Submitted by
MONITA SUTHERSON
Department of Management Studies
PART A (2 MARKS)
UNIT I
OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT
1. Define organization.
William Scott has defined organization as follows:
Organizations are collectivities of people that have been established
for the pursuit of relatively specific objectives on a more or less on a
continuous basis.
2. What do you mean by sole proprietorship?
In sole proprietorship, the business is owned by one man. It is one
person in business on his own. The owner supplies all the capital needed to
run the organization and produces only with the help of his own land, capital
and labor. The owner enjoys the profits and suffers the losses in his business.
3. What is partnership?
According to the Indian Partnership Act, 1932,
Partnership is defined as the relationship between persons carrying
on a business to share profits of a business.
4. Who are general partners?
All partners who are in the partnership are known as general partners.
5. What do you mean by active partners?
Partners who take active part in management and help in the
formulation of policies are known as active partners. They are also known
as working or managing partners.
6. What do you understand by sleeping partners or silent partners?
Partners who just invest money and do not take part in the
management are known as sleeping or silent partners. Such people after
contributing their share of capital wake up only either to share the profits or
to liquidate the business.
7. Explain about nominal partners.
Partners who do not invest money and do not take part in the
management but they lend their reputed name for the companys reputation
are known as nominal partners.
8. Who are the secret partners?
These partners take part in the management secretly but nowhere their
names appear.
9. Write a short note on minor partners.
People who have not attained the age of 18 years and associate with
the business are known as minor partners. Such partners can be allowed
only with the consent of other members. Their liability is limited.
10. What are joint stock companies?
Joint Stock Company is the voluntary association of individuals to
start and run the businesses. The capital amount required to start the
business can be collected from a large number of people. Capital is divided
into large number of shares of measurable value.
11. State the two types of joint stock companies.
i.
ii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Departmental organizations
ii.
Public corporations
4
iii.
Government companies
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
ii.
As the corporations do not have profit motive, they are suitable for
managing public utilities at a reasonable cost.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Planning
ii.
Organizing
iii.
Staffing
iv.
Directing
v.
Controlling
Management
1.
2.
Administration resembles
legislative.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Management is accountable to
administration.
33. List the three essential skills according to Katz that managers need to
perform the duties.
Katz (1974) talks of three types of skills that are recognized by all
managers. These are the technical, the human and the conceptual skills.
i.
Technical skill:
Human skill:
iii.
Conceptual skill:
This skill means the ability to see the organization as a whole and
it includes recognizing how the various functions depend on one
another.
34. List the roles of managers according to Mintzberg.
Mintzberg identified ten roles and the roles are classified into three
categories:
I.
Interpersonal roles:
i. Figurehead role
ii. Leader role
iii. Liaison role
II.
Informational roles:
i. Monitor role
ii. Disseminator role
iii. Spokesperson role
III.
Decision role:
i. Entrepreneur role
ii. Disturbance handler role
iii. Resource allocator role
iv. Negotiator role
35.What are the schools of management thought?
i.
Scientific management
ii.
Administrative management
10
iii.
Behavioral management
iv.
Management science
v.
Organizational environment
11
Ethnocentric companies
ii.
Polycentric companies
iii.
Regiocentric companies
iv.
Geocentric companies
Le plan:
Governments planning at a national level is known as Le
plan. Government provides cooperation and assistance to
French industries. The involvement of government in
industries is more. Most of the companies in France are owned
by government or aided by Government. So, one in four
French employees are Government servants.
II.
Cadre:
French universities make managers with better analytical
ability, independence and proficiency in synthesizing facts.
ii.
iii.
47. Compare the management practices in Japan to those in the United States.
Japanese Management
Practices
US Management practices
1.
2.
13
3.
4.
American management
practices include individual
responsibility.
48.What is liberalization?
The term liberalization refers to open market conditions and they can
take various forms namely
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Exporting
ii.
iii.
Joint ventures
iv.
v.
Assembly operations
vi.
vii.
Strategic alliance
Management contracting
x.
Counter trade
Economic development
ii.
Infrastructure
iii.
iv.
Exchange rates
v.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
54. What are the different approaches of unified Global management theory?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Product
ii.
Place
iii.
Price
iv.
Promotion
v.
Physical evidence
vi.
People
vii.
Public Relations
16
UNIT II
PLANNING
1. Define planning.
Planning is a process by which a manager looks to the future and
discovers alternative courses of action. In other words, planning is
anticipatory decision making. Planning is the process used by managers to
identify and select goals and courses of action of the organization.
2. What is the purpose of planning?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
To facilitate decision-making.
v.
ii.
iii.
To minimize wastages.
iv.
To facilitate control.
v.
vi.
To provide coordination.
vii.
ii.
Establishing objectives.
iii.
iv.
Identifying alternatives.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Mission
ii.
Objectives or goals
iii.
Strategies
iv.
