An automatic transmission selects the most appropriate gear ratio for the prevailing
engine speed, power train load and vehicle speed conditions, without any intervention
by the driver. All gear shifting is carried out by the transmission system itself, and the
driver only selects the desired operating mode with the selector lever. The Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) has recommended that the selector should have the
sequence PRND321in the case of a four-speed transmission as follows.
P (Park). In this position the transmission is in neutral and the transmission output shaft
is locked by means of a parking pawl. The engine can be started.
R (Reverse). In this mode a single-speed reverse gear is selected and held. Engine
braking is effective in this position, but the engine does not start.
N (Neutral). This mode is the same as Park, but the output shaft is not locked. The
engine can be started.
D (Drive). This is the normal gear selection for forward motion. The vehicle may be
operated from a standstill upto its maximum speed, with automatic upshifts and
downshifts. The gearshift is made by the gearbox depending upon its assessment of
vehicle speed and engine load. When rapid acceleration is required for overtaking, the
driver can push the throttle pedal to its full travel to attain a speedy downshift into a
lower gear. The engine does not start in D-drive range.
3 (Tliird). Operation of this gear varies between manufacturers. In general the transmission operates in D range, but is prevented from up shifting into fourth gear.
2 (Second). Operation of this gear also varies between manufacturers, but normally the
transmission can only operate in first and second gear. Two is usually selected to
provide engine braking when driving in hilly country or when towing.
1 (First). The transmission is locked in first gear to provide powerful engine braking.
This is used when driving on steep hills or when towing.
To prevent inadvertent starting of the vehicle in a gear, a gearbox inhibitor switch (also
called a neutral switch) is positioned in series with the starter motor solenoid supply.
The inhibitor switch contacts are closed when the selector lever is in Park or Neutral
and so the engine can be started only in these positions. For additional safety the
selector lever is equipped with a mechanical interlock, which does not allow the lever to
be moved out of Park for example unless a spring-loaded release button is pressed.
The use of a microcomputer control system provides precise control of the hydraulic
system thereby enhances the performance of the automatic transmission, offering. (i)
Crisp and smooth gear shifts with consistent quality.
(ii) Perfectly timed gear shifts.
Torque Converter.
The transmission bell housing is bolted to the rear of the engine block. This encloses
the torque converter, which is secured to the engine flex-plate (a lightweight flywheel) by
several small bolts. The torque converter is a virtually wear-free fluid coupling, which
multiplies and transfers engine torque to the gear train through the input shaft.
Gear train.
The gear train is normally a compact compound epicyclic train capable of providing
several different ratios. Commonly used gear trains include the Simpson, Ravigneaux
and Wilson types. Variable-reluctance type sensors are installed in the transmission
housing to monitor the input (turbine) and output shaft speeds.
Friction Elements.
Various hydraulically operated brake-bands, multi-plate clutches and multi-plate brakes
are used to couple or lock the appropriate sets of planetary gear elements required for
obtaining different gear ratios.
Oil Pump.
The hydraulic pressure required to operate the various friction elements (clutches and
bands) is supplied by an oil pump, mounted just behind the torque converter, and driven
by the engine through the torque converter housing. Oil pump output pressure
Transmission Housing.
The transmission housing is a lightweight aluminium casting and holds all of the
transmission components as well as various sensors. It is usually designed for easy
replacement of the valve and sensors with the transmission installed in the vehicle. At
the base of the housing a sump pan is positioned and is kept filled with transmission oil,
basically an SAE 20 grade mineral oil with various additives po improve its frictional and
low-temperature properties. Various pressure taps are provided on the side of the
housing to connect a pressure gauge during undertaking basic diagnostic tests.
efficiency of over 90%. During normal driving the torque conversion ratio continuously
varies between about 2:1 and 1:1 depending upon the load on the engine.
clutch uses a narrow friction lining 20-30 mm wide, bonded to a thin metal disc
(sometimes called a piston), which is attached to turbine through a torsional damper
spring. The transmission ECU controls fluid flow into the torque converter chamber with
the help of solenoid valves. To lock-up the torque converter, the transmission ECU
directs fluid into the port C, and allows exit via ports D and E. The lockup piston
thus engages against the converter cover and the torque converter is placed in direct
drive.
In order to disengage the lockup clutch, the transmission ECU actuates the solenoid
valves to direct fluid into port E and allow it to exit from ports C and D. This causes
the clutch piston to move away from the impeller so that the converter is placed in
hydraulic drive enabling torque-multiplication.
Low gear is obtained by engaging the forward clutch, so that engine power is applied to
the ring-gear of the first gear-set, thus rotating the planet wheels clockwise to drive the
common sun gear anticlockwise. The one-way sprag clutch prevents rotation of the
planet carrier of the second gear-set and therefore the planet wheels rotate to drive the
output shaft in compound reduction. Engine braking is accomplished by applying the
low reverse brake band to disable the free wheeling effect of the sprag clutch.
