A. 1
B. 1
C. 2
D. 2
3
Ans:C
1
L
40
C. 25L
B.
1
L
20
D.
50L
Ans:B
Ans:C
3
12 dm3
B.
24 dm3
C.
48 dm3
D.
96 dm3
(2)
(3)
(1) only
B.
(2) only
C.
D.
V2O5(s)
2 SO2(g) + O2(g)
2 SO3(g)
H < 0
Which of the following statements can be correctly deduced from the above information?
A.
B.
C.
D.
at room temperature and pressure, what is the final gaseous volume at the end of the combustion?
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24 dm3)
A.
50 cm3
B.
75 cm3
C.
100 cm3
D.
150 cm3
Ans:B
what is the ratio of the number of atoms involved in 100 cm3 of CO2(g), 100 cm3 of SO3(g) and 200 cm3 of
O2(g)?
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24 dm3)
A.
3:4:4
B.
3:4:2
C.
2:3:4
D.
1:1:2
Ans:A
using 10 g of IMPURE calcium carbonate, 2.50 dm3 of carbon dioxide was obtained.
MgCO3
B.
ZnCO3
C.
FeCO3
D.
CuCO3
Ans:A
11.4 dm 3
B.
17.4 dm 3
C.
45.6 dm 3
D.
69.6 dm 3
Ans:A
MO
B.
MO2
C.
M2O
D.
M2O3
Ans:A
350 cm3
B.
1000 cm3
C.
1750 cm3
D.
3500 cm3
Ans:C
90 cm3
B.
180 cm3
C.
240 cm3
D.
480 cm3
Ans:B
the time required for the liberation of the first half of the total volume of gas liberated (to the nearest 0.1 minute);
and
3.
the time required for three-quarters of the reactant to be used up (to the
(ii) At which point on the graph, A, B, C or D was the rate of the reaction fastest?
(iii) Explain the shape of the graph by considering changes in the rates of reaction.
(iv) Write an equation for the reaction. Calculate the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution in mol dm-3. (Assume the
molar volume of gas at room temperature and 1 atmospheric pressure = 24 dm3).
Solution
(i) 1.
60 cm3
2.
0.9 min
3.
1.7 min
Solution
(i) To increase the rate of the reaction.
(ii) Warm the mixture.
(iii)
(iv)
(i) Calculate whether the calcium carbonate or the hydrochloric acid was present in excess.
Hence deduce the theoretical volume of carbon dioxide that would be evolved when the reaction was completed.
(ii) Compare the volume of carbon dioxide calculated in (i) with the actual volume obtained as shown by curve X. Explain
any difference between the two volumes.
(iii) Describe briefly what you would do in order to make sure that the volume of carbon dioxide collected is as close to the
theoretical volume as possible.
(iv) Using the same mass of calcium carbonate, but by varying the experimental conditions, curve Y could be obtained.
Suggest two different conditions (other than changing the temperature and pressure) necessary to obtain curve Y.
(v) Curve Z was obtained when 1.0 g of calcium carbonate lumps were put in 40 cm3 of 0.5M sulphuric acid, and the volume
of CO2 evolved was measured at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Explain why a smaller final volume of
carbon dioxide was obtained.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C=12.0, O = 16.0, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40.0;
Molar volume of a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure = 24 dm3)
Solution
(i) CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
No. of moles of CaCO3 = 1 (40.0 + 12.0 + 16.03) = 0.01 mol
No. of moles of HCl = 1.0 0.04 = 0.04 mol
Since 1 mole of CaCO3 reacts with 2 moles of HCl,
Therefore, HCl is in excess.
Volume of CO2 evolved = 0.01 24000 = 240 cm3
(ii) The actual volume of CO2 obtained is 210 cm3, which is smaller than the theoretical value. It is because the CO2
may dissolve in the solution / the CaCO3 is not pure / the CO2 is trapped in the flask.