Policies
v.
Procedures
vi.
Rules
vii.
Programs
ii.
iii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Top-down approach:
The top management determines objectives for subordinates.
ii.
Bottom-up approach:
Subordinates help managers in setting objectives.
ii.
iii.
iv.
MBO involves too much paper work and holding of many meetings.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
ii.
iii.
Tactical planning
Short term planning
22
2.
3.
II.
Grand strategy:
i.
Stability strategy
ii.
Growth strategy
iii.
Retrenchment strategy
Global strategy:
i.
Globalization strategy
ii.
Multidomestic strategy
iii.
Transnational strategy
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
28. What are the four types of strategies in the TOWS matrix?
i.
WT strategy
ii.
WO strategy
23
iii.
ST strategy
iv.
SO strategy
29. What are the four alternative categories under BCG matrix?
i.
Star
ii.
Cash Cow
iii.
Question mark
iv.
Dog
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
31. List the various tools used for developing organizational strategies.
i.
SWOT analysis
ii.
BCG matrix
iii.
Strategies
1.
2.
3.
ii.
iii.
iv.
25
Policies
Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ii.
Operations research
iii.
iv.
ii.
iii.
ii.
iii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Regression method
ii.
iii.
Regression method
iv.
ii.
Disadvantages:
i. Considerable wastage of time.
ii. No one is responsible for decisions made.
47. Define simulation.
Simulation is the process of building, testing and operating models of
real-world phenomena through the use of mathematical relationships that
exist among critical factors.
48. Describe the various decision making techniques.
I.
i.
ii.
iii.
Simulation techniques
II.
Deterministic techniques:
i.
Operations research
ii.
iii.
Inventory control
29
UNIT III
ORGANISING
1. What do you mean by organizing?
Organizing is the process by which managers create the structure of
working relationships between organizational members that allows them to
work together and to achieve organizational goals.
Thus organizing is
i.
ii.
iii.
Division of labor
ii.
Departmentation
iii.
Span of control
iv.
Delegation of authority
v.
vi.
Formalization
30
Product departmentation
1.
2.
31
Product/Market structure
1.
2.
3.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
12.What is SBU?
A strategic business unit (SBU) is a division or subsidiary of a large
organization and it provides a distinct product or service and has its own
mission and goals.
13.Define span of control in an organization.
Span of control refers to the number of persons a manager can control
effectively to achieve the goals of the organisation. It is the function to
decide how many subordinates a manager can supervise.
14.What is the difference between flat structure and tall structure?
Flat Structure (Wide Span)
1.
2.
3.
4.
33
Nature of work
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii.
iii.
Development of managers
iv.
v.
Open communication
vi.
Effective co-operation
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Decentralization
1.
2.
3.
4.
It is optional.
Responsibility
ii.
Authority
iii.
Accountability
ii.
iii.
iv.
36
Authority
Power
1.
2.
II.
Formal delegation
i.
Bottom-up delegation
ii.
Lateral delegation
Informal delegation
Informal organization
ii.
iii.
iv.
Committee structure
Military
ii.
Small enterprises
Personnel staff
38
ii.
Specialized staff
iii.
General staff
There are good chances for growth of the business because the entire
task is divided systematically.
ii.
iii.
ii.
Staff executives do not have any authority. So, they are unable to
implement a policy or plan.
iii.
iv.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Specialization
ii.
iii.
iv.
The final decision to put committee recommendations into action rests with
the line.
44. Define staffing.
Staffing function is defined as filling and keeping filled positions in
the organizational structure. This is done by identifying number of
employees required, analyzing the number of employees presently working,
recruiting, selecting, placing, promoting, appraising, planning the careers of,
compensating and training of both candidates and existing employees so that
they can accomplish their tasks effectively and efficiently.
45. List out the functions of staffing in HRD.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii. Promotion
iii. Transfer
iv. Apprentice
v. Dependents
vi. Past employees
49. Define selection.
Selection is the process of choosing the most suitable worker for the
job. The aim of selection process is to determine whether a candidate meets
the qualification for a specific job and to choose the candidate who is most
likely to perform well in the job.
9. List out the various steps involved in selection process.
i.
ii.
Preliminary interview
iii.
Application blank
iv.
Checking references
v.
Employment tests
vi.
Psychological tests
vii.
Employment interview
viii.
ix.
Placement
x.
Induction
Intelligence tests
42
ii.
iii.
Personality tests
iv.
Vocational tests
v.
Achievement tests
Structured interview
ii.
Unstructured interview
iii.
iv.
Stress interview
v.
Group interview
vi.
Depth interview
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
To foster a close relationship between the old and new workers and
supervisors.
Exploratory stage
ii.
Establishment stage
iii.
Maintenance stage
iv.
Stage of decline
i.
To assess the ability of the employee and to make use of his talent in
the present job.
ii.
ii.
iii.
Continuous monitoring
ii.
iii.
