. Important inelastic neutron scattering facilities are present at
the ISIS neutron source in Oxfordshire, UK, the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble,
France, the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee,
USA, and at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland, USA.
Brillouin scattering similarly measures the energy loss of photons (usually at a convenient
visible wavelength) reflected from or transmitted through a magnetic material. Brillouin
spectroscopy is similar to the more widely known Raman scattering but probes a lower
energy and has a higher energy resolution in order to be able to detect the meV energy of
magnons. Ferromagnetic (or antiferromagnetic) resonance instead measures the absorption
of microwaves, incident on a magnetic material, by spin waves, typically as a function of
angle, temperature and applied field. Ferromagnetic resonance is a convenient laboratory
method for determining the effect of magnetocrystalline anisotropy on the dispersion of
spin waves. Very recently, one group in Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics in
Halle Germany proved that by using spin polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy
(SPEELS), very high energy surface magnons can be excited. This technique allows people
for the first time to probe the dispersion of magnons in the ultrathin ferromagnetic films.
The first experiment was performed for a 5 ML Fe film.[1] With momentum resolution, the
magnon dispersion was explored for an 8 ML fcc Co film on Cu(001) and an 8 ML hcp Co
on W(110), respectively.[2] The maximum magnon energy at the border of the surface
Brillouin zone was 240 meV.
Practical significance[edit]
When magnetoelectronic devices are operated at high frequencies, the generation of spin
waves can be an important energy loss mechanism. Spin wave generation limits the
linewidths and therefore the quality factors Q of ferrite components used in microwave
devices. The reciprocal of the lowest frequency of the characteristic spin waves of a
magnetic material gives a time scale for the switching of a device based on that material.