5.
6.
2. HEALTH Vs WEALTH
Metal
Normal
Increased
level
level
(mg)
(mg)
Wheat
Hg
1.10
2.40
(1 Kg)
Fe
6.70
41.30
Cd
2.40
21.30
Ni
1.0
2.10
Zn
99.4
367.4
Cr
1.10
3.40
Cu
76.30
89.80
Ca
5111
6017
Pb
1.20
4.20
Pigeon peas
(bean)
Ni
1.30
61.50
(Tuver dal)
Zn
9.90
38.20
(1 Kg)
Cr
1.30
8.80
Cu
1.10
2.60
Fe
4.80
26.60
Cu
1.90
16.30
Maize
(Makai)
Cr
1.10
3.90
(1 Kg)
Zn
108.70
318.10
Ni
2.10
63.40
Pb
1.30
3.30
Cd
2.10
8.90
Fe
8.20
21.70
Bajara
Cu
136.20
204
(1 Kg)
Cr
2.0
63.20
Zn
262.80
427.20
Ni
1.10
3.20
Pb
1.30
2.30
Cd
2.20
10.70
Fe
2.80
25.70
Such heavy metals enter the body through food
and attack liver, kidney, intestine, bladder,
brain and the blood circulation. This seems to be
the main cause of increasing many diseases
including cancer (News 12-06-2000).
Such open canal should never be permitted.
Animals can drink such water. Polluted water
must be discharged through a closed pipeline.
Dangers of Pesticides:
After dumping an average of 50000 tonnes
of pesticides annually in the past 30 years to
improve our agricultural yields, the land is so
poisoned with BHC and DDT that, even if
spraying were stopped, the chemicals will linger
on for 50 years more! The studies have shown
that high percentages of these pesticides are
being found in cows milk. Now we will have to
turn towards eco-friendly bio-pesticides or at
least degradable ones.
Ahmedabad Consumers Education &
Research Centre collected (in the year 2000)
from different parts of the country 13 samples of
flour being sold by big-named companies. All
the
samples
found
containing
DDT!
Agricultural use of DDT as pesticide is banned
for more than 12 years. Even then DDT, Aldrin
and Dieldrin have been repeatedly found in the
samples of flour, eggs, milk, butter, ghee,
pulses, fish and vegetable oils. Contaminated
food by such pesticides, after entering the
human body, increases possibility of many
diseases.
Samples of mothers milk have shown the
DDT content six times more than the maximum
residual limit (MRL). Such a heavy overdose
stops the child growth. A study conducted by
Indian Council for Agricultural Research
showed traces of DDT and Aldrin in 57% of
vegetables. Even strain (grass) for animals was
also containing pesticides. As per the report of
Toxic Link, about 147 types of pesticides are
manufactured in India of which Government
has prescribed MRL for 50 pesticides only. We
do not know MRL of other 100 pesticides!
International
Development
Research
Centre of Canada says that about 10,000 people
die every year and about 4 lakh people suffer
adverse health effects, due to pesticides
poisoning.
Adulteration:
Adulteration of oil of Orgamon Mexican
(an American plant) in edible oils hospitalised
thousands of people and caused disease known
as Dropsy. It attacks liver, kidney, heart and
ratina (News 11-9-98).
Mixing of Palmolive in groundnut oil is
very common.
More than 20000 adulterated food products
have been reported and many more are being
added daily. Some 30 years before one science
magazine Lancet had warned that every person
in Great Britain was adding an average 3 lbs
poison in his stomach. Because of more
adulteration in our country, this figure could be
30 lbs nowadays. A list of some adulterated
substances is given in Table 1.2 :
Table 1.2 : Adulteration of Substances
Substance
Adulteration
Health
effect
Edible oil
Turmeric
Wine
Apple &
other fruits
Orgamon
Mexican
White oil
Lead chromate
Methanol
Lead arsenate,
Lead chromate
Tinned food
Cadmium
Meats &
vegetables
Fish
Tea, water &
toothpaste
Bread
Celurojela
Polished rice
& pulses
Ice-cream &
Sweets
Capsicum,
Confectionary
Cancer
Paralysis
Blindness
Paralysis,
blindness,
anaemia
Food
poisoning
-do-
Formaldehyde
Fluorides,
Bone powder
Fuserium
preminehum
rozium
Asbestos
-doTeeth &
bones
Food
poisoning
Sodium
carboxyl
methyl
cellulose,
Metanyl
yellow,
Rhodamene B,
Orange 2.
