2.

Principles of Autoclave Operation

Steam penetrates objects in the autoclave

Condensation creates negative pressure and draws in additional steam
Moist heat kills microorganisms via coagulation of proteins
Two types of autoclaves
1. Gravity Displacement
2. Vacuum/Gravity Assisted

http://ehs.unc.edu/training/self_study/autoclave/container.php?page=4

Prinsip kerja autoclave:

Yaitu dengan memasukkan medium yang ingin disterilkan, selanjutnya penutup otoklaf
dipasang dan sekrup dikencangkan. Keran pengatur tempat keluar uap air dibiarkan tetap
terbuka hingga semua udara terdesak keluar. Apabila sterilisasi telah selesai autoklaf
dibiarkan tekanan turun hingga nol. Kran uap air dibuka secara perlahan. Jangan membuka
kran uap untuk mempercepat turunnya tekanan, tunggu sampai tekanan menunjukkan angka
nol.
https://www.academia.edu/6618558/PENGENALAN_ALAT

rinsip kerja mikroskop adalah obyek ditempatkan di ruang dua lensa obyektif sehingga
terbentuk bayangan nyata terbalik dan diperbesar. Lensa okuler mempunyai peran
seperti lup, sehingga pengamat dapat melakukan dua jenis pengamatan yaitu dengan
mata tak berakomodasi atau dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum. Pilihan jenis
pengamatan ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara menggeser jarak benda terhadap lensa
obyektif yang dilakukan dengan tombol soft adjustment (tombol halus yang digunakan
untuk menemukan fokus). Kegiatan berikut ini akan memperlihatkan pembentukan

bayangan pada mikroskop.

Pembentukan bayangan dengan akomodasi maksimum
Microscopes allow biologists to see single cells and even the organelles that make up
their cellular machinery. In some ways, the complex and expensive microscopes they use
are like a simple magnifying glass; both tools magnify things by looking at them through
pieces of glass (lens). The main difference between them is that while a magnifying glass
is made of just a simple lens, today's microscopes are made of increasingly complex sets
of lens, and light emission sources. These lens depend on technologies that are at the
cutting edge of our understanding of light, which allow those lens to manipulate what we
see and don't see.
The basic principle of compound microscopy is that by stacking lens together, it is
possible to see increasingly smaller objects. This is similar to stacking magnifying glasses
on top of each other, but involves much more complicated optics. Unfortunately, there
are limitations to this system based on the physical properties of light. In order for an
image to be in there must be enough light entering the eye, and it must be possible to
distinguish between different parts of the image. Over the past 100 years, three
developments have made it possible to see different aspects of a biological sample.

http://bsp.med.harvard.edu/node/99

PRINCIPLE
Microbiology is a science that studies living organisms that are too small to be seen
with the naked eye. Needless to say, such a study must involve the use of a good
compound microscope. Although there are many types and variations, they all
fundamentally consist of a two-lens system, a variable but controllable light
source, and mechanical adjustable parts for determining focal length between the
lenses and specimen.
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~johnb/micro/m140/syllabus/week/handouts/m140.2.4.h
tml
1. Medium adalah suatu bahan yang terdiri dari campuran zat-zat makanan
(nutrisi) yang diperlukan mikroorganisme untuk pertumbuhannya.
Mikroorganisme memanfaatkan nutrisi media berupa molekul-molekul
kecil yang dirakit untuk menyusun komponen sel
https://www.academia.edu/6761271/LAPORAN_TETAP_MEDIUM_DAN_INOK
ULASI