qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi

institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 316-312

tariel futkaraZe,
maia miqautaZe

kvlav qarTuli wyvilbagismieri spirantis Sesaxeb

(imerxeuli masalis analizi)

samecniero literaturaSi sakamaTodaa qceuli v, e, v, E, u

grafemebiT gamosaxuli bgerebis kvalifikaciisa da urTiermimarTebis
sakiTxi; kerZod:
anton pirvelma Tavis `qarTul RrammatikaSi" pirvelad mogvca erTi
mxriv, kbilbagismier da wyvilbagismier napralovan TanxmovanTa, meore
mxriv ki - bagismier marcvlovan da umarcvlo variantTa ganawilebis
mecnieruli analizi. is Tvlis, rom Tu u xmovani `sityvis SuaSi"
moeqceva, gabrjguvdeba (anton I, 1767, gv. 116).
`fereidnulis mTavari Taviseburebebis" ganxilvisas arn. CiqobavasTvis
v grafema kbilbagismiers gamoxatavs, E - wyvilbagismiers (arn. Ciqobava,
1927, gv. 205-207).
g. axvlediani Tvlis, rom E-s cocxal metyvelebaSi Sesaferisi
wyvilbagismieri gamoTqma unda hqonoda, Tumca saliteraturo enaSi E
gakbilbagismierda da amitom yvelgan iwereba v (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv.
158).
s. JRentis mixedviT, Zvel qarTulSi paralelurad arsebuli
kbilbagismieri [v]-sa da wyvilbagismieri [E]-s nacvlad dRes
literaturul warmoTqmaSi mxolod kbilbagismieri [v] sonantia;
dialeqtebSi ki umetes SemTxvevaSi isev wyvilbagismieri bgeraa Semonaxuli
(s. JRenti, 1956, gv. 159).
g. rogavas daskvniT, Zvel saliteraturo qarTul enaSi v asoTi
unda yofiliyo gadmocemuli ori fonema: erTi wyvilbagismieri v (E) _
val, ved, Tav (resp. umarcvlo E winamaval TanxmovnebTan _ kuali, Zuali
da sxv.), meore _ v zmnur sufiqsebSi _ klavs, dauteva..., saxelebSi _
qva, sazRvari da sxva..., romelic SeiZleba yofiliyo TiTqos
kbilbagismierisaken gadaxrili... SeiZleba ufro viwro spiranti, vinem
wyvilbagismieri E (g. rogava, 1962, gv. 113). aqve g. rogava xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs, rom `qarTuli v wyvilbagismieri spirantia... es aris saerTod
qarTuli v-s damaxasiaTebeli niSani. Tuki saliteraturo qarTulze
molaparakem v marTlac gamoTqva rogorc kbilbagismieri, es
gamoTqmis arabunebriobas an sxva enis gavlenas unda mieweros (g. rogava,
1962, gv. 116).
iv. qavTaraZe istoriul qarTulSi v-s wyvilbagismierad da odnavi
ukana artikulaciis mqoned miiCnevs (iv. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 94).
 T. uTurgaiZisaTvis [v] da [E] Zvel qarTulSi erTi fonemis _
/v/-s alofonebia. rac Seexeba am bgeraTa fiziologiur gansxvavebulobas:
rogorc mkvlevarTa umravlesoba, T. uTurgaiZec Zvel qarTulSi [v]-s
miiCnevs kbilbagismierad, xolo [E]-s wyvilbagismierad; misi azriT,
qarTuli anbanidan E-s amogdeba ganapiroba am bgerebs Soris
Sinaarsobrivi opoziciis uqonlobam" (T. uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv.107).
T. gamyreliZe Tvlis, rom `...v da E spirantebi qarTulSi saerTo
bagismieri spirantuli v fonemis ori (poziciuri/fakultatiuri)
variantia: `kbilbagismieri" [v] da `wyvilbagismieri" [E] (T. gamyreliZe,
2000, gv. 255, SeniSvna 1).
Cven araerTgzis SevxebivarT aRniSnul sadavo sakiTxs (ix.:
t. futkaraZe, 1997; t. futkaraZe, 1998; t. futkaraZe, 1998; m. miqautaZe,
2004; m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 19-45...). Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTuli
enis monacemTa mixedviT istoriuli xanis qarTul ZeglebSi vini grafemiT
dadasturebuli bgeris ueWvelad kbilbagismierad CaTvla (ak. SaniZe)
