Hydraulic Chapter2

BFC21103Hydraulics
Chapter2.UniformFlowinOpenChannel
TanLaiWai,WanAfnizan &Zarina Md Ali
laiwai@uthm.edu.my
Updated:September2014
LearningOutcomes
Attheendofthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:
i. Understandtheconceptofuniformflow
ii. Calculatenormalflowdepthinvariablechannel
sectionsusingChezy andManningequations
iii. Determinethebesthydraulic/effectivesectionof
openchannel
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Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Uniformflowisconsideredtobesteadyonly,since
unsteadyuniformflowispracticallydoesnotexist.
Steadyuniformflowisrareinnaturalstreams,only
happensinprismaticchannels.
Weadopt/assumeuniformflowformostflow
computationsbecauseuniformflowcalculationis
simple,practicalandprovidesatisfactorysolution.
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The132kmlongAllAmericanCanallinksCalifornia'sImperialValleytotheColoradoRiver.Thisnew
concretelinedsectionsavesabout3.8millionofwaterayearoveritsleakyearthenforerunner
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TheconcretechannelofLosAngelesRiver(NGM,2010)
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TheKlang River,KualaLumpur&Selangor
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Inuniformflow,thenormaldepthyo occurswhendepthofwater
isthesamealongthechannel.
Normaldepthyo impliesthatthewaterdepth,flowarea,wetted
perimeter,velocityanddischargeateverysectionofthechannel
areconstantwithinaprismaticchannel.
Thus,inuniformflow,theenergyline,watersurfaceandchannel
bottomareparallel,i.e.theslopesareequalSf =Sw =So =S.
Energylinegrad
ientSf
WatersurfaceS
V2
2g
yo
BottomslopeS
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2.1VelocityDistribution
Dependsonthegeometryofthechannelandwettedboundary
roughness
y
Vmax
Vmax
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.76
0.70
0.62
0.48
Naturalchannel
0.2yo
0.53
yo
0.52
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
Rectangularchannel
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Vmax
0.6yo
yo
Vaverage
V
Velocitydistribution
2.2Chezy andManningEquations
Twomostcommonequationsusedintheuniformflowcomputations:
1. Chezy formula
1
2
V = CR S
2
1
2
o
C =Chezy roughnesscoefficient
1 3 2
2. Manningformula V = R So
n
n =Manningroughnesscoefficient
Thus,thegeneraluniformflowequation: V = constantR x Sox
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1 6
C
=
R
DifferencebetweenChezyandManningformulae
n
Factorsdeterminingtheroughnessaresurfaceroughness,
vegetation,channelirregularity,channelalignment,siltingand
scouring,obstruction,sizeandshapeofchannel,stageanddischarge,
seasonalchange,andsuspendedmaterialandbedload.
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DerivationofChezyequation
TheChezytwoassumptionsare:
1. Theforceresistingtheflowperunitareaofthechannelbedis
proportionaltothesquareofthevelocity: Ff = kV 2PL
2. Theeffectivecomponentofthegravityforcecausingtheflow
mustbeequaltothetotalforceofresistance.Thisisalsothe
basicprincipleofuniformflowwhereuniformflowwillbe
developediftheresistanceisbalancebythegravityforces:
Fg = ALsin
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Energylinegrad
ientSf
WatersurfaceS
W sin
W cos
kV2PL
V2
2g
yo
W
BottomslopeS
Datum
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p1 + Wsin Ff p2 = M2 M1
Sinceforuniformflow, p1 = p2 and M1 = M2
kV 2PL = ALsin
kV 2PL = ALSo
V2 =
A
So
k P
1
2