Polish, Nonedible colours
Cancer
Cancer
Injury to
stomach
& Ice-cream
Flour
Tea
Milk & Milk
products
Pure ghee
Chinese food
Chocolates
Jaggery,
Mushroom
Wheat
Tuver dal
Rice
Groundnut
Butter
Cheese
Ghee
DDT (ppm)
(Safe limit 0.5
to 5.0 ppm)
5.15
7.75
7.80
7.24
6.15
1.03
2.03
BHC (ppm)
(Safe limit 0.01
to 2.0 ppm)
18.07
5.86
24.82
4.12
4.62
0.88
1.34
10
2001
50000
(News 27-5-2002)
New York Times published a report that
lakhs of people in India and Bangladesh drink
water mixed with Potassium cyanide from
water wells. Only in West Bengal 60 lakhs
people drink such water, out of which some 3
lakhs have shown symptoms of cyanide
poisoning on their bodies. Potassium cyanide
can cause cancer. Shri K. J. Nath of All India
Institute of Hygiene & Public Health has also
warned about this problem (News 12-11-98).
Chennai Health Laboratory tested 191
mineral water bottle samples and found bacteria
in 44 samples! In samples of soft cold drinks
also, bacteria and excessive saccharine were
found. Ordinary tap water is sold in brand
named bottles at the price of Rs. 14 (a price of 1
lit milk) per bottle! This may cause typhoid and
other diseases (News 9-10-98).
16 rivers and 18 lakes in Gujarat have been
polluted. The Central Pollution Control Board
has identified the most polluted 20 rivers in the
country. Proportions of pH, dissolved oxygen
and dissolved chemicals (BOD & COD) are not
safe (News 4-6-98).
Dr. MGK Menan Committee Constituted
by the Govt. of India under the directive of the
Supreme Court has added one more warning. It
has published that 70% water resources of socalled Golden Corridor (Industrial belt between
Vatva to Vapi of Gujarat) have been polluted,
people have contracted diseases due to
pollution and a great scarcity is caused of
drinking water and water for irrigation. It has
also reported that at 40 places in Gujarat,
hazardous waste is dumped illegally and no
action is taken by GPCB (News 4-4-2001).
A report of pollution effects due to
chemical factories from Atul to Vapi is
published in a Newspaper of 18-10-98. It states
that production of Hafus mangoes has been
decreased ten times in village Haria and water
in wells have become coloured. When water is
filled in a glass, a thin layer of deposits is visible
on inner surface of the glass. Red water is
thrown in Khadi (ditch) by three pipelines of
one-foot diameter, even animals do not drink
this water and whenever they drink they die. In
winter very bad smell comes from nearby
factories. Fishes die in sea and railway bridges
are rusted. Fishermen are in great trouble as
Water Pollution :
11
12
13
Tobacco Poisoning:
WHO report says 3.83 lakhs people died in
India and 9.13 lakhs people died in China
during 1998 due to tobacco eating and
smoking. By the year 2030, some 1 crore people
in the world would die due to the use of
tobacco! Female proportion is day-by-day
increasing in this regard (News 31-5-99).
Another report of WHO says that by the
year 2030, death toll due to tobacco may reach
up to 10 lakhs per year in the world.
India produces 4.40 crore kg tobaccos every
year, of which 80% is consumed in the country.
In other words, about 3 crores people smoke /
chew tobacco in one or the other form in our
14
15
16
17
18
3. INDUSTRIALIZATION Vs
ACCIDENTS
Industrialization has been defined as the
process of change in the mode of production to
utilise more capital per unit of output, higher
levels of technology and management,
widening markets with cost economics scale
and specialised location of plant, type of plant
and labour skills.