To select intermediate gear, the intermediate brake-band is applied to lock the common
sun gear against rotation. With the forward clutch engaged, power flows to the first ringgear, thereby driving the planet wheels around the sun gear and rotating the output
shaft in simple reduction drive.
To obtain high gear, both the forward and the reverse-high clutches are engaged, so
that the sun gear locks to the first ring-gear. The whole gear-train revolves at the same
speed as the input shaft giving direct drive.
Reverse gear is obtained by engaging the reverse-high clutch and the low-reverse
brakeband so that drive is transmitted through the sub-gear to the planet wheels of the
second gear-set, as a result the ring-gear turns in the opposite direction to the input
shaft. The low reverse brake band holds the planet carrier of the second gear set
against rotation, causing the output shaft to turn,
25.27.2.
The speedometer sensor is a magnetic pickup sensor, which detects the gearboxs
output shaft speed, i.e. the vehicle speed.
The throttle sensor and idle switch is a combination sensor containing a potentiometer
and also a pair of contacts, which close when the engine is at idle. It detects throttle
angle and hence engine load. When idle is detected, and the vehicle is stationary, the
transmission ECU engages second gear. This minimizes torque loads on the transaxle
and reduces creep when stationary in traffic. First gear is engaged as soon as the ECU
detects movement of the accelerator pedal.
The inhibitor switch reports the position of the selector lever to the transmission ECU. It
also prevents operation of the starter motor if it is not in either Park or Neutral.
The HOLD switch is a press-button switch located on the selector lever. It is used by the
driver to instruct the ECU to hold a particular gear ratio, for example when descending a
hill. When HOLD is in use the HOLD indicator glows up.
The stoplight switch detects when the brakes have been used. If the brakes are applied
while the torque converter is in lockup, the transmission ECU releases lockup to provide
a smooth deceleration.
The O/D inhibit signal is used together with the cruise control. It prevents the transmission from shifting into overdrive (fourth gear) when the cruise control is operational and
vehicle speed is more than 8 kmph below the set cruising speed.
The ATF thermosensor is a thermistor, which registers the temperature of the transmission fluid. The ECU utilises this information to modify line pressure at extremes of
temperature, so that the fluids higher viscosity at low temperatures and the danger of
overheating at high temperature are taken into account.
An engine rpm signal is taken from the ignition coil primary winding.
An atmospheric pressure sensor sends a signals to the transmission ECU when the
measured atmospheric pressure indicates that the vehicle is at a height of 1500 m or
more. The engine develops less power at high altitudes and, therefore, the ECU
modifies the gearshift points accordingly.
25.27.4.
on the results of calculations performed on these signal values, the ECU sets the gear
ratio and energizes the appropriate solenoid valve (Fig. 25.67).
The 3-2 timing solenoid directs pressure to the 3-2 timing valve and controls the precise
timing of clutch and brake-band engagement.
The lockup control solenoid directs line pressure to the torque converter lockup system
when the transmission ECU energizes it at appropriate time. This solenoid is either ON
or OFF
type.
The lockup pressure reducing solenoid controls engagement slip in the lockup clutch.
This solenoid is operated on a duty cycle basis (at about 30 Hz) and modifies the
engagement force on the clutch piston. The duty cycle is continuously modified to
maintain the target slip value.
The engagement force, applied to the brake-band and multi-plate clutches, is controlled
by the pressure solenoid. This is a 30 Hz duty cycle control valve, which modifies the
line pressure depending on the signals receives from the ECU. Line pressure is
increased in proportion to throttle opening angle, causing increased clamping force on
the friction members to cope with greater engine torque. During gearshifts the line
pressure is momentarily reduced to minimize shift shock.
25.27.5.
Feedback Control
Another method of providing smoother gear changes is through feedback control of the
friction element engagement force. This can be achieved either by directly monitoring
various fluid pressures using sensors in the transmission, which is incorporated on
some Chrysler
transmissions or by monitoring the instantaneous slippage in the transmission (Fig.
25.69) using speed sensor signals.
The latter technique depends on accurate control of the line pressure during gear
engagement. This ensures variations in the input shaft speed, and hence the variations
in band/clutch slip within a specified range. As a result smooth and consistent shift
quality, irrespective of friction material condition and fluid temperature, is achieved.
The speed of the gearbox input shaft, during gear changes, is measured and compared
against that of the output shaft. The transmission ECU then calculates the speed
gradient of the input shaft {i.e. its declaration). Whenever this calculated valve becomes
more or less than a preprogrammed value the drive duty to the line pressure solenoid is
lowered or raised accordingly to restore it for ensuring a smooth and steady
engagement.