(iii) Shake the contents frequently to get rid of the dissolved or trapped CO2 /
Use pure calcium carbonate
(iv) a. use lumps of CaCO3 instead of CaCO3 powder
b. use diluted acid
(v) When CaCO3 reacts with sulphuric acid, a coating of CaSO4 will form which protect the lumps of carbonate in
contact with acid, therefore the reaction will stop before the carbonate reacted completely.
10
Reactants mixed
1 g zinc granules + 50 cm3 2 M HCl
1 g zinc granules + 100 cm3 2M HCl
1 g zinc granules + 50 cm3 4M HCl
For test 1, a plot of the volume of gas evolved against time was obtained, as shown in the graph below:
11
(iv)
(1) As the concentration of HCl is the same in both cases, the initial rates in test 1 and 2 would be almost identical.
(2) For higher concentration of HCl, the initial rate in test 3 would be faster than that in test 1, thus the rate would be
increased.
(v)
12
Reactants
Time required
Magnesium + 1M HCl
150s
II
240s
Solution
(i) All the magnesium has been dissolved.
(ii) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid, the concentration of H+(aq) is lower than that of the 1M HCl.
proportional to H (aq) concentration, therefore, the reaction between Mg and ethanoic acid is slower.
13
(Molar volume of a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure = 24.0 dm3; Relative atomic mass of zinc = 65.4)
(i) Suggest a method for measuring the volume of the gas liberated.
(ii) To which flask was a more concentrated sample of the acid added? Explain your answer.
(iii) How long did it take for the reaction in flask B to reach completion?
(iv) In both of the above experiments the zinc was in excess. Calculate the mass of zinc reacted in flask A.
(v) How would you modify the experimental conditions in order to study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction?
Solution
(i) By using a gas syringe.
(ii) A more concentrated sample of the acid is added to flask B because more gas is liberated.
(v) Varying the temperature of the experiment, but keep the other conditions constant.
14
The student prepared four samples of sodium thiosulphate solution in similar beakers as in the table below. He placed the
beaker containing sample 1 over a black cross mark. He then added 20 cm3 of 2M HCl to the sample, and recorded the
time t required for the cross to disappear. He repeated the experiment for the other samples. His results are given below:
Sample
I
II
III
IV
Composition of sample
Volume of 0.1 M sodium Volume of water (cm3)
thiosulphate (cm3)
20.0
0.0
15.0
5.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
15.0
t (s)
1/t (s-1)
37
50
76
154
0.0270
0.0200
0.0133
0.0065
(ii) Plot a graph of the volume of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate used against 1/t.
(iii) From your graph, estimate the time that would be required for the cross to disappear if 20 cm3 of 2M HCl were added to a
solution containing 16 cm3 of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate and 4 cm3 of water.
(iv) What is the relationship between the concentration of sodium thiosulphate and the rate of reaction? Explain your answer
with reference to the graph which you have plotted.
Solution
(i) (1) Water was added in order to keep the total volume in each sample constant.
(2) The beaker was placed over the black cross mark in order to standardize the time taken for the cross to
disappear from view.
(3) When sufficient sulphur is formed, it will block the sight of the cross from the student.
(4) To ensure that the only variable that changes is the concentration of thiosulphate. The concentration of HCl is
kept constant.
15
(ii)
t = 46.55 s
(iv) Since volume of thiosulphate is directly proportional to the 1/t and 1/t is directly proportional to the reaction rate,
therefore, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of thiosulphate.
16
The graph below shows the mole percentage of methanol in the reaction mixture against time at the same pressure but at
two different temperatures:
17
(i) Draw a diagram to show how the above experiment can be performed in the laboratory.
(ii) Explain why the slope of the curve for sample A is steeper at X than at Y.
(iii) From the two curves, deduce TWO differences between sample A and sample B.
(iv) (1) What is the total volume of gas liberated from sample B?
(2) Hence, calculate the percentage of calcium carbonate in sample B.