naklebad sarwmunod migvaCnia. vvaraudobT, rom ara mxolod
saerToqarTvelursa da arqaul samwignobro enaSi, aramed Tanamedrove
qarTulis yvela qvesistemaSic (samwignobri enis CaTvliT) ZiriTadi bgeraa
umarcvlo wyvilbagismieri spiranti, xolo misi alofoni - kbilbagismieri
varianti - iSviaTad realizdeba; Sesabamisad, migvaCnia, rom qarTul
asomTavrul anbanSi me-6 niSniT Tavidanve aRniSnuli iyo wyvilbagismieri
varianti (romelic mogvianebiT aRiniSna E grafemiT). sonantebis
alofonTa gamoxatvaSi arsebuli ryeva gamoiwvia berZnulis gavleniT e
digramis SemoRebam; kbilbagismieri spiranti anbanSi ar gamoixateboda (t.
futkaraZe, 1998, gv. 89).
Cven dakvirvebiT, V-XI ss. werilobiT ZeglebSi wyvilbagismieri
spiranti gadmoicemoda, erTi mxriv, berZnulis zegavleniT SemoRebuli e
digrafiT, meore mxriv, tradiciuli v grafemiT; ufro konkretulad: CN-
V da C-C poziciebSi wyvilbagismieri spiranti gadmoicemoda e da v,
zogjer  grafemebiT; #-V da V-C poziciebSi - v da  (iSviaTad)
grafemebiT; CS-V, V-V, V-#, #-C poziciebSi - v grafemiT. #-V, V-V, V-C,
V-#, #-C poziciebSi gamovlenili v SeiZleba gadmoscemdes TiTqos ufro
`kbilbagismierobisken gadaxril" bgeras, rogorc amas gakvriT aRniSnavs
arn. Ciqobava (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 42-43). aseve, vfiqrobT, rom antonma
E SemoiRo sakuTriv u-sgan miRebuli umarcvlo variantis aRsaniSnavad,
vinaidan am droisTvis qarTuli anbanis v niSniT gamoxatuli bgera
laTinuris gavleniT kbilbagismieradaa gaazrebuli (iqve).
Tanamedrove qarTul metyvelebaSi, rogorc cnobilia, mkveTrad
gamoxatuli wyvilbagismieri E qarTuli enis dialeqtTa umetesobaSia
dadasturebuli: moxeurSi, qarTlurSi, kaxurSi, ingilourSi,
fereidnulSi, imerulSi, leCxumurSi, gurulSi, aWarulSi, imerxeulSi (b.
jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 80). svanurSi saerTod ar aris kbilbagismieri v.
wyvilbagismieri variantis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa
b. jorbenaZis dakvirveba: "Rirssacnobia: rac ufro dasavleTisaken
mivdivarT, miT ufro mkvidria da farTo gavrcelebisaa E ara mxolod
istoriulad Sepirobebul poziciaSi, aramed kbilbagismieri v
Tanmxovnisa da labialuri u xmovnis poziciebSic" (b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv.
86).
imerxeulSi, rogorc aRiniSna, sxva dialeqtebis msgavsad, xSirad
ismis wyvilbagismieri E; mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT, es bgera ZiriTadad
gvxvdeba:
1. samwignobro enaSi kbilbagismierad miCneuli spirantis nacvlad:
emias gogo yaEda naTxovari; saxeli bani xanumi erqEa; eiRevi Cemgan
beEri fuli; iq beEri eZeba saRebi; yvela saWmeli minda, yEelifridan;
Ce~cva deEriSis uruba... (n. mari); gEaq Tofebi; dagEatyviles; mogEyavs
(S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 6).
2. u xmovnis refleqsad. u>E procesi intensiurad viTardeba xmovnis
momdevnod Tanxmovnis win, kerZod, -ur/-ul sufiqsiseuli u xmovani e, a
xmovnebis win, Cveulebriv, viwrovdeba:
dekeEli (n. mari); aWaruli da aqeEri gurjija erTmaneT ar ewyoba (S.
futkaraZe). S. futkaraZis azriTve, mosalodnel E-s xSirad enacvleba
kbilbagismieri Tanxmovani:
Taze qi iyuen memTevrad; hududi barobai damwyrevli varT
saqoneliviT; rzali aqevria; Cem mirTmevl purma me mipuao (S. futkaraZe);
wrevl guu~asaRebian; memTevrebi iq arian, Taze; garevli qaTmebi devnaxe...
mkvlevris mier analogiuri masala dadasturebulia taourSi, maWaxlurSi