Side effects of such industrialization are to
increase accidents, occupational diseases,
polluted
environment,
unsafe
working
conditions and rapid urbanisation resulting in
road accidents and vehicular pollution.
19
environmental
pollution.
For
healthy
environment 33% land should be kept reserved
for forests, which is reduced to 12% resulting in
continuous decrease of birds, animals,
vegetation, greenery and clean atmosphere for
healthy life.
As per information up to 31-3-1998, total
industrial investment in Gujarat was of Rs.
108777 crores. Out of that 54% was for
production sector and 22.08% for power. 57000
crores will be invested in petrochemical and
chemical industries. Bharuch, Surat, Vadodara
and Jamnagar will become the highly
industrialised areas. An industrial park at the
cost of Rs. 1000 crores has been sanctioned by
the Govt. of Gujarat, to establish chemical and
petrochemical industries at Motiberu, near
Dholka, Dist. Ahmedabad (News 6-11-97).
In Gujarat 2435 new projects involving Rs.
1250 crores were under various stages of
implementation during 1997-98. SSI units
increased up to 194000 till the end of 1996.
Present installed power capacity of 7721 MW
will be raised to 15000 MW at the end of 9th
Five Year Plan. Gujarat may secure leading
position as industrial state among the Asian
countries in the 21st century (News 25-12-97).
Gujarat Infrastructure Agenda: Vision 2010
occupied a full-page advertisement on 27-61999. It states 383 world-class infrastructure
projects of Rs. 116993 crores! Till 2010 it is
planned to have 17477 MW electricity at the cost
of Rs. 55167 crores, transportation of 289 million
ton cargo at ports, 24 new industrial estates
(including 10 port based industrial estates) at
the cost of Rs. 7161 crores, 105 new roads with
Rs. 19951 crores, 38 new railway projects with
Rs. 6533 crores, 49 new water and gutter
schemes, 11 new townships, 51 new systems of
urban transportation, 1507 km long gas-grid,
new air ports and information technology
facilities of Rs. 400 crores. This blueprint of
Gujarat, if implemented, will certainly increase
rapid industrialisation and in turn safety
problems too! It indicates high need of safety
technology and accident prevention work.
With such rapid industrialisation, roads
and traffic will also increase. A scheme of Rs.
1400 crores to develop highways in Gujarat has
been sanctioned by the Government (News 111-97). Expansions of KRIBHCO plants to
produce 1350 MT ammonia and 2200 MT urea
20
Year
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Serious
Accidents
5540
6093
6833
6020
7386
Fatalities
3760
4010
4219
4051
4871
1990
43005
1991
44930
1992
49156
1993
45769
1994
51855
1995
68351
658
539
549
550
606
616
20522
13164
22306
13697
22010
12773
22395
13134
23323
13752
22922
20135
2957
2933
3062
3488
3502
3861
Total Accidents
110000
100000
Deaths
>30000
>29000
21
Date
25-06-90
31-10-91
05-09-92
16-07-93
21-09-93
14-05-95
01-06-95
20-08-95
18-04-96
14-09-97
26-11-98
16-07-99
22-06-2001
09-09-2002
03-01-2003
15-05-2003
Place
Fatality
Mogta, Bihar
60
Makligurg
30
Karnatak- Raigadh, MP
41
Darbhanga, Bihar
60
Chhabra, Raj.
71
Salem, TN
52
WB & Orissa
73
Firozabad, UP
302
Gorakhpur, UP
60
Madhya Pradesh
81
Ludhiana
108
Mathura
17
Kozikode, Kerala
40
Bihar, Rafiganj
120
Ghatamnagar, Mrashtra 21
Punjab, Fire
38
22
4. DERIVATION OF THE
CONCEPT OF SAFETY
Thus from the above discussion of struggles of 1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
23
Tele-presence
technology
has
been
developed to remotely carry out surgical
operation on a person flying in a plane or sailing
in a ship. Early detection of breast cancer from
the hair sampling (change in molecular
structure) has now become possible. Telecomputing, telemedicine and tele-shopping
systems have also been developed. Not only email, inter-net or website but v-mail will also
become older in course of time. Robotic
controlled systems of atomic plants will now be
controlled by a newly developed tele-manipulator
system (News 24-8-99).