[Relative atomic masses: C=12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.0;
Molar volume of gas under the laboratory conditions = 24 dm3]
Solution
(i)
(ii) The slope of the curve at X is steeper than that at Y, meaning that the rate of reaction at X is faster than at Y. This is
because as the reaction proceeds, the reactants (HCl and CaCO3) are used up so the rate at Y is lower than that at
X.
(iii) More CO2 is collected from B than from A, meaning that B has a higher purity than A. Initial slope of A is steeper
than that of B, indicating that the initial rate of A is greater than that of B. This is mainly due to the smaller particle
size of A.
(iv) (1) 120 cm3
(2) CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
No. of moles of CO2 = 0.12 / 24 = 0.005 mol
Mass of CaCO3 in the sample = 0.005 (40.0 + 12.0 + 16.03) = 0.5 g
Percentage of CaCO3 = (0.5 0.8)100% = 62.5%
18
Solution
(i) 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
(ii) The rate of decomposition is in the order A > B > C.
At A, the concentration of H2O2 is the highest and so it has the highest rate of decomposition.
Rate at B is lower than that at A because some of the H2O2 has been used up.
At C, the rate of decomposition is zero because all the H2O2 are used up.
(iii) Total volume of O2 evolved = 84 cm3 = 0.084 dm3
No. of moles of O2 evolved = 0.084 24 = 3.510-3 mol
No. of moles of H2O2 = 2(3.510-3 mol) = 710-3 mol
Molarity of H2O2 = 710-3 mol 0.05 dm3 = 0.14 M
19
With the help of a chemical equation, explain why effervescence occurs when a tablet of the effervescent vitamin
C is added to water.
(2 marks)
(b)
An experiment was carried out to study the action of water on a tablet of the effervescent vitamin C using the
set-up as shown below.
(i)
Find, from the graph, the mass of gas liberated from the reaction of the tablet with water. (You may
assume that the gas liberated is NOT soluble in water.)
(ii)
At the end of the experiment, the sodium hydrocarbonate in the tablet had been completely used up.
Calculate the mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate present in the tablet.
(iii)
(iv)
The experiment was repeated using warm water instead of cold water.
Solution
21
(a) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide gives water and oxygen. After the experiment, it was found that the
manganese(IV) oxide used did not undergo any chemical change.
(i) State the function of manganese(IV) oxide.
(ii) Explain why a pressure sensor could be used in this experiment.
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Hence discuss the changes, if any, in the
oxidation numbers of hydrogen and oxygen in the reaction.
(5 marks)
(b) (i) Explain why the respective rates of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide differ at pointsA, B and C on the curve.
(ii) On the graph above, sketch a curve that should be obtained if the initial concentration of the hydrogen peroxide
is half of its original value, while all other conditions remain unchanged.
(4 marks)
Solution
22
The coal used in the power station contains 1.5% of sulphur by mass. Calculate the volume of sulphur dioxide
released, measured at room temperature and pressure, when 1.0 kg of the coal is burnt.
(You may assume that all the sulphur in coal is converted to sulphur dioxide upon burning.)
(ii)
State ONE environmental problem associated with the emission of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.
(iii)
Suggest ONE measure to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide from the power station.
(iv)
Particulates are also present in the flue gas generated in the power station.
(1)
State ONE environmental problem associated with the discharge of particulates into the atmosphere.
(2)
23
(i)
(ii)
Write down a chemical equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
The mass of the sample used was 0.36g. At the end of the experiment, 78cm3 of carbon dioxide was collected at
room temperature and pressure.
Calculate
(1)
the number of moles of carbon dioxide collected; and
(2)
(iii)
Assuming that there was no leakage of gas in the set-up, suggest ONE source of error in the experiment.
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24dm3;
relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.0)
(7 marks)
Solution
24
25
(II)
1.0 g of Z, upon complete vaporisation, occupies 400 cm3 at room temperature and pressure.
(III)
(IV) Brown colour of bromine remains unchanged when several drops of bromine in organic solvent are added to Z.
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24 dm3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Give the systematic name for the compound represented by the structure you suggested in (i).
(2 marks)
Solution
26