(S. futkaraZe, 1995). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom rogorc b. jorbenaZe, aseve S.
futkaraZe kbilbagismier variants mainc ZiriTad saxeobad miiCneven.
Cveni dakvirvebiT, imerxeul dialeqtSi wyvilbagismieria TiTqmis
yvela is bgera, romelic sxva mkvlevrebis mier Cawerilia v
grafemiT; mag.:
a) Tanxmovnis momdevnod xmovnis win CN-V da CS-V poziciebSi:
saxeli bani xanumi erqEa; saWmeli yEala jinsis saWmelidan (n. mari);
marjEena Terefze sofelia; exEewebian SEelas; SevxvdebiT xEalac;
kEercxi gabJindeba moxarSulio; sityEa iseTina TqEa; baSTan vsEemdi
zigaras (S. futkaraZe); aq TuTa ar gEaq; baREeb me ukerebdi; vaSl
CavyriT qEabSi; degEeswavla unda baREefs; xalRi jutiT CagarCEeben;
arabebiT maaqEan...
b) xmovnis momdevnod Tanxmovnis win V-C poziciaSi:
biWic weEda, mec aval, CameEtan saWmelefs; meti beEraT gexvewebi;
bolo dros me meETavef (n. mari); miEscemT da zed rus gameviyvanT;
SEidi wlisa weEdodiT; arTuR erTaT imcxoEreben; SeEbargavT; ima
SeEfuTi, avdgebi dilaze; CEeni TaErobis...
g) Tanxmovnebs Soris C-C poziciaSi:
misEla-mosEla; gamosElamdis; cxvari iyEnen; wEril adgilebsac
TibEen; amdeni Coma qEyavs axorSi-maxorSi...
d) Tanxmovnis win pauzis momdevnod #-C poziciaSi:
ra~ ETqEaT; Sin ElaparikobdiT; es aRar unda Eqna; mWad EWamT...
e) xmovnis momdevnod pauzis win V-# poziciaSi:
 daqselaE; SeinaxaE iSTe; gogoE, gogoE, facia; CaWyletaE ...
rogorc Cans, imerxeulSi E-s gamovlena poziciebis mixedviT ar
izRudeba; yvelaze xSirad igi Tanxmovnis momdevnod xmovnis win gvxvdeba.
bagismieri spirantis wyvilbagismierobis mimaniSnebelia imerxeulSi
dadasturebuli v/b, b/v, v/m monacvleobis saintereso SemTxvevebic: viwro
> miwro, savse > samse, varskvlavi > maskElavi, damaviwyda > damabiwyda,
dagvaviwydeboda > dagEabiwydeboda, veubnebiT > vebneviT, veubnebiT >
vevneviT, vkeravdi > vkerevdi > Ekerebdi, Cadebdnen > CadeEden,
gadaikidebdnen > gedeikideEden... erTmaneTs uSualod SeiZleba Seenacvlos
mxolod is Tanxmovnebi, romelTac ori markeri saerTo aqvs. vfiqrobT,
damabiwyda, vebnevi tipis formebSi sulac ar aris savaraudo
gardamavali safexuris daSveba: v > b da b > v monacvleoba
dasaSvebia v-s wyvilbagismierad gagebis SemTxvevaSi (markerTa
Senacvlebis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb ix. b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 297-299)..
Sdr.: analogiuri masalaa sxva dialeqtebSic, Tumca, b da v/m
monacvleobis faqtebi sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili: zog SemTxvevaSi
nagulisxmevia E gardamaval safexurad: v > E > b; zogjer _ magaliTad
kbili > kvili variantSi _ v CaTvlilia ueWvel wyvilbagismierad (b.
jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 302-312).
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, samwignobro qarTuls saukuneebis
manZilze mowyvetilma imerxeulma dialeqtma kargad SeinarCuna is
mdgomareoba, rac cocxali metyvelebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli XV-XVI
saukuneebis qarTulSi.
imerxeuli dialeqtis monacemebi kidev erTxel adasturebs imas,
rom qarTvelTa metyvelebisaTvis yovelTvis ZiriTadi da bunebrivi iyo
sonoruli bunebis wyvilbagismieri spiranti, romelic, araiSviaTad,
miiReboda u xmovnis nawilobrivi reduqciiTac (sxva xmovnis mezoblobis
gamo), xolo ZiriTadad bagismier TanxmovnebTan mezoblad, iSviaTad
realizdeboda kbilbagismier mJRer Tu yru variantebadac (vstavlob,
Fflob...).

damowmebuli literatura

g. axvlediani, 1949 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi,

Tb., 1949.
T. gamyreliZe, 2000 - T. gamyreliZe, 2000, TanxmovanTa gandaseba
qarTulSi: rCeuli qarTvelologiuri Sromebi, Tb., 2000.
i. gigineiSvili..., 1961 - i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe,
qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1961.
gr. imnaiSvili, 1974 - gr. imnaiSvili, qarTluri dialeqti, I, Tb.,
1974.
n. mari, 1911 - Марр Н.Я., Дневник поездки в Шавшетию и Кларджетию:
«Георгий Мерчуле. Житие св. Григория Хандзтийского», С.- Петербургь, 1911.
 m. miqautaZe, 2004 - v da e grafemaTa gamovlenis sixSire da am
grafemebiT gadmocemuli bgerebi V-XI ss. ZeglebSi: qarTveluri
memkvidreoba, VIII, quTaisi, 2004.
m. miqautaZe, 2005 - m. miqautaZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri
struqturis sakiTxebi V-XI saukuneTa werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT,
quTaisi, 2005.
s. JRenti, 1956 - s. JRenti, qarTuli enis fonetika, Tb., 1956.
g. rogava, 1962 - g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1962.
T. uTurgaiZe, 1966 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis mTis kiloTa
vokalizmi, metyvelebis analizisa da sinTezis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1966.
t. futkaraZe, 1997 - t. futkaraZe, sonanti v spiranti Tu E|v
sonori? me-17 respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesia,
q, Telavi, 1997.
t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis
xmovanTa sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998.
t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, sonantebis alofonTa asaxvisaTvis
asomTavrulSi (sametyvelo kodebis Serevis erTi nimuSi): quTaisuri
saubrebi V, simpoziumis masalebi, quTaisi, 1998.
t. futkaraZe, 2007 - t. futkaraZe, imerxevis metyveli miwa-wyali,
quTaisi, 2007.
S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi,
1993.
S. futkaraZe, 1995 - S. futkaraZe, qarTuli enis samxrul-dasavluri
dialeqtebis Taviseburebani istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da muhajiri
qarTvelebis metyvelebis mixedviT, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati,
Tb., 1995.
S. futkaraZe, 2008 - S. futkaraZe, fonetikuri procesebi
imerxeulSi: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XII, quTaisi, 2008.
iv. qavTaraZe, 1964 - iv. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, Tb.,
1964.
a. SaniZe, 1973 - a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb.,
1973.
arn. Ciqobava, 1927 - arn. Ciqobava, fereidnulis mTavari
Taviseburebani: tfilisis universitetis moambe, VII, tf., 1927.
b. jorbenaZe, 1989 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb.,
1989.
b. jorbenaZe, 1998 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, II, Tb.,
1998.
2006-2007 wlebSi imerxevSi Cawerili dialeqturi masala (daculia
awsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi).

TARIEL PUTKARADZE, MAIA MIKAUTADZE

 ON A GEORGIAN BILABIAL SPIRANT
(Based on the analysis of Imerkhevian data)

In the specialist literature there is still much controversy about the qualification and
relationship between v, u, and u graphemes. Some authors consider them labio-dental
while others regard them, alternately, labio-dental in some cases and bilabial in the other
according to their positions.
In the modern Georgian speech distinct bilabial u occurs in the majority of the
Georgian dialects: in Mohkevian, Kartlian, Kakhian, Ingiloian, Fereidanian, Imeretian,
Lechkhumian, Gurian, Acharian, and Imerkhevian. Svan vernacular does not have labio-
dental v.
According to our observation in Imerkhevian all the sounds spelt with v grapheme
by other researchers are bilabial. u is attested in the following positions: after the
consonant before the vowel, after the vowel before the consonant, between the
consonants, before the consonant after the pause, after the vowel before the pause.
Imerkhevian reveals interesting cases of the sound shift: v-b, b-v; v-m, m-v.
We think that there is no need of admitting of the transitional stages v>b and b>v
in forms as damabiwyda-damaviwyda, vebnevi-vevnebi.. The alternation of v is
admissible in case of regarding v as bilabial (as, only those consonants that have two
markers in common could be mutually interchangeable; B.Jorbenadze).
As it was expected Imerkhevian dialect, functioning separated from the literary
Georgian environment for centuries, has preserved the condition characteristic to the live
speech of the 15th-16th cc.
The data of Imerkhevian dialect confirms one more times that for the Georgian speech
bilabial spirant with characteristic sonority has been basic and natural, which, not
infrequently, was derived from the partial reduction of u vowel (with the influence of
other vowel), and chiefly, from the influence of the neighboring labial consonant, and
was seldom realized as voiced or voiceless labio-dental variants.