V = R 2 So2
k
1
2
V = CR S
1
2
o
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whereC =Chezycoefficient
Activity2.1
Arectangularchannel2.0mwidecarrieswateratadepthof0.5 m.
Thechannelislaidonaslopeof0.0004.TheChezycoefficientis73.6.
Computethedischargeofthechannel.
GivenB =2.0m,y =0.5m,So =0.0004andC =73.6
A =By =1m2,P =B +2y =3m,R =1/3m
Q = AC RSo
y
1
Q = 1 73.6 0.0004
3
Q = 0.850 m /s
3
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Activity2.2
Water flows in a triangular channel with side slope 1.5(H) : 1(V),
bottom slope 0.0002 and Chezy coefficient of 67.4. The depth of
flow is 2.0 m. Find the flow rate and average velocity. Based on
Froudenumber,determinethestateofflow.
Giveny =2.0m,z =1.5,So =0.0002andC =67.4
A =zy2 =6m2,P =2y =7.211m,R =A/P =0.832m,D =A/T =6/2zy =1m
V = C RSo
V = 67.4 0.832 0.0002
V = 0.869 m/s
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y
z
Q = AV
Q = 6 0.869
Q = 5.217 m3 /s
V
Fr =
gD
Fr =
0.869
9.81 1
Fr = 0.277 subcritical flow
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ChezyresistancefactorC
ThefollowingtwoequationscanbeusedtodetermineChezy
coefficient:
0.00155 1
23 +
+
So
n
n = Kuttercoefficient
1. GanguilletKutter C =
0.00155 n
1 + 23 +
So R
87
2. Bazin C =
m
1+
R
m =Bazincoefficient
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Table2.1aValuesofManningroughnesscoefficientn
Surfacecharacteristics
Rangeofn
(a)Linedchannelswithstraightalignment
Concrete
i.formed,nofinish
0.013 0.017
ii.trowelfinish
0.011 0.015
iii.floatfinish
0.013 0.015
iv.gunite,goodsection
0.016 0.019
v.gunite,wavysection
0.018 0.022
Concretebottom,floatfinish,sidesasindicated
i.dressedstoneinmortar
0.015 0.017
ii.randomstoneinmortar
0.017 0.020
iii.cementrubblemasonry
0.020 0.025
iv.cementrubblemasonry,plastered
0.016 0.020
v.dryrubble(riprap)
0.020 0.030
Tile
0.016 0.018
Brick
0.014 0.017
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Table2.1bValuesofManningroughnesscoefficientn
Sewers(concrete,asbestoscement,vitrifiedclay
pipes)
Rangeofn
0.012 0.015
Asphalt
i.smooth
0.013
ii.rough
0.016
Concretelined,excavatedrock
i.goodsection
0.017 0.020
ii.irregularsection
0.022 0.027
Laboratoryflumessmoothmetalbed,glassor
perspexsides
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0.009 0.010
Manningroughnesscoefficientn
=0.020 0.022
=0.020 0.022
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=0.022 0.024
=0.020
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Table2.1cValuesofManningroughnesscoefficientn
Rangeofn
(b)Unlined,nonerodiblechannels
Earth,straightanduniform
i.clean,recentlycompleted
0.016 0.020
ii.clean,afterweathering
0.018 0.025
iii.gravel,uniformsection,clean
0.022 0.030
iv.withshortgrass,fewweeds
0.022 0.033
Channelswithweedsandbrush,uncut
i.denseweeds,highasflowdepth
0.050 0.120
ii.cleanbottom,brushonsides
0.040 0.080
iii.denseweedsoraquaticplantsindeep
channels
0.030 0.035
iv.grass,someweeds
0.025 0.033
Rock
0.025 0.045
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Table2.1dValuesofManningroughnesscoefficientn
Rangeofn
(c)Naturalchannels
Smoothnaturalearthchannels,freefromgrowth,
littlecurvature
0.020
Earthchannels,considerablycoveredwithsmall
growth
0.035
Mountainstreamsincleanloosecobbles,rivers
withvariablesectionwithsomevegetationonthe
banks
0.040 0.050
Riverswithfairlystraightalignment,obstructed
bysmalltrees,verylittleunderbrush
0.060 0.075
Riverswithirregularalignmentandcrosssection,
coveredwithgrowthofvirgintimberand
occasionalpatchesofbushesandsmalltrees
0.125
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=0.11
=0.20
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Grassedswale
Table2.2ValuesofManning
roughnesscoefficientfor
grassedswale
Surface
cover
Manningn
Shortgrass
0.030 0.035
Tallgrass
0.035 0.050
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Table2.3ProposedvaluesofBazincoefficientm
Descriptionofchannel
Bazincoefficientm
Verysmoothcementofplanedwood
0.11
Unplanedwood,concrete,orbrick
0.21
Ashlar,rubblemasonry,orpoorbrickwork
0.83
Earthchannelsinperfectcondition
1.54
Earthchannelsinordinarycondition
2.36
Earthchannelsinroughcondition
3.17
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Activity2.3
Calculatethevelocityanddischargeinatrapezoidalchannelhaving
abottomwidthof20m,sideslopes1(H):2(V),andadepthofwater
6m.GivenKutter'sn =0.015andSo =0.005.
GivenB =20m,y =6.0m,z =0.5,So =0.005andn =0.015
A =By +zy2 =138m2,
P =B +2y =33.42m,
y
z
R =A/P =4.13m
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GanguilletKutter
0.00155 1
23 +
+
So
n
C=
0.00155 n
1 + 23 +
So R
0.00155
1
+
0.005 0.015
C=
0.00155 0.015
1 + 23 +
0
.
005
4.13
23 +
C = 76.769
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Chezyvelocity V = C RSo
V = 76.769 4.13 0.005
V = 11.03 m/s
Discharge Q = AV
Q = 138 11.03
Q = 1522.14 m3 /s
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Activity2.4
FindtheequivalentBazincoefficientm forthequestioninActivity2.3
andcomparetheChezycoefficientsobtainedfromKuttern &Bazinm.
KnownA =138m2,P =33.42m,R =4.13m
AssumethatforconcretewithKuttern =0.015,Bazinm =0.21

87
Bazin C =
m
1+
R
87
C=
0.21
1+
4.13
C = 78.852 (from Bazin) 76.769(from Ganguillet Kutter)
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Activity2.5
A trapezoidal channel is 10.0 m wide and has a side slope of
1.5(H):1(V).Thebedslopeis0.0003.Thechannelislinedwith
smooth concrete n = 0.012. Compute the mean velocity and
dischargeforadepthofflowof3.0m.
GivenB =10m,y =3.0m,z =1.5,So =0.0003andn =0.012
A =By +zy2 =43.5m2,
P =B +2y 1 + z 2 =20.817m,
R =A/P =2.090m
1
y
z
B
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1 3 12
Manningvelocity V = R So
n
2
1
1
V=
2.090 3 0.00032
0.012
V = 2.359 m/s
Discharge Q = AV
= 43.5 2.359
= 102.625 m3 /s
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Activity2.6
InthechannelofExample2.5,findthebottomslopenecessaryto
carryonly50m3/softhedischargeatadepthof3.0m.
GivenB =10m,y =3.0m,z =1.5andn =0.012
andA =43.5m2,P =20.817m,R =2.090m
2
1 3 12
Manningdischarge Q = AR So
n
2
1
1
50 =
43.5 2.09 3 So2
0.012
So = 0.0000712
So = 7.12 10 5
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Activity2.7
A triangular channel with an apex angle of 75 carries a flow of
1.2m3/satadepthof0.80m.Ifthebedslopeis0.009,findthe
roughnesscoefficientC andn ofthechannel.
Giveny =0.80m,So =0.009, =75,andQ =1.2m3/s

75o
z = tan = tan
= 0.767
2
2
andA =zy2 =0.491m2,P =2y 1 + z 2 =2.017m,

R =A/P =0.2435m
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75
z
1 3 12
UsingManningequation Q = AR So
n
2
3
1
1
1.2 = 0.491 0.2435 0.009 2
n
n = 0.0151
1
2
UsingChezyequation Q = CAR S
1
2
o
1
2
1.2 = C 0.491 0.2435 0.009

C = 52.197
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1
2
Activity2.8
A trapezoidal channel of bottom width 25 m and side slope
2.5(H):1(V)carriesadischargeof450m3/swithanormaldepthof
3.5m.Theelevationsatthebeginningandendofthechannelare
685 m and 650 m, respectively. Determine the length of the
channelifn =0.02.
GivenB =25m,z =2.5,yo =3.5,n =0.02,andQ =450m3/s
A =By +zy2 =118.125m2

P =B +2y
1 + z 2 =43.848m
R =A/P=2.694m
y
z
B
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1 3 12
Manningequation, Q = AR So
n
2
1
1
450 =
118.125 2.694 3 So2
0.02
So = 0.00155
Manningequation,
z
So =
LH
0.00155 =
(685 650)
LH
LH = 22601.13 m
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2.3Conveyance
ConveyanceK ofachannelsectionisameasureofthecarrying
capacityofthechannelsectionperunitlongitudinalslope.Itis
directlyproportionaltodischargeQ.
1. Chezyformula
1
2
Q = CAR S
1
2
o
K = CAR
1
2
1 3 12
1 3
2. Manningformula Q = AR So K = AR
n
n
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2.4SectionFactor
SectionfactorZ intheManningformulaisAR2/3,whichisafunctionof
thedepthofflow.
2
1 3 12
InManningformula Q = AR So
n
Therefore,
2
3
AR =
Qn
S
1
2
o
SectionfactorAR2/3 isnormallyusedtocomputethenormaldepthyo
whenthedischargeQ,bottomslopeSo andManningroughness
coefficientn areprovided.
Computationofyo couldbethrougheitherdirecttrialanderror
computation,basedongraph,orthroughprovideddesignchart.
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Activity2.9
A trapezoidal channel 5.0 m wide and having a side slope of 1.5(H) :
1(V)islaidonaslopeof0.00035.Theroughnesscoefficient n =0.015.
Findthenormaldepthforadischargeof20m3/sthroughthischannel.
GivenB =5.0m,z =1.5,So =0.00035,n =0.015,andQ =20m3/s
A =By +zy2 =5y +1.5y2

3.25y
1 + z 2 =5+2
P =B +2y
A (5y + 1.5y 2 )
R= =
P (5 + 2 3.25y )
1
y
z
B
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2
3
1
1
Manningequation, Q = AR So2
n
ArrangingManningequationasafunctionofsectionfactor,
2
3
AR =
Qn
S
1
2
o
2
3
5y o + 1.5y 20 0.015
=
(5yo + 1.5y )
1
+
5
2
3
.
25
y
o
0.000352
2
o
2
o
(5y
o + 1.5y
(5 + 2
5
2 3
o
3.25y o )
2
3
= 16.036
Therefore,yo =1.820m
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Bytrialanderror:
yo (m)
(5y
(5 + 2
+ 1.5y
5
2 3
o
3.25y o )
5.391
19.159
1.8
15.706
1.820
16.035
2
3
Graphically,
(5y
+ 1.5y
(5 + 2
5
2 3
o
3.25y o )
yo (m)
2
3
= 16.036
(5y
(5 + 2
+ 1.5y
Therefore,yo =1.820m
5
2 3
o
2.5
3.25y o )
2
3
5.391
1.5
11.198
1.7
14.115
1.8
15.706
0.5
1.9
17.387
19.159
y o (m)
yo =1.82m
2
1.5
1
16.036
0
10
15
AR 2/3
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20
25
DesignChartisavailable,
Rectangular(z =0)
y
y
and
B
do
0.37
Circular
0.2194
AR
B
8
3
2
3
and
AR
d
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8
3
o
2
3
2
3
Atthexaxis, AR = 16.036
AR
B
8
3
2
3
16.036
5
8
3
= 0.2194
Intersectingatz =1.5oftrapezoidalchannelgives
y
= 0.37
B
y = 0.37 5
Therefore,yo =1.85m
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Designchartforlinedopendrainfrom
UrbanStormwaterManagementManual
forMalaysia(DepartmentofIrrigation
andDrainage,2000)
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity2.10
A concretelined trapezoidal channel with n = 0.015 is to have a
sideslopeof1(H):1(V).Thebottomslopeistobe0.0004.Findthe
bottom width of the channel necessary to carry 100 m3/s of
dischargeatanormaldepthof2.50m.
Givenyo =2.5m,z =1,So =0.0004,n =0.015,andQ =100m3/s
A =By +zy2 =2.5B +6.25
P =B +2y
1 + z 2 =B +7.071
R=
A (2.5B + 6.25)
=
P (B + 7.071)
1
y
z
BFC21103Hydraulics
Manningequationasafunctionofsectionfactor,
2
3
AR =
Qn
S
1
2
o
2
3
2.5B + 6.25 100 0.015

=
1
B + 7.071
0.0004 2
(2.5B + 6.25)
(2.5B + 6.25)
2
3
(B + 7.071)
5
3
= 75
Bytrialanderror,B =16.33m
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Activity2.11
Waterflowsuniformlyat10m3/sinarectangularchannelwithabase
widthof6.0m,channelslopeof0.0001andManning'scoefficientn =
0.013.Usingtrialanderrormethod,findthenormaldepth.
GivenQ=10m3/s,B =6.0m,So =0.0001andn =0.013
A =By =6y
P =B +2y =6+2y
3y
R=
(3 + y )
y
B
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2
3
AR =
Qn
S
1
2
o
2
3
3y o 10 0.013
=
6y o
1
3
+
y
o
0.00012
2
3
3y o
= 2.167
y o
3 + yo
Bytrialanderror,yo =1.942m
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity2.12
Asewerpipeof2.0mdiameterislaidonaslopeof0.0004with
n =0.014.Findthedepthofflowwhenthedischargeis2m3/s.
D2
( sin )
AreaA =
8
PerimeterP =
D
2
r
yo
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2
3
Manningequation: AR =
Qn
S
2
3
AR =
1
2
o
2 0.014
0.0004
Fordesignchart:
AR
D
8
3
AR
D
2
3
2
3
8
3
1
2
1.4
2
8
3
= 0.2205
Intersectingatcircularsectiongives
yo
= 0.6
D
y o = 0.6 2 =1.20m
BFC21103Hydraulics
DesignChart:
Rectangular(z =0)
y
y
and
B
do
0.6
Circular
0.2205
AR
2
3
and
AR
8
8
3
3
o
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2
3
SimplificationforWide RectangularChannel
yo
Widechannel: < 0.02
B
yo
Forwidechannel,issmall,therefore R y o
B
Orsimply, R y o
Dischargeperunitwidth
Normallyusedinrectangularchannels.
Dischargeperunitwidth q =
Q
B
or
q = yV
Unitism3/s/m.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity2.13
Water flows through a very wide channel at a rate of 2.5 m3/s/m.
The channel has a base width of 60 m, channel slope of 0.005 and
Manning'scoefficientof0.013.Whatisthenormaldepth?
Given:q =2.5m3/s/m,B =60m,So =0.005,n =0.013
Forawiderectangularchannel,R =y
Manningequation: q = y oV
2
1 3 12
q = y o R So
n
5
1 3 12
q = y o So
n
5
1
1
2.5 =
y o3 0.0052
0.013
y o = 0.6272 m
BFC21103Hydraulics
2.5BestHydraulicSection(MostEffectiveSection)
Anonerodiblechannelshouldbedesignedforthebesthydraulic
efficiency.
Besthydraulicsectiongivesminimumareaforagivendischarge.
Referringtothechannelconveyance,
2
1 3
K = AR
n
foraconstantflowareaA,theconveyanceincreaseswithincrease
inhydraulicradiusR ordecreaseinthewettedperimeterP.
Simply,Qmax,Rmax andPmin givesbesthydraulicsection.
Pmin reducesconstructioncost(lessliningmaterial),and
reducesfrictionforce.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Table.Besthydraulicsections
Cross
section
Side
slope z
AreaA
Wetted
perimeterP
Hydraulic
radiusR
Topwidth
T
Hydraulic
depthD
Section
factorZ
Trapezoid
1
3
3y 2
2 3y
y
2
4 3
y
3
3
y
4
3 2.5
y
2
Rectangle
2y2
4y
y
2
2y
2y 2.5
Triangle
y2
2 2y
2y
4
2y
y
2
2 2.5
y
2
Semicircle
y2
y
2
2y
Parabola
8 2
y
3
y
2
2 2y
4 2 2
y
3
BFC21103Hydraulics
2
y
3
y 2.5
8 3 2.5
y
9
Activity2.14
Whatisthebesthydraulicsectionforarectangularchannel?
Forarectangularchannel,
A = By
P = B + 2y
dP
=0
Forbesthydraulicsection
dy
y
B
Let'sfirstassumeA tobeconstant:
A
+ 2y
y
A
dP
= 2 +2
dy
y
P=
BFC21103Hydraulics
A
+2 = 0
2
ye
A = 2y e2
By e = 2y e2
B = 2y e
P = B + 2y e
P = 2y e + 2y e
P = 4ye
A
P
2y e2
R=
4ye
R=
ye
R=
2
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity2.15
Show that the best hydraulic trapezoidal section is onehalf
ofahexagon.
Foratrapezoid,
A = By + zy 2
P = B + 2y 1 + z 2
1
dP
=0
dy
z=
A
Let'sfirstassumeAand z tobeconstant: B = zy
y
BFC21103Hydraulics
60
1
3
SubstitutingB
A
P = zy + 2y 1 + z 2
y
A
dP
= 2 z + 2 1 + z2
dy
y
And, P =
A
zy + 2y 1 + z 2
y
P = 2y e 2 1 + z 2 z
A
2 z + 2 1 + z2 = 0
ye
A = 2 1 + z 2 z y e2
Therefore,
R=
A
P
y e2 2 1 + z 2 z
(
R=
2y (2
e
ye
R=
2
BFC21103Hydraulics
1 + z2
)
z)
Ifz isallowedtovary, A = 2 1 + z 2 z y e2
A
2 1 + z2 z
ye =
SubstituteintoP, P = 2y e 2 1 + z 2 z
P =2
A
2
2
1
+
z
z
2
2 1+ z z
P = 2 A 2 1 + z2 z
dP
=0
When
dz
1
ze =
3
BFC21103Hydraulics
1
ze =
When,
3
P = 2y e 2 1 + z 2 z
P = 2 3y e
P = B + 2y 1 + z 2
B = P 2y 1 + z 2
2
ye
3
B=
A = 2 1 + z 2 z y e2
A = 3y e2
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity2.16
A slightly rough bricklined trapezoidal channel carrying a
dischargeof25.0m3/sistohavealongitudinalslopeof0.0004.
Analysetheproportionsof
(a) an efficient trapezoidal channel section having a side of
1.5(H):1(V),
(b) themostefficientchannelsectionoftrapezoidalshape.
RoughbricklinedgivesManningroughnessn =0.017
BFC21103Hydraulics
(a)Fixedsideslopesof1.5(H):1(V),
Forbesthydraulicsection A = 2 1 + z z y
2
2
e
ye
and R =
2
A = 2.1056y e2
2
1 3 12
FromManningequation, Q = AR So
n
2
1
3
y
1
25 =
2.1056y e2 e 0.0004 2
0.017
2
A = By + zy 2
2.1056y e2
B=
1.5y e
ye
B = 1.7137m
y e = 2.8298 m
2.830m
1.5
BFC21103Hydraulics
1.714m
(b) If the side slope is not fixed, the side slope and other channel
characteristicsformostefficienttrapezoidalsectionare
1
ze =
3
ze = 0.5774
A = 3y e2
R=
ye
2
1 3 12
FromManningequation, Q = AR So
n
2
1
3
y
1
25 =
2.1056y e2 e 0.0004 2
0.017
2
y e = 3.045 m
2
B=
ye
3
Be = 3.516 m
3.045m
0.5774
BFC21103Hydraulics
3.516m
2.6ChannelsofCompoundSections
Compoundsectionschannel channelsthatarecomposedofseveral
distinctsubsectionswitheachsubsectiondifferentinroughness from
others.
Manningequationisappliedseparatelytoeachsubsectionto
determinethemeanvelocity.
Q=
V A
i
i =1
Or
n 12
K i So
V = i =1
A
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity2.17
[Finalexamquestion,SemesterI,Session2013/2014]
Acompositechannelasshownisdesignedtoconvey19.8m3/sof
water. The channel on a longitudinal slope So = 1:2000 is to be
lined with concrete (n = 0.017). Determine the normal depth of
flowbasedongraphicalmethod.
3m
2
3
4m
BFC21103Hydraulics
Assignment#2
Q1.
[FinalExamSemII,Session2008/2009]
(a)
WhatisconveyancefactorK?
(b)
FigureQ1(b)showsacompoundchannelanditsdimensions.
Thechannelhasbottomslopeof0.0036andsideslopeof1.5(H)
:0.75(V).DeterminethevalueofChezyresistancecoefficientC
andvelocityofflowifflowrateis10m3/s.
1.5m
0.2m
0.5m
FigureQ1(b)
BFC21103Hydraulics
Q1.
(c)
Awiderectangularchannelhasaslopeof0.0004andManning
n =0.02.If2.54m3/s/mflowistobeconveyedinthischannel,
estimatethenormaldepth.
(d)
Atrapezoidalchannelistocarry18m3/sofflowrateona
bottomslopeof0.0009.GiventhatManning'sn is0.026andthe
sidesofchannelareinclined63.44 tothevertical,determine
thebottomwidth,depthandvelocityforthebesthydraulic
section.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Q2.
[FinalExamSemI,Session2010/2011]
(a)
Utilizingtheconceptofsectionfactor,provethatthesectionin
FigureQ2(a)gives
2
3
4
.
58
y
+ 10y
2
Z = (4.58y + 10y )
= 15.94
8.12y
whenthedischargeoftheuniformflowis33.6m3/s,bedslope
So =0.001andManningcoefficientn =0.015.
yo
10m
yo
60
45
2yo
FigureQ2(a)
BFC21103Hydraulics
Q2.
(b)
Determinethedepthofflowyo ofthechannelifthebest
hydraulicsectionisneededforacompositesectionasinFigure
Q2(b)toconvey6.5m3/sofflow.Manningcoefficientn andbed
slopeare0.015and0.0015,respectively.
4.5m
y2
yo
y1
FigureQ2(b)
BFC21103Hydraulics
Q3.
[FinalExam,SemI,Session2007/2008]
(a) Waterflowsatadepthof2.5minarectangularconcrete
channel(n =0.013)ofwidth12mandbedslope0.0028.Find
thevelocityandrateofflow.
(b)
Q4.
Ahousingareaneedsachanneltoconvey9.8m3/sofrunoff.A
trapezoidalchannelisproposedwith3mwidthandsideslope
3(horizontal):4(vertical).Ifthechannelisconcretelined(n =
0.013)andbottomslopeSo is1:2000,determinethenormal
depthusinggraphicalmethod.
[FinalExam,SemI,Session2007/2008]
(a) Provethatthemostefficientcrosssectionfortriangular
channelishalfofasquare.
(b)
AconcretelinedirrigationchannelwithManning'sn =0.020is
neededtoconvey12.5m3/sofflow.Thechannelhasa
trapezoidalsectionwithbottomslopeSo =0.0015.Determine
themosteffectivesizeofthechannelifthesideslopeis
restrictedto3(horizontal):1(vertical).
BFC21103Hydraulics
EndofQuestion
THANKYOU
BFC21103Hydraulics

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BFC21103Hydraulics

Thus,thegeneraluniformflowequation: V = constantR x Sox

V = 67.4 0.832 0.0002

Fr = 0.277 subcritical flow

AssumethatforconcretewithKuttern =0.015,Bazinm =0.21

C = 78.852 (from Bazin) 76.769(from Ganguillet Kutter)

andA =zy2 =0.491m2,P =2y 1 + z 2 =2.017m,

1.2 = C 0.491 0.2435 0.009

A =By +zy2 =118.125m2

A =By +zy2 =5y +1.5y2

2.5B + 6.25 100 0.015

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