Greater productivity
iv.
Stable workforce
v.
Increased safety
vi.
Better management
45
ii.
Job training
iii.
Apprenticeship training
iv.
Internship training
v.
vi.
ii.
46
UNIT IV
DIRECTING
1. What is meant by the term directing?
Directing may be defined as the process of instructing, guiding and
inspiring human factors in the organization to achieve organization
objectives. It is not only issuing orders and instruction by a superior to his
subordinates but also including the process of guiding and inspiring them to
work effectively.
2. State the important characteristics of directing.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii.
Multiplicity of roles
ii.
Individuality
iii.
Personal dignity
5. Define creativity.
Creativity is defined as the ability to produce new and useful ideas
through the combination of known principles and components in novel and
non obvious ways. Creativity exists throughout the population, largely
independent of age, sex and education.
6. Mention the steps involved in creative process.
i.
Saturation
ii.
Preparation
iii.
iv.
Inspiration or illumination
v.
Verification
ii.
Curiosity
iii.
Approach to problems
iv.
8. Define innovation.
Innovation means the use of new ideas. These new ideas may be
developed through creativity. In an enterprise, innovation can mean
developing a new product or service, or a new way of doing things.
48
Innovation is not only relevant to high-tech enterprises but also crucial for
old-line, traditional companies which may not service without the infusion
of innovation.
9. State the situations that prompt the adoption of innovation.
i.
ii.
The fact that the difference between what is assumed and what really
is.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
D- Define problem
ii.
iii.
iv.
T- Transform
i.
Problem finding
ii.
Fact finding
iii.
Problem definition
iv.
Idea finding
v.
vi.
Planning
vii.
Sell data
viii.
Action
Innovation
1.
2.
18.Define brainstorming.
Brainstorming is a technique of developing many creative solutions to
a problem. It works by focusing on a problem, and then coming up with
many radical solutions to it. The essence of brainstorming is a creative
conference, ideally of 8 to 12 people meeting for less than an hour to
develop a long list of 50 or more ideas. Suggestions are listed without
criticism on a blackboard or newsprint as they are offered; one visible idea
leads to others. At the end of this session, participants are asked how the
ideas could be combined or improved.
51
Mutual trust
ii.
iii.
iv.
Satisfaction
2.
ii.
iii.
Positive motivation
ii.
Negative motivation
iii.
Extrinsic motivation
iv.
Intrinsic motivation
28. What are the factors determining the morale of a work group?
i.
A feeling of togetherness
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Money
ii.
Participation
iii.
Equity theory
x.
ii.
ii.
Technical supervision
iii.
iv.
Salary
v.
Job security
vi.
Personal life
vii.
Working conditions
viii.
Status
ix.
x.
55
Motivators:
Motivational factors create satisfaction to the workers at the time of presence
but their absence does not cause dissatisfaction. Herzberg identified some
motivational factors as
i.
Achievement
ii.
Recognition
iii.
Advancement
iv.
v.
Responsibility
vi.
Work itself
Since these factors increase level of satisfaction in the employees, these can be
used in motivating them for higher output.
33. Give the meaning of social needs.
Social needs are for love, friendship, exchange of feelings and grievances,
recognition, conversation, belongingness, companionship, etc. Social needs tend
to be stronger for some people than for others and stronger in certain situations.
34. State the Maslows hierarchy of needs.
Maslow viewed human needs in the form of hierarchy. The hierarchies of
needs are
i.
Physiological needs
ii.
Safety needs
iii.
Social needs
iv.
Esteem needs
v.
35. Describe the relationship of hygiene factors, motivation factors and job
enrichment.
The factors which give rise to satisfaction are called motivation factors.
They include recognition, achievement, personal growth and challenging work.
The factors which give rise to dissatisfaction are called hygiene factors.
They include salary, working conditions, and company policy and job security.
The motivation factors are related to job content. So job enrichment is used
to improve motivation factors. The hygiene factors are more related to
environment rather than job content.
36. List the three types of basic motivating needs proposed by McClelland.
i.
ii.
iii.
ii.
57
Outcomes by a person
Inputs by a person
This theory makes managers realize that equity motive tends to be one of the
most important motives of the people in the organization.
ii.
Employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can.
ii.
iii.
iv.
They are by nature resistant to change and they are not very bright.
Work is as natural as play or rest. The average human being has the
tendency to work.
ii.
58
Theory X
Theory Y
1.
2.
3.
4.
ii.
iii.
Personality traits: Self-confidence, self-control, enthusiasm, selfmonitoring, creativity, innovative, genuineness and originality.
iv.
v.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Autocratic leadership
ii.
iii.
Laissez-faire leadership
60
iv.
v.
Supportive leadership
Democratic leadership
1.
2.
3.
4.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Trait theory
61
ii.
Behavioral theories
iii.
Manager
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
62
Motivating employees
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Building morale
vii.
