Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

Maths Summary 2U
Basic Arithmetic
Recurring Decimals
1/3 = 0.3333
let x= 0.3333
then 10x = 3.333
9x= 3
x= 3/9
x= 1/3

a/b x (b)/(b) = ab/b

a/cb x b/b = ab/cb
a/ (b-c) x (b + c)/ (b+c)
Conjugate
Equations
If ab = 0 then a=0 or b=0

Algebra and Surds

Indices
(a/b)n = an/bn
x 1/n = nx

Completing the square

(x+3)2 = 11
x+3 = +-11
x = +- 11 3

Absolute Value
| ab | = |a| x |b|

Quadratic Formula
X = -b +- (b2-4ac)/2a

|a|2 = a2
| a+b | = |a| + |b|

Functions and Graphs

Vertical line test- if the line cuts only
once then graph IS a function.

Algebra
(a+b) (x+y+z) = ax + ay + az + bx + by
+ bz
(a+b) (a-b) = a2-b2

Even Functions
F(x)=F(-x)
Odd Functions
F(-x)= -F(x)

a3 + b3 = (a+b) (a2-ab+b2)

x- intercepts- y=0
y- intercepts- x=0

a3-b3 = (a2+ab+b2)
Completing the Square
(halve the no. and square it)
eg
x2 + 12x
(12/2)2 = 62 = 36
x2 + 12x = (x2+12x+36)-36
= (x+6) 2 36
Surds
a x b = ab

domain- all x values

range- all y values
Circle(x-h)2 + (y-k) 2 = r2
x2 + y2= r2
Semi circle
y= (r2-x2)
y=ax cuts the y axis at y=1

ab x cd = acbd

(a)/( b) = (a/b)

Limits
(asymptotes)
lim ax=0
x

Rationalising the denominator

Trigonometry

a x a = a

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Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

Sin = opp/hyp
Cos = adj/hyp
Tan= opp/adj
Cosec= 1/sin
Sec= 1/cos
Cot= 1/tan

Likewise, smallest angle is opposite

the smallest/shortest side

Complementary Angles
Sin= cos(90-)
Cos= sin(90-)
Sec=cosec(90-)
Cosec= sec(90-)
Tan= cot(90-)
Cot= tan(90-)

Midpoint
P=( (x1+x2)/2 , (y1+y2)/2)

Straight Line Graphs

Distance Formula
d= ((x2-x1)2 + (y2-y1) 2)

A
x

S
180-

T
180+

C
360-

Tan= sin /cos

cot = cos /sin

Gradient
M=rise/run
M= (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
M=tan
Y=mx+b where m=gradient and b=yintercept
M= -a/b
Equation of a straight lineGeneral formAx+by+c=0
Gradient form
Y=mx+b
Intercept form
X/a + y/b =1
Point Gradient
y-y1=m(x-x1)

sin2 + cos2 =1
2

1 + cot = cosec
tan2 + 1= sec2
Sine Rule
SinA/a = sinB/b = sinC/c

Two Point
Y-y1/x-x1 = y2-y1/x2-x1
Parrallel lines
M1=m2
Perpendicular lines
M1m2= -1

a/SinA = b/SinB = c/SinC

Cosine Rule
A2=b2+c2-2bc cosA

Intersection of lines- solve

simultaneous equations

CosA= (b2 + c2 a2)/2bc

Equation of a line through two others

(l1)+k(l2)=0

Area of a triangle
A=1/2absinc

Perpendicular Distance
P= |ax1+by1+c| / (a2+b2)

Largest angle is opposite the largest/

longest side

Colinear- together in a straight lineproven by finding m

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Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

Introduction to Calculus
F(x)= xn
F(x)= nxn-1
F(x)=k
F(x)=0
Function of a function
D/dx [f(x)]n = f-(x)n[f(x)] n-1
Product Rule
Dy/dx= uv + vu
Quotient Rule
Dy/dx= (vu-uv)/v2
Gradient of a line- find dy/dx
The quadratic Function
Axis of symmetry
X= -b/2a
Minimum or maximum value
F(-b/2a)
Descriminant
= b2-4ac
Positive definite
a>0 < 0
Negative definite
a<0 < 0
Quadratic expression
Ax2+bx+c=0
No roots
<0
Real roots
>0
2 equal or 1 root
=0
2 different roots
>0
Rational roots
= perfect square
Quadratic inequalitities
A1x2+b1x+c1 a2x2+b2x+c
a1=a2 b1=b2 c1=c2

Sum of roots
+= -b/a
Product of roots
=c/a
Locus and the Porabola
P(x,y) center (a,b)
(x-a)2 + (y-b) 2 = r2
x2=4ay
concave up
focus (0,a)
directrix y= -a
vertex (0,0)
axis x=0
focal length a
x2= -4ay
concave down
focus (0,-a)
directrix y= a
vertex (0,0)
axis x=0
focal length a
y2=4ax
concave right
focus (a,0)
directrix x= -a
vertex (0,0)
axis y=0
focal length a
y2= -4ax
concave left
focus (-a,0)
directrix x= a
vertex (0,0)
axis y=0
focal length a
Tangents and normals
Mtangent x mnormal= -1
Probability
P(E)= no. ways event can occur/ total
no. possible outcomes
P(E)=0 impossible

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Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

P(E)=1 certain
P(E) + P(not E)=1
P(E)= 1- P(not E)
P(A or B)= P(A) +P(B) P(A and B)
P(AB)= P(A)P(B)
P(A or B)= P(A)+P(B)
Geometrical Applications of calculus
F(x) >0 curve is increasing
F(x) <0 curve is decreasing
F(x)=0 curve is stationary

Function of a function
ba (ax+b)n dx
= [(ax+b) n+1/a(n+1)] + C
Area bounded by axis
A= |baf(x) dx| MUST ALWAYS
SKETCH
Area bounded by 2 curves
ba f(x)-g(x) dx
f(x) is the eqn of the upper curve

F(x)=0 and F(x) >0 minimum

turning point

Volumes of Solids of revolution

ba f(x)2dx

F(x)=0 and F(x) <0 maximum

turning point

Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
Y=ex
Dy/dx= ex

F(x)=0 and F(x) =0 plus concavity

changes point of inflexion
Curve sketching
Must include:
Stationary points and determine
nature
Points of inflexion
Intercepts (x and y)
Domain and range

LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER IS AN
INDICE
number= baseindice
Y=ef(x)
Dy/dx= f(x)e f(x)
Y=ax

x=logy

Primitive functions
Dy/dx=xn
Y=(xn+1/n+1) + c

Log laws (all base e)

Log (xy)= logx+ logy
Log(x/y)= logx- logy
Logxn= nlogx

Integration
Trapezoidal rule
A h/2 [first + last + 2(others)]

Change of Base
logax= logx/loga
y=logex
dy/dx= 1/x

Simpsons Rule
A h/3 [f(a) + 4f(a+b/2) + f(b)]
A h-a/6 [f(a) + 4f(a+b/2) + f(b)]
A h/3 [first + last +FOTE]
FOTE= 4x odds 2xevens
Area enclosed by curve, x axis and x=a
x=b
ba f(x)dx

IF THE TOP IS THE DIFFERENTIAL

OF THE BOTTOM THE ANSWER IS
LOG THE BOTTOM
Y=logef(x)
Dy/dx= f(x).1/f(x)
=f(x)/f(x)

ba n dx
= [xn+1/n+1] ba

Series
= sum of

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Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

D=T2-T1=T3-T2
Terms of Arithmatic series
Tn= a+(n-1)d
Sum of AS
Sn=n/2 (a+l)
L= last term
Sn=n/2 [2a+(n-1)d]
A= first term
L= last term
N= no. of terms
D=difference

Sinx x
tanx x
cosx1

Geometric Series
R= T2/T1 = T3/T2

Absolute Value

Terms of a GS
Tn=arn-1

/4

2
/4

Sum of a GS
Sn= a(rn-1)/r-1

1
/6

Limiting Sum
|r|<1
S= a/1-r

3
/3

Test for a GS
B2=ac

Trigonometric Functions
radians= 180
Area of a circle
A=r2
Circumference of circle
C=2r=d
Length of an arc
L=r

Graphs
Y=asinbx
Amplitude a
Period 2/b
X=acosbx
Amplitude a
Period 2/b
Y=tanx
No amplitude
Period /b

Area of a sector
A=1/2r2
A
Area of a minor segment
S
2
x
A=1/2r (-sin)
180-

Trig Differentiation
D/dx(sinx)= cosx
D/dx(cosx)= -sinx
D/dx[sinf(x)]= f(x)cosf(x)

-x
T
180+

C
360-

+x

2-x

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Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

D/dxtanx= sec2x
Integration of Trig
cosx dx= sinx +C
sinx dx= -cosx +C
sec2xdx= tanx +C
cos(ax+b)dx= 1/asin(ax+b) +C
Applications of Calculus to the
physical world
DP/dt= kp= differential eqn.
Exponential Growth
P=Poekt
Exponential Decay
P=Poe-kt
Rates of change
X= displacement
Dx/dt= v= velocity
D2x/dt2= a= acceleration
Oscillating- back and forth motion of a
particle
D/dt[cosf(x)]=f(x)sinf(x)
X= v dt
V= a dt

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