Guidelines for the safe

and responsible handling

of bituminous products

SABITA MANUAL 8
2nd Edition
December 2003
Published by
Sabita
Postnet Suite 56
Private Bag X21
Howard Place 7450

Manuals published by Sabita

Manual 1
Manual 2
Manual 5
Manual 7
Manual 8
Manual 9
Manual 10
Manual 11
Manual 12
Manual 13
Manual 14
Manual 16
Manual 17
Manual 18
Manual 19
Manual 20
Manual 21
Manual 22
Manual 23

Construction of bitumen rubber seals

Bituminous products for road construction
Manufacture and construction of hot-mix asphalt
SURF+ Economic warrants for surfacing roads
Guidelines for the safe and responsible handling of
bituminous products
Bituminous surfacings for temporary deviations
Appropriate standards for bituminous surfacings
Labour enhanced construction for bituminous
surfacings
Methods and procedures - Labour enhanced
construction for bituminous surfacings
LAMBS - The design and use of large aggregate
mixes for bases
GEMS - The design and use of granular emulsion
mixes
REACT - Economic analysis of short-term
rehabilitation actions
The design and use of porous asphalt mixes
Appropriate standards for the use of sand asphalt
Technical guidelines for bitumen-rubber asphalt
Sealing of active cracks in road pavements
ETB: The design and use of emulsion treated bases
Hot-mix paving in adverse weather
Bitumen Hauliers Code: Guidelines for loading
bitumen at refineries

Training Guides
TRIP
HMA
HSE
CEP

Technical Recommendations in Practice

Hot-mix Asphalt Training Series
Health, Safety and Environmental Guidelines for
bitumen and coal tar products
Councillor Empowerment Programme workshop notes
and CD

Technical Guideslines
TG1
TG2

Technical guidelines: The use of modified binders

in road construction
Interim technical guidelines: The design and use
of foamed bitumen treated materials

Sabita Video Training Aids

Video series on testing of bituminous products
Bitumen
AV-1
AV-2
AV-3

Penetration test / Softening point (ring and ball)

Spot test / Rolling thin film oven test
Brookfield viscosity / Ductility

Bitumen Emulsion
AV-4
AV-5
AV-6
AV-7

Saybold furol viscosity / Water content of emulsions

Sedimentation value of emulsions / Residue on
sieving
Coagulation value with chippings / Coagulation
value with Portland cement
Binder content of slurry / Particle charge test

Hot-mix Asphalt
AV-8
AV-9
AV-I0
AV-11
AV-12

Optimum binder content for asphalt

Marshall test
Binder content / Moisture content
Static creep test / Immersion index
Rices density and binder absorption/Bulk relative
density and voids

Bitumen Rubber
AV-13
AV-14
AV-15

Ball penetration and resilience test / Dynamic

viscosity
Compression recovery / Flow test
Bulk density of crumb rubber / Grading and loose
fibre test of crumb rubber

Video series on Blacktop Roads

AV-21
AV-22
AV-23

Blacktop roads for reconstruction and

development
Blacktop surfacing and repair (with Instructor
Training Manual)
Pavement surfacing and repairs for blacktop roads

Video series on Hot-mix Asphalt

AV-25
AV-26
AV-27

Manufacture
Paving
Compaction
3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sabita gratefully acknowledges the valuable contribution of the
members of the Road Pavements Forum (RPF) Binder Distributor
Task Team in compiling this guideline document for the industry.
The Task Team consists of:
Trevor Distin (Chairman)

Colas SA

Wally Bennett
Douglas Judd

KZN DoT
WSP SA Civil and Structural
Engineers
Vela VKE Consulting Engineers
Power Construction Roads
Gautrans
Colas SA
Black Top Surfaces
SANRAL
Tosas
Spray Pave

Simon Kotze
Philip Khn
Theuns Lewis
Kobus Louw
Gerry Reitsma
Dennis Rossmann
Denzil Sadler
Steven Single

Some of the material incorporated in this document is based on

guidelines developed by CONCAWE, the Refined Bitumen
Association (RBA), Eurobitume, Austroads, the New Zealand
Pavement and Bitumen Contractors Association (NZBCA) and the
Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA). Their permission
to do so is gratefully acknowledged.