Maintaining discipline
The trait theory did not classify the most important traits and least important
traits.
ii.
The trait theory does not mention the particular traits or characteristics that
separate leaders from non-leaders.
iii.
iv.
v.
Trait theory does not distinguish between traits which are required to acquire
leadership and traits which are needed to maintain leadership.
vi.
ii.
Managerial grid
iii.
Leadership as a continuum
iv.
Michigan studies
63
v.
vi.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Legitimate power
64
ii.
Reward power
iii.
Coercive power
iv.
Referent power
v.
Expert power
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Drawbacks:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
II.
Downward communication
ii.
Upward communication
iii.
Horizontal communication
iv.
Diagonal communication
Based on channel:
i. Formal communication
ii. Grapevine or Informal communication
III.
Based on expression:
i.
Written communication
ii.
Oral communication
iii.
ii.
Encourage feedback
iii.
iv.
Listen actively
v.
vi.
vii.
Sender/source
ii.
Encoder
iii.
Transmission channel
iv.
Receiver
v.
Decoder
ii.
iii.
iv.
Telecommunication
ii.
iii.
iv.
Teleconferencing
v.
vi.
Internet
vii.
viii.
Electronic typewriters
ix.
x.
xi.
Cellular telephones
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
To motivate workers
ii.
iii.
Y network
iv.
Circular network
1.
2.
3.
4.
Miscommunication is reduced.
Miscommunication is high.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Lack of planning
ii.
Semantic distortion
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Timing of communication
vii.
Overloading of communication
viii.
ix.
Status symbols
x.
xi.
xii.
Unclarified assumptions
xiii.
Faulty organisation
xiv.
ii.
iii.
Consider the physical and human setting in which communication will take
place
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
ii.
Gossip grapevine
iii.
Probability grapevine
iv.
Cluster grapevine
ii.
ii.
Stories
ii.
Rituals
iii.
Symbols
iv.
Languages
73
UNIT V
CONTROLLING
1. Define controlling.
Controlling is the process of checking, regulating, verifying or making
adjustments to keep things on track. Controlling is the process by which
managers take preventive or corrective action to ensure that the
organizations mission and objectives are accomplished effectively and
efficiently.
2. State any five types of critical control point standards.
i.
Physical standards
ii.
Cost standards
iii.
Capital standards
iv.
Revenue standards
v.
Program standards
vi.
Intangible standards
vii.
Goals as standards
viii.
ii.
Concurrent control
iii.
Feedback control
75
Feedback control
Feedback control occurs after a
problem is over.
2.
3.
4.
Internal benchmarking
ii.
Competitive benchmarking
iii.
Functional benchmarking
iv.
Generic benchmarking
76
ii.
iii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Zero-base budgeting
ii.
Performance budgeting
Functional budgets
ii.
Transaction types
78
iii.
Activity types
iv.
Sales budget
ii.
Production budget
iii.
Material budget
iv.
Labor budget
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Cash budget
Continuous budget
ii.
Periodic budget
Operating budget
ii.
Capital budget
Flexible budget
ii.
Fixed budget
iii.
Master budget
All the functional budgets are collected into one budget known as
master budget. Master budget is a statement of budgeted profit and loss
together with a projected balance sheet. The master budget incorporates all
the functional and operational budgets such as sales budget, production
budget, material budget and overheads budget, etc.
27. What do you understand by flexi-budgets?
Flexi-budget is otherwise known as variable budget. Flexible budget
reflects the changes in expenditure as a result of changes in volume of
production.
28. Write some advantages of flexible budgets.
i.
ii.
iii.
29. What are the steps for the effective implementation of budgetary control?
i.
ii.
Flexibility
iii.
Budget education
iv.
Participation
30. What are the factors which will be considered for the production budget?
i.
Production stability
ii.
Plant capacity
iii.
Time
iv.
Sales requirements
ii.
Plant capacity
iii.
iv.
Decision package
ii.
Ranking
iii.
Allocation of resources
ii.
ii.
iii.
ii.
iii.
Shareholders
ii.
Creditors
iii.
Employees
iv.
Trade unions
v.
Managers
vi.
Economists
vii.
Members of parliament
viii.
SEBI
ix.
Government departments
x.
Tax authorities
xi.
Financial institutions
xii.
Commercial banks
83
ii.
Current price changes are not considered for valuing the assets of the
business.
iii.
iv.
Information is incomplete.
v.
Amount (Rs.)
Assets and
property
Amount (Rs.)
Capital
--------------
Fixed Assets
--------------
Reserves and
surplus
--------------
Investments
--------------
Long term
liabilities
--------------
Current Assets
--------------
Current
--------------
Miscellaneous
--------------
84
liabilities and
provisions
asset
--------------
--------------
--------------
--------------
ii.
The balance sheet gives a clear picture of the financial position of the
business.
iii.
iv.
Assets
ii.
Fixed assets
iii.
Current assets
iv.
Liabilities
v.
Fixed liabilities
vi.
Current liabilities
i.
ii.
It helps the management to plan the repayment of loan, and long term
planning.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Forward buying
ii.
Tender buying
iii.
Blanket order
iv.
Zero stock
v.
Rate contract
ii.
iii.
iv.
Market purchasing
v.
Speculative purchasing
vi.
Contract purchasing
vii.
Scheduled purchasing
viii.
Public buying
ix.
Tender purchasing
Inspection
ii.
Repair
iii.
Overhaul
iv.
Lubrication
v.
Salvage
Breakdown maintenance
ii.
Preventive maintenance
88
ii.
iii.
Preventive maintenance
1.
2.
3.
No downtime.
89
4.
No production loss.
5.
6.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Performance
ii.
Features
iii.
Conformance
iv.
Reliability
90
v.
Durability
vi.
Service
vii.
Response
viii.
Reputations
ii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
The quality of the parts should be very high; a defective part can hold
up the assembly line.
ii.
iii.
ii.
iii.
92
Personal observation
ii.
Break-even analysis
iii.
Statistical reports
iv.
Budgetary reports
Management audit
ii.
iii.
iv.
MIS
v.
It forces the right actions, right point and right time in the
organization.
ii.
iii.
CPM
PERT
1.
It is activity-oriented.
2.
3.
4.
It is a deterministic model.
It is a probabilistic model.
91. List out the three types of time for PERT technique.
i.
Optimistic time
ii.
Pessimistic time
94
iii.
ii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Computer Hardware
ii.
Software
iii.
Data
iv.
People
95
ii.
iii.
To allocate resources
iv.
ii.
iii.
To provide the right information available in the right form at the right
time.
Technology
ii.
Human resources
iii.
Government Policy
iv.
v.
Marketing
ii.
Government policy
iii.
Production
iv.
Technology
v.
Product quality
ii.
Promotion
iii.
Higher salary
iv.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
It is not qualitative.
ii.
iii.
Linear programming
ii.
Assignment problem
iii.
Transportation model
iv.
Game theory
v.
PERT/CPM method
vi.
ii.
iii.
R & D engineering
iv.
v.
vi.
ii.
Inventory control
iii.
iv.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
ii.
iii.
Optimization of resources
ii.
Minimizing time
iii.
Maximizing profit
iv.
114. Mention the tools and techniques available for making operations more
productive.
i.
Linear programming
ii.
Assignment problem
iii.
Transportation model
99
iv.
Game theory
v.
PERT/CPM method
vi.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii.
C3 = Order cost
C1 = Inventory carrying cost/unit /unit time
ii.
iii.
iv.
Quality product.
ii.
The suppliers do not deliver the materials before the work starts. It
affects the continuous work.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
It prevents over-design.
ii.
iii.
Increases productivity
ii.
Reduction of costs
iii.
Reduction of wastes
iv.
Blast
ii.
Create
iii.
Refine
102
Investment Turnover =
Sales
Capital employed or investment
ii.
x 100
Sales
iii.
Profit
x 100
Capital employed
131. What are the advantages of ROI?
i. ROI measurement shows business efficiency.
ii. It is used in inter-departmental comparison.
Iii.ROI is used for top management for budget decisions.
132. What are the limitations of ROI?
i. Depreciation cannot be considered.
ii. It does not give a correct judgment of financial analysis.
133. What is direct control?
The process of identifying the cause of a negative deviation and
making efforts to rectify the deviations is known as direct control. The
negative deviation indicates that the performance is less than the standard.
134. State some of the factors which affect the direct control.
103
i. Uncertainty
ii. Lack of knowledge
iii.Lack of communication
iv.Lack of coordination
135. What are the effective steps for direct control?
i. Performance can be measured.
ii. Effectively utilizes time.
iii. Errors can be discovered on time.
iv. Coordination
136. What is preventive control?
An efficient manager applies the skills in managerial philosophy to eliminate
an undesirable activity which are the reasons for poor management. It is known as
preventive control.
104
2.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Principle of co-ordination
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Principle of definition
ix.
Principle of correspondence
x.
Principle of balance
xi.
Principle of continuity
xii.
xiii.
Principle of flexibility
xiv.
Principle of simplicity
III.
3. What are the various types of business organizations? Write short notes on
each.
I.
II.
ii.
Partnership organizations
iii.
iv.
Cooperative societies
Departmental organizations
ii.
Public corporations
iii.
Government companies
Introduction
ii.
Management as Science
iii.
Management as Art
iv.
Organized activities
ii.
Existence of objectives
iii.
iv.
v.
II.
Decision Making
ii.
Development of resources
iii.
To incorporate innovations
iv.
v.
III.
Introduction
Elements and Tools of Scientific Management:
i.
ii.
Functional Foremanship
iii.
Job Analysis
iv.
Standardization
v.
vi.
Financial incentives
vii.
Economy
viii.
Mental Revolution
ii.
iii.
Cooperation
107
IV.
V.
iv.
Maximum Output
v.
Development of Workers
Introduction
II.
III.
Division of Work
ii.
iii.
Discipline
iv.
Unity of Command
v.
Unity of Direction
vi.
vii.
Remuneration of Personnel
viii.
Centralization
ix.
Scalar Chain
x.
Order
xi.
Equity
xii.
Stability of Tenure
xiii.
Initiative
xiv.
Esprit de Corps
108
IV.
Elements of Management
V.
II.
III.
Administration:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Management:
Three different views of administration and management:
i.
ii.
iii.
Interpersonal roles:
i.
Figurehead role
ii.
Leader role
Informational roles:
iv. Monitor role
v. Disseminator role
vi. Spokesperson role
VI.
Decision role:
v. Entrepreneur role
vi. Disturbance handler role
vii.
III.
IV.
i.
Scientific management
Economic environment
ii.
iii.
Technological environment
iv.
Socio-cultural environment
v.
Competitive environment
Exporting
ii.
Licensing
iii.
Franchising
iv.
Joint Ventures
v.
Foreign subsidiary
111
vi.
Management contracts
vii.
I.
II.
III.
I.
Characteristics
II.
Types:
i.
Ethnocentric companies
ii.
Polycentric companies
iii.
Regiocentric companies
iv.
Geocentric companies
Strategies
Reasons for the growth of MNCs:
i.
ii.
Marketing superiorities
iii.
Financial superiorities
iv.
Technological superiorities
v.
Product innovations
Advantages:
i.
ii.
iii.
Expanded markets
112
IV.
iv.
Capital Resources
v.
Harmful effects:
i.
ii.
Political interference
iii.
iv.
ii.
Decision making
iii.
Theory Z
II.Germany
III.
France:
i. Le plan
ii. Cadre
IV.
Korean management
Australia
ii.
India
iii.
Italian
iv.
Britain
113
Introduction
II.
Meaning
III. Advantages
IV. Disadvantages
V.
Profit advantage
Growth prospect
b) Push factors:
i.
ii.
Competition
iii.
iv.
Spin-off benefits
v.
Strategic vision
Exporting
ii.
ii.
Joint ventures
iv.
v.
Assembly operations
114
vi.
Management contracting
x.
Counter trade
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Scope
ii.
Resource
iii.
Uniqueness
iv.
Synergy
II.Strategic mix:
i.
Corporate strategies:
a. Curtailment goal
b. Status-quo goal
c. Growth goal
115
d. Diversification goal
ii.
Business Strategies:
a. Defender Strategy
b. Reactor Strategy
c. Analyzer Strategy
d. Prospector Strategy
i.
Functional strategies:
a. Production Strategy
b. Marketing Strategy
c. Finance Strategy
d. Personnel Strategy
e. R & D Strategy
III.Strategy implementation:
a. Organizational structure
b. Control mechanism
c. Information system
d. Evaluation system
116
UNIT II
PLANNING
1. Describe in detail the nature of planning.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
x.
Establishing objectives.
xi.
xii.
Identifying alternatives.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
Mission
ii.
Objectives or goals
iii.
Strategies
iv.
Policies
v.
Procedures
vi.
Rules
vii.
Programs
viii.
Budgets
118
Hierarchy of objectives
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
Unity of planning
ii.
Motivate subordinates
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Legitimacy
Set objectives.
119
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Appraise performance.
ii.
iii.
iv.
MBO involves too much paper work and holding of many meetings.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Grand strategy:
i.
Stability strategy
ii.
Growth strategy
120
iii.
IV.
Retrenchment strategy
Global strategy:
i.
Globalization strategy
ii.
Multidomestic strategy
iii.
Transnational strategy
12. Mention the three levels of strategy and explain them in detail.
I.
II.
III.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
13. Explain the various steps involved in the strategic planning process.
I.
II.
III.
WT strategy
ii.
WO strategy
iii.
ST strategy
iv.
SO strategy
121
IV.
V.
ii.
iii.
VI.
Implementing strategies
14. Classify the different types of policies and explain them in detail.
I.
Basic policy
ii.
General policy
iii.
Division policy
122
II.
III.
Production policy
ii.
Marketing policy
iii.
Personnel policy
iv.
Accounting policy
Originated policy
ii.
Appealed policy
iii.
External policy
15. Describe the four steps involved in the process of policy making.
i.
Policy formulation
ii.
Policy communication
iii.
Policy application
iv.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Evaluate alternatives
v.
vi.
vii.
i.
ii.
iii.
Simulation techniques
IV.
Deterministic techniques:
i.
Operations research
ii.
iii.
Inventory control
124
Risk analysis:
a) A Priori probability
b) Empirical probability
c) Subjective probability
III.
