APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of general biology with title “Heredity”, created by :

Name : Ummi Qalsum
Reg. Number : 091204174
Class : B (ICP)
Departement : Physics
Group : V (Five)
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this is report accepted.

Makassar, December 2009

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

(Djumarirmanto, S.Pd) (Zaidah . R)

Nim.061404026

Known By
Lecturer of Responsibility

(Ir. Muh. Wiharto, M.Si)

NIP.132 006 81
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the
next. It is the reason why offspring look like their parents. It also explains
why cats always give birth to kittens and never puppies. The process of
heredity occurs among all living things including animals, plants, bacteria,
protists and fungi. The study of heredity is called genetics and scientists that
study heredity are called geneticists.
Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents. Traits
are physical characteristics. You resemble your parents because you inherited
your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
Tiny biochemical structures inside each cell called genes carry traits from one
generation to the next. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are strung together to form long chains of
DNA in structures known as chromosomes. Genes are like blueprints for
building a house, except that they carry the plans for building cells, tissues,
organs, and bodies. They have the instructions for making the thousands of
chemical building blocks in the body. These building blocks are called
proteins. Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. Differences in
genes cause the building of different amino acids and proteins. These
differences cause individuals to have different traits such as hair color or
blood types.
A gene gives only the potential for the development of a trait. How
this potential is achieved depends partly on the interaction of the gene with
other genes. But it also depends partly on the environment. For example, a
person may have a genetic tendency toward being overweight. But the
 person's actual weight will depend on such environmental factors as how what
kinds of food the person eats and how much exercise that person does.
In this experiment we did find out and prove a comparison fenotif and
immortal nature of human genotif
B. Experiment’s Purpose
This experiment aims to Proving comparative figures from genotif and
fenotif Mendelian law and the basic nature of afterlife genotif several human
C. Experiment’s Benefit
Students are able to prove comparative figures from genotif and
fenotif Mendelian law and the basic nature of afterlife genotif several human.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884)

Gregor Johann Mendel was born on July 22, 1822, in Heizendorf, Austria. He
was the only son of a peasant farmer. In In 1843 he began studying at the St. Thomas
Monastery of the Augustinian Order in Bronn. After his ordination, Mendel was
assigned to pastoral duties, but it soon became apparent that he was more suited to
teaching. In 1849, he was assigned to a secondary school in the city of Znaim. It was
there that he took the qualifying examination for teacher certification and failed. In
1851 he entered the University of Vienna to train to be a teacher of Mathematics and
Biology (Anonim, 2009).
During the middle of Mendel's life, Mendel did groundbreaking work into the
theories of heredity. Using simple pea pod plants, Mendel studied seven basic
characteristics of the pea pod plants. By tracing these characteristics, Mendel
discovered three basic laws which governed the passage of a trait from one member
of a species to another member of the same species. The first law states that the sex
cells of a plant may contain two different traits, but not both of those traits. The
second law stated that characteristics are inherited independently from another (the
basis for recessive and dominant gene composition). The third theory states that each
inherited characteristic is determined by two hereditary factors (known more recently
as genes), one from each parents, which decides whether a gene is dominant or
recessive. In other words, if a seed gene is recessive, it will not show up within the
plant, however, the dominant trait will. Mendel's work and theories, later became the
basis for the study of modern genetics, and are still recognized and used today.
(Anonim, 2009).
After invention return Mendel law some experts for example and suton of
bovver realize that gene lay in or in chromosome. Mendel say that when happened
reproduction cell, couple of factor that gene part and allotted as one unity at each
gamete, or recognized with law of segregation. At meosis, couple of chromosome
which is homolog a part and only member from every that make a move to cell of
gender selected (Kimball, 1983)
Genotype (literally means "the type of gene") is a term used to describe the
genetic condition of an individual or group of individuals of the population. Genotype
can refer to a locus of genetic conditions and the overall genetic material carried by
the chromosome (genome). Genotype can be homozygous or heterozygous. Once
people can transfer genes, comes hemizigot usage (Anonim, 2009).
In Mendelian genetics (classical genetics), the genotype is often symbolized
by the letters in pairs; such as AA, Aa, or B1B1. Couples the same letter indicates
that the individual symbolized is homozygous (AA and B1B1), while the pair
represents a different letter heterozygous individuals. A pair of letters indicates that
the individual symbolized is diploid (2n). As a consequence, individual tetraploid
(4n) is denoted by aaaa homozygotes, for example (Anonim, 2009).
It is generally known that diseases can be inherited. The nature of inheritance
usually follows the well known Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Such diseases like
diabetes, asthma, mental deficiency, hemophilia (bleeding disease), colour blindness,
etc., are all examples of hereditary diseases. But perhaps what is widely not known is
the fact that hereditary factors play a role in practically all diseases. The contribution
of heredity may not be apparent but what can be termed as a predisposition or
proclivity is always determined by heredity. It should be appreciated that a biological
being is the product of inherited genes (genotype) and the effect of environment.
Therefore, the contribution of genotype is always there whether in disease or health.
There are still many diseases for which apparently no cause is yet known. This should
not be surprising in view of the fact that innumerable factors can be casually
connected with the disease and there are obvious difficulties in evaluating them by
methods available to medical science today (Anonim, 2009).
 CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Place and Date

This experiment’s is done at:
Day and Date : Wednesday, October 16th 2009
Time : at 13.10-15.00 pm
Place : Laboratory of Biology
Faculty Mathematis and Science
Makassar State University
(at the 2nd east floor part)
B. Tools and Materials
1) Fenotif List
1) Chin dimple is a dominant trait (D)
2) End of the free hanging earlobes are
the dominant trait (E)
3) People who put the left thumb on his
right hand at the time intertwined hands, is a dominant trait (F)
4) People who have a segment of the tip
of your little finger in askew direction (towards the ring finger) is
dominant (B)
5) Overhanging brow hair is a dominant
trait (W)
6) Hair on his fingers: the growth of hair
on both sides of fingers, is a dominant trait (M)
7) Dimples, is the dominant trait (P)
8) People who can roll his tongue
lengthwise, a dominant trait (L)
9) People who have a bicuspid over a
gap, a dominant trait (G)
10) People who can fold her tongue into, is
the dominant trait (A)
C. Work Procedure
1) Fenotif check the immortal nature of any
existing on the list yourself fenotif
2) Record the results in table form which dominant
then given negative (-) symbol for the second gen
3) If we have phenotipe
4) Record data and a group of friends and
classmates to calculate the percentage
 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT

A. Observation Result
Table Observations
Table Immortal Human Nature (Personal and Group)
B.
The
The Data
Immortal Character Traits Possibility of
Group
Genotype
1) Chin Dimple is a dominant trait (D) dd 4 dd
2) End of the free hanging earlobes are
E 2 E, 2 ee
the dominant trait (E)
3) People who put the left thumb on his
right hand at the time intertwined F 3 F, 1 ff
hands, is a dominant trait (F)
4) People who have a segment of the tip
of your little finger in askew direction
B 3 B, 1 bb
(towards the ring finger) is dominant
(B)
5) Overhanging brow hair is a dominant
W 3 W, 1 ww
trait (W)
6) Hair on his fingers: the growth of hair
on both sides of fingers, is a dominant mm 1 M, 3 mm
trait (M)
7) Dimples, is the dominant trait (P) pp 1 P, 3 pp
8) People who can roll his tongue
L 2 L, 2 ll
lengthwise, a dominant trait (L)
9) People who have a bicuspid over a
gg 4 gg
gap, a dominant trait (G)
10) People who can fold her tongue into, is
A 2 A, 2 aa
the dominant trait (A)
C. Discussion
Analysis Data for Group of Observation Result
1.) Chin Dimple
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 0% and Gen Resesive
was 100 %. That’s mean all of member have not a chin dimple.
2.) End of The Free Hanging Earlobes
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 100% and Gen
Resesive was 0 %.
3.) Who Put the Left Thumb on his Right Hand
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 66,67% and Gen
Resesive was 33,33 %.
4.) Who Have a Segment of The Tip of Your Little Finger
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 100% and Gen
Resesive was 0 %.
5.) Overhanging Brow Hair
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 33,33% and Gen
Resesive was 66,67 %.
6.) Hair on His Fingers
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 33,33% and Gen
Resesive was 66,67 %.
7.) Dimples
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 66,67% and Gen
Resesive was 33,33 %.
8.) Who Can Roll His Tongue Lenghtwise
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 33,33% and Gen
Resesive was 66,67 %.
9.) Who Have a Biscupid Over Gap
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 0% and Gen Resesive
was 100 %. That’s mean all of member have not a Biscupid over Gap.
 10.) Who Can Fold Her Tongue Into
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 0% and Gen Resesive
was 100 %.
Analysis Data for Class of Observation Result
1.) Chin Dimple
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 0% and Gen Resesive
was 100 %. That’s mean all of member have not a chin dimple.
2.) End of The Free Hanging Earlobes
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 69,57% and Gen
Resesive was 30,43 %.
3.) Who Put the Left Thumb on his Right Hand
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 60,87% and Gen
Resesive was 39,13 %.
4.) Who Have a Segment of The Tip of Your Little Finger
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 82,61% and Gen
Resesive was 17,39 %.
5.) Overhanging Brow Hair
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 69,57% and Gen
Resesive was 30,43 %.
6.) Hair on His Fingers
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 43,48% and Gen
Resesive was 56,52 %.
7.) Dimples
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 34,78% and Gen
Resesive was 65,22%.
8.) Who Can Roll His Tongue Lenghtwise
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 43,48% and Gen
Resesive was 56,52%.
9.) Who Have a Biscupid Over Gap
 From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 8,70% and Gen
Resesive was 91,30%.
10.) Who Can Fold Her Tongue Into
From this phenotype we get Gen Dominan was 30,43% and Gen
Resesive was 69,57%.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclussion
From the observations can be concluded that:
In Our group gen resesive have value bigger than gen dominan, the
same for the our class gen resesive have value bigger than gen dominant too.
B. Suggestion
For students to recommend that in conducting this experiment to
immortality dominant and recessive penetuan more carefully.
For Assistant, please to watch out and notice how the observations of
students, then so that not one of observation and discussion will be right.
 BIBLIOGHRAPY

Anonim. 2009. Heredity and Disease.www.stalownia.net/2009/09/heredity-and-

disease.html

Anonim. 2009. Genotipes. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe

Anonim. 2009. Alel.http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alel

Kimball. 1983. Biologi Jilid Dua Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta:Erlangga

Olby, Robert C., 1985. The Origins of Mendelism. 2d ed.. Hugo Iltis.

Wesley, volk. 1993. Mikrobiologi Dasar. Jakarta : Erlangga

Tim Pengajar. 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Jurusan Biologi FMIPA
UNM