Considerable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and

reliability of the information contained in this publication.
However, neither Sabita nor its members can accept liability for
any loss, damage or injury whatsoever resulting from the use of
this information. The content of this publication does not
necessarily represent the views of any member of Sabita.

Preface
The scope of this manual on health, safety and environmental
aspects, which replaces Sabitas Manual 8: Bitumen Safety
Handbook, has been updated in accordance with current legislation
and extended to incorporate international best practice in respect of
worker safety and health, as well as environmental conservation.
As it is now globally accepted that the use of coal tar products as
binders for road construction may introduce undue health and
environmental hazards, their use is no longer considered best
practice. Sabita therefore does not endorse their application, and
reference to this material is excluded from this document.
Note that, in accordance with global nomenclature, the term
bituminous refers exclusively to binders and mixtures of binders
and aggregate containing bitumen. The term does not include tar
products produced by the pyrolysis of coal.
This new edition has been further expanded to include all aspects
involving the Safety, Health, Environmental, Risk and Quality
(SHERQ) requirements related to the manufacture and application of
bituminous binders.
In general, the structure of the document is based on the concept of
listing hazards associated with various operations in the handling of
bituminous products, and offers precautionary procedures to
minimise the risk of exposure to such hazards.
The document is intended as a reference and training manual for all
persons involved in the handling, storage and transportation of
bituminous binders used in road construction. It should be read in
conjunction with instructions issued by site supervisors, and with
those of plant operating manuals, all of which should be observed
by users of bituminous binders. The standards of worker health,
safety and environmental conservation are constantly under review
in the bituminous products industry as the state of knowledge
increases. This guideline reflects the state of knowledge and
SHERQ procedures applicable at the time of publishing.

This manual is published under the auspices of Sabitas Centre for

Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Conservation
(COSHEC) and incorporates the findings of the RPF Task Team on
Binder Distributors.
Reference should be made to Sabitas publication Health, Safety
and Environmental Guidelines for bitumen and coal tar products
(revised edition July 1998) for more comprehensive information on
health, safety and environmental conservation procedures
associated with the use of bitumen and bituminous products.

Health, safety and environment policy

Sabita encourages its members to carry out their business in such a
way that the health and safety of their employees, and of other
persons both on and near their sites, is not endangered, and that
the quality of air, water and soil is protected for the continuing
benefit of all ecosystems.
Accordingly, in adopting a responsible integration of environmental
and economic considerations, members are urged to design,
operate and maintain their facilities in such a manner as to:
avoid harm or injury to the health of employees or other
persons on their premises, or those living in the vicinity;
avoid damage or loss to the environment;
ensure the manufacture of quality products, and promote the
safe and efficient delivery of those products; and
implement the best available technology to limit emissions,
noise and the production of waste.
Through visible management, commitment and the contributions of
employees, these members strive for continuous improvement in
their performance under the health, safety, and environmental
requirements of the State and the industry, and compliance with the
relevant legislation. It is anticipated that every employee of Sabitas
membership, and those on their premises and work sites, will
comply willingly with this policy.
Sabita members not directly involved in the manufacture, storage
and transportation of bituminous binders should also note the
wide-ranging benefits resulting from the implementation of safe and
healthy working practices.

PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IS AN OBLIGATION,

NOT A CHOICE

Contents
1.

INTRODUCTION

11

2.

HAZARDS
2.1 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
2.2 Hazards from high temperatures
2.3 Hazards from the flammable nature of the product
2.4 Hazards from noxious vapours

12
12
12
13
15

3.

PERSONAL PROTECTION
3.1 Prevention of contact
3.2 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
3.3 Personal hazards
3.4 Personal hygiene

17
17
17
19
19

4.

FIRST AID
4.1 Treatment of burns
4.2 Eye burns
4.3 Circumferential burns
4.4 Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
4.5 Basic steps for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
4.6 First Aid Kit
4.7 Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

21
21
22
22
22
23
24
25

5.