New inventions of 3D Sonography and Biodiesel are also reported.
The landing of a robotic spacecraft from
earth, Pathfinder, on 4-7-97, on the red planet
Mars, the launching of IRS-1D (Indian Remote
Sensing Satellite) into an 817-km polar sunsynchronous orbit by our fully indigenous
rocket PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) on
29-9-97 from Shriharikota island, successfully
test-firing of the anti-tank Nag missile, another
indigenous development, on the same day, from
Chandipur in Orissa, launching of another
Satellite INSET-2E by ISRO on 3-4-1999 and
remote robotic surgery on human body have
proved the success of science and miracle of
safety engineering in overcoming hazards, their
correct assessment and control.
News of replacement of highly toxic
chemical pesticides by non-toxic bio-pesticides
is a good march towards safety. Gujarat Krushi
University has made, for the first time, largescale recommendations in this direction. An
abstract of nimb leaves, tobacco dust, biolep,
spinosed, cow-urine etc. have been specified
and submitted as a report to the State Assembly
(News 13-3-03).
Smoke of cow dung and ghee remove air
pollution. Three insects - Dhaliu, Bhamari and
Papati - known by our farmers, are nonchemical bio-insects to kill harmful worms and
eggs in the farms. (News 1-7-03)
By non-chemical farming, a farmer got 7
ton more crop of sugarcane per hectare with less
expenditure (News 18-3-03).
The same ultra modern technology is to be
utilised for safety also.
Safety efforts of improvement in safe
design, safe operation, safe preventive and
corrective maintenance, safer technology, safe
24
S
S
S
O Mother Goddess, thou protect us from
serpents having lethal poison on their tongues,
powerful enemies and robbers, great fire, and
depth of the sea by being there and surrounding
the world.
People were advised to exert for
, and they
were in fact
S
It is neither political power, nor heaven,
nor even rebirth that I aspire for. My only
aspiration is to relieve all affected beings of their
afflictions.
The well-known Upnishad advice runs asS S
p
H
Let all be happy and healthy. Let all
achieve welfare and no one gets any
unhappiness.
Happiness cannot be achieved without
safety and good health. Therefore above stanza
speaks of safety, health and welfare of all, which
is also the modern concept of all the safety laws.
,
and
also tell that the God
would protect us, use us (for the service of
society) and we would work together. This
prayer is always useful to keep us on the way of
safety.
The definition of by whose name this
country named as (Bharat) is
He was called because
he was maintaining and protecting.
means the country to maintain and protect her
people. Thus very name of our country contains
the concept of safety. The king was said father
only because he was giving protection,
provision, education and livelihood. This basic
duty of modern State ensures the concept of
safety and welfare.
,
,
,
,
, c, etc. are
the great Indian seers who had explained the
Labour Code from time to time. Their advice
was according to their prevailing time and
putting more stress on duties rather than on
rights.
The basic concept of safety for human
protection is explained in Rugved (6-75-14) by
the following sentence
25
Fire, water, diseases, scarcity, rats, wild
animals, serpents and demon are eight great
dangers. To protect people from these is duty of
a king. Kautilya has explained problems as well
as solutions.
A king (ruler) is advised to protect the
people from enemies, bad workers, traders, act
of God, anti-social elements, thieves and
robbers, poisons, and many other things.
He had described many fixed and movable
machines (S ) to
be used in war. He had described the
metallurgical processes on gold, silver, copper,
alloy, stone, iron, diamond, jewel, salt, etc., with
safety precautions.
General philosophy for protection is
explained as follows:
Protecting our self we can protect all.
Our self is protected by rules of
punishment, i.e.
h
Natural hazards should be prevented by
good efforts.
Manmade hazards should be removed by
skill and intelligence.
c
A disease is worse than an enemy.
Therefore it should be prevented at the earliest
possible.
S
The reaction (preparation) should be
thought before an emergency arises, it is of no
use to dig well when fire has already ignited the
house.
How an accident can or cannot save human
life, is interestingly explained by:
c
An unprotected is protected by fate. A well
protected but hurt by fate may be ruined. A
person lost in jungle and without any help may
survive. A person making all efforts in his home
and surrounding with doctors (having all helps)
may die.
Kautilyas Arthshashtra :
( ) The age-old
Kautilya
(Vishnugupta
Chanakya)s
Arthshashtra (economics) is a big volume of old
Indian rules on economics, politics and
sociology which covers many subjects on trade,
business, industry, commerce, administration,
law and order, justice, architecture, design,
construction and winning of forts, town
planning, army etc. in those days. It has 180
chapters and 6000 stanzas. It has been translated
in many languages.
This volume talks of atoms size, weights
and measure, metallurgy, mines, metal
processes, wood, lather, and other processes,
agriculture, weapons, cotton, wool and dyeing
processes, medicine and surgery, protection
from fire, water, diseases, animals, natural
calamities and so many things in a systematic
way. A few references are given below:
26
,
I have no desire of any kingdom, haven or
even salvation. I simply desire to remove
affliction or suffering of people hurt by agony or
pain.
This is the object of protecting others, the
best of philosophy of safety.
27
28
Environmental Safety
Occupational Health
& Hygiene
Managerial &
Others (Facet6)
Technical &
Engineering
(Facet5)
Philosophical &
Psychological
(Facet4)
Accident
Prevention
Always advancing
(Facet2)
Basic & Specific
(Facet3)
Unguarded
machinery
Fire &
Explosion
Air
Contaminants
Noise & Vibration
29
hazards was added from 200 BC when the unhealthful effect of Lead poisoning was noticed.
The last phase of Environmental safety is added
from the 20th century when the developed
countries like UK & US first experienced the ill
effect of environmental pollution and the laws
for the protection of environment were found
necessary. In our country, the first law for water
pollution control was enacted in 1974 and more
laws were added since 1986 with the beginning
of Environment (Protection) Act. 1986.
Thus the concept of safety does not remain
limited to a narrow meaning of safety as
accident prevention work from mechanical or
machinery hazards only. As stated above, in
course of time, it has included many aspects of
safety from health hazards due to chemicals,
other materials and their processes and safety
from environmental hazards mainly due to
pollution of land, water and air. Thus the
modern concept of safety has been developed as
the concept of Safety, Health and Environment
i.e. SHE, HSE or EHS. Therefore in modern
industries, the Safety Department is redesignated as SHE or HSE dept. and it carries
out combined functions as under:
1. Main function of SHE Department is to
plan, execute and coordinate the specific
functions of Safety Manager, OHC Head or
Factory Medical Officer and Environment
Manager.
2. Functions of Safety Manager and his office
(subordinate safety officers and staff) are
many, but broadly they should include-
a.
b.
30
3.
4.
b.
c.
d.
SUMMARY:
Live resources must be protected against
the hazards of dead resources. The most
important live resource is man who is at the
centre of all safety activities. His health is to be
protected from the hazards of race for acquiring
wealth and all ill effects of industrialization and
accidents.
This basic need explains us the concept of
safety and this concept is not new. It is age-old
and universally accepted. It has many facets like
diamond. It includes all branches of knowledge,
which is useful to identify and prevent or
control the hazards. In its wider meaning of
environmental safety it includes accident
prevention, occupational health, hygiene and
environmental protection. For this purpose, it
6. NO EXCEPTION TO SAFETY
Hundreds of examples and detailed
discussion so far reveal that we have no
exception to safety i.e. there is no substitute for
safety. Results of undermining safety are very
bad. One example can be cited as under:
Burning and breaking of space shuttle
Colombia of NASA and death of seven
astronauts on 1-2-03, compelled accident
inquiry. News report from New York disclosed
31
EXERCISE
1
2
3
4
5
6
. . .
, V,
32