Conditions of uncertainty:
i.
Maximax criterion
ii.
Maximin criterion
iii.
Minimax criterion
iv.
125
UNIT III
ORGANISING
1. Explain the nature and purpose of organizing in detail.
Nature of organizing:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Differentiated functions
v.
Continuous process
Purpose of organizing:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
Stimulate creativity
x.
Facilitates coordination
It facilitates management.
126
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
It stimulates creativity.
Division of labor
ii.
Formalization
Departmentation by function
ii.
iii.
Departmentation by customer
iv.
Departmentation by product
v.
Departmentation by process
vi.
Departmentation by time
vii.
Departmentation by number
viii.
Matrix departmentation
ix.
5. Classify the two types of organizations based on the span of control and
explain.
i.
ii.
i.
ii.
iii.
Cross relationship
Nature of work
ii.
iii.
Capability of subordinates
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Communication techniques
viii.
ix.
Concept of decentralization
Advantages
III.
Disadvantages
IV.
ii.
iii.
Development of managers
128
iv.
v.
Open communication
vi.
Effective co-operation
10.A) Classify the two types of delegation and explain them in detail.
III.
IV.
Formal delegation
i.
Bottom-up delegation
ii.
Lateral delegation
Informal delegation
Allocation of duty
ii.
Delegation of authority
iii.
Assignment of responsibility
iv.
Creation of accountability
ii.
iii.
Lack of receptiveness
iv.
Sense of insecurity
v.
Lack of controls
vi.
vii.
Lack of incentives
viii.
Lack of self-confidence
129
12.What are the guidelines for effective delegation? Explain the advantages of
delegation?
Guidelines for effective delegation:
i.
ii.
iii.
Open communication
iv.
v.
Proper incentives
Advantages of delegation:
i.
ii.
Motivates subordinates
iii.
iv.
Promotes specialization
Characteristics
ii.
Benefits
iii.
Demerits
Informal organization:
i.
Characteristics
ii.
Benefits
130
iii.
Demerits
Formal organisation
Informal organization
ii.
iii.
iv.
Committee structure
15. Give the important characteristics of staffing and explain them in detail.
i.
People- oriented
ii.
Comprehensive function
iii.
Based on fundamentals
iv.
v.
Continuous nature
vi.
Human objectives
vii.
viii.
Implied authority
ii.
Procure people
iii.
To develop employees
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Recruitment
vii.
Selection
viii.
Placement
ix.
Promotion
x.
Performance appraisal
xi.
Career strategy
132
xii.
II.
External factors:
i.
Educational factors
ii.
iii.
Global factors
iv.
Cultural factors
Internal factors:
i.
Unions
ii.
Temporary workers
ii.
Promotion
iii.
Transfer
iv.
Apprentice
v.
Dependents
vi.
Past employees
Job advertisements
ii.
Employment exchanges
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Labor contractors
ix.
Casual callers
x.
Deputation
ii.
Preliminary interview
iii.
Application blank
iv.
Checking references
v.
Employment tests
vi.
Psychological tests
vii.
Employment interview
viii.
ix.
Placement
x.
Induction
IV.
i.
Individual techniques
ii.
Performance appraisal
iii.
Management by objectives
iv.
Career counseling
ii.
iii.
Greater productivity
iv.
Stable workforce
v.
Increased safety
vi.
Better management
Quick learning
ii.
Higher productivity
iii.
Standardization of procedures
iv.
Less supervision
v.
Economical operations
vi.
Higher morale
vii.
viii.
Better management
iii.Promotion
iv.Higher earnings
v.Adaptability
vi.Increased safety
26. What are the various types of training? Explain them in detail.
i.
ii.
Job training
iii.
Apprenticeship training
iv.
Internship training
v.
vi.
II.
III.
Coaching
ii.
Understudy
iii.
Position rotation
Off-the-job training:
i.
ii.
Conference training
iii.
Case study
Vestibule training
137
UNIT IV
DIRECTING
1. Explain the steps involved in creative process in detail.
i.
Saturation
ii.
Preparation
iii.
iv.
Inspiration or illumination
v.
Verification
Multiplicity of roles
ii.
Individuality
iii.
Personal dignity
Brainstorming
ii.
iii.
Reversal Tool
iv.
SCAMPER Tool
v.
Reframing Matrix
a) The 4Ps approach
b) The Professions Approach
138
vi.
Concept Fan
vii.
Mind mapping
viii.
Provocation
ix.
DO IT
a) Define Problem
b) Open Mind and apply creative techniques
c) Identify the best solution
d) Transform
x.
Simplex Tool
a) Problem Finding
b) Fact Finding
c) Problem definition
d) Idea Finding
e) Selection and Evaluation
f) Planning
g) Sell Idea
h) Action
ii.
Theory Z
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Expectancy theory
vii.
Equity theory
x.
Importance of leadership:
i. Securing cooperation
ii. Creating confidence in the minds of employees
iii. Providing good working climate
Functions of leaders:
i.
Legitimate power
ii.
Reward power
iii.
Coercive power
iv.
Referent power
v.
Expert power
i.
Autocratic leadership
ii.
iii.
Laissez-faire leadership
iv.
v.
Supportive leadership
II.
III.
i.
Impoverished style
ii.
iii.
iv.
Middle-of-the-road style
v.
Team style
Trait theory
ii.
Behavioral theories
iii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
To motivate workers
Communication process:
142
i.
Sender/source
ii.
Encoder
iii.
Transmission channel
iv.
Receiver
v.
Decoder
V.
Downward communication
ii.
Upward communication
iii.
Horizontal communication
iv.
Diagonal communication
Based on channel:
i. Formal communication
ii. Grapevine or Informal communication
VI.
Based on expression:
i.
Written communication
ii.
Oral communication
iii.
Lack of planning
143
ii.
Semantic distortion
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Timing of communication
vii.
Overloading of communication
viii.
ix.
Status symbols
x.
xi.
xii.
Unclarified assumptions
xiii.
Faulty organisation
xiv.
i.
ii.
Encourage feedback
iii.
iv.
Listen actively
v.
vi.
vii.
i.
ii.
iii.
Consider the physical and human setting in which communication will take
place
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
15. Write a detailed essay on the important electronic media which are useful for
communication.
i.
Telecommunication
ii.
iii.
iv.
Teleconferencing
v.
vi.
Internet
vii.
viii.
Electronic typewriters
ix.
x.
xi.
Cellular telephones
ii.
ii.
Norms
iii.
Dominant values
iv.
Philosophy
v.
Rules
vi.
Organizational climate
III.
Creating a culture
Sustaining a culture:
i.
Selection
ii.
Top management
iii.
Socialization
iv.
Prearrival
v.
Encounter
vi.
Metamorphosis
Changing a culture:
i.
A dramatic crisis
146
ii.
Change in leadership
18. How is culture learnt? Explain in detail about the sources of culture.
i.
Stories
ii.
Rituals
iii.
Symbols
iv.
Languages
148
UNIT V
CONTROLLING
1. Explain the nature or characteristics of controlling.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Facilitates coordination
vi.
vii.
Facilitates supervision
149
Establishing standards:
a) Quantitative standards:
i.
Productivity standards
ii.
Cost standards
iii.
Time standards
b) Qualitative standards
II.
III.
IV.
4. Explain in detail about the critical control point standards and benchmarking
techniques.
Critical control point standards:
i.
Physical standards
ii.
Cost standards
iii.
Capital standards
iv.
Revenue standards
v.
Program standards
vi.
Intangible standards
vii.
Goals as standards
viii.
Benchmarking techniques:
150
i.
Internal benchmarking
ii.
Competitive benchmarking
iii.
Functional benchmarking
iv.
Generic benchmarking
Understandable measures
ii.
Acceptable by employees
iii.
Linkage to strategies
iv.
v.
Accuracy
vi.
Flexibility
vii.
Timeliness
viii.
Economical
ix.
Functional budgets:
i.
Sales budget
ii.
Production budget
iii.
Material budget
iv.
Labor budget
v.
vi.
II.
III.
IV.
vii.
viii.
Cash budget
Transaction types:
i.
Operating budget
ii.
Capital budget
Activity types:
i.
Flexible budget
ii.
Fixed budget
iii.
Master budget
Personal observation
ii.
Statistical data
iii.
iv.
Break-even analysis
Costs:
a) Fixed costs
b) Variable costs
c) Total costs
Methods of break-even analysis:
152
Operational audit
vi.
Financial statements
vii.
Ratio analysis
a) Profit measurement ratio
b) Liquidity ratio
c) Solvency ratio
d) Activity ratio
viii.
Financial statements
ii.
iii.
Income statement
iv.
Balance sheet
v.
vi.
Forward buying
ii.
Tender buying
iii.
Blanket order
iv.
Zero stock
153
v.
Rate contract
10. Write a detailed essay on the various steps involved in the standard
purchasing procedure.
i.
ii.
iii.
Placing of orders
iv.
v.
vi.
Maintenance of records
ii.
iii.
iv.
Market purchasing
v.
Speculative purchasing
vi.
Contract purchasing
vii.
Scheduled purchasing
viii.
Public buying
ix.
Tender purchasing
Inspection
ii.
Repair
154
iii.
Overhaul
iv.
Lubrication
v.
Salvage
Breakdown maintenance
ii.
Preventive maintenance
External factors
II.
Internal factors:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
16. Explain in detail about the various elements of operations management system.
I. Inputs
II. Outputs
III.
External environment
IV.
Transformation process
i.
Planning
ii.
Systems design
156
iii.
iv.
157