HEALTH ASPECTS
5.1 Bitumen
5.2 Cutback bitumen
5.3 Modified bitumen
5.4 Aromatic oils
5.5 Bitumen additives

26
26
26
27
27
27

6.

PRECAUTIONS
6.1 Fire prevention
6.2 Fire protection preparation
6.3 Types of fires
6.4 Fire-fighting
6.5 Fire-fighting equipment

28
28
28
28
30
32

7.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
7.1 Transporting and storage of bituminous binders
7.2 Application of bituminous products on site
7.3 Spillages
7.4 Flushing procedures
7.5 Disposal procedures

33
33
36
37
38
38

8.

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
8.1 Duties and responsibilities
8.2 Vehicles and transportation
8.3 Accidents/Incidents
8.4 Product handling
8.5 Environment
8.6 Risk Management

39
39
39
40
40
40
41

9.

PROCEDURES
9.1 Care of equipment
9.2 Equipment checks
9.3 Product handling and sampling
9.4 Heating
9.5 Loading and offloading
9.6 Transportation
9.7 Blending
9.8 Loading of different products
9.9 Storage and storage temperatures

42
42
43
44
45
47
50
50
51
52

10.

TRAINING

54

11.

GLOSSARY

55

APPENDICES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Contents of First Aid Kit

Treatment of bitumen burns
Emergency telephone numbers
Risk assessment form and risk assessment matrix
Vehicle check list for safety equipment and
documentation
6. Tremcard
7. Flammability of cutbacks

10

59
60
62
63
65
66
67

1. INTRODUCTION
Worker health and safety, from both physical and chemical hazards,
should be assured at all times. This manual considers the hazards to
which workers handling bituminous binders may be exposed, and
the risks associated with these hazards including various aspects
of personal safety, precautions to be taken when working with
bituminous binders, health aspects and environmental
considerations.
The European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical
Substances (EINECS) makes specific reference to the concepts of
hazard and risk:
Hazard

the inherently dangerous properties of a

substance

Risk

the probability of the hazardous properties

of a substance causing harm to people or
the environment

Besides compliance with environmental legislation and the

implementation of preventative measures, it must be understood
that the cradle to grave concept applies should environmental
damage take place. Emergency procedures for bitumen burns are
listed in Appendix 2, and are duplicated on the Bitumen Burns
tags inside the back cover of this manual. These tags are intended
to accompany a burns victim to a formal medical facility.
Appendix 3 should be used for recording emergency telephone
numbers relevant to your area.

11

2. HAZARDS
2.1 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
The suppliers remain responsible for drawing up material safety
data sheets (MSDS) for each product according to the
regulations for hazardous chemical substances.
However, the following environmental compatibility
guidelines should be observed:
The suppliers MSDS is the primary source of safe handling
advice for the specific product;
The MSDS should address the safety of both personnel and
the physical environment;
The MSDS should provide an indication of each class of fumes
that may be generated at application temperatures;
The supplier will be liable for the consequences of negligently
incorrect information or deliberate omission of known facts;
The user is liable for the consequences of the incorrect use of
application techniques;
The user has an overriding responsibility to ensure that work
practices minimise exposure to fumes and contact with
product.

2.2 Hazards from high temperatures

The most significant hazard associated with bitumen is heat burns.
Bitumen is normally handled at temperatures above 1500C. Modified
bitumens are handled at temperatures of up to 2100C.
Skin contact with bitumen at these high temperatures will cause
severe burns and shock, which can be fatal.
Storage tanks and pipelines containing hot bitumen and heated by
steam, hot thermal oil or petroleum fired burners must be shielded
or lagged.

Note
Always wear the required Personal Protection Equipment
(PPE), including overalls, heat resistant gloves, face shield
and safety boots when working with bitumen.
12

Bitumen foams in the presence of water as the temperature of

bitumen is usually above the boiling point of water. Bitumen heated
in the presence of small quantities of water forms foam that can
quickly expand and cause the tank to overflow. The expanding foam
can quickly reach hot objects or burners, and cause the bitumen
and equipment to catch fire.
Ensure all tanks are free of water before loading bitumen. Additives
and extender oils must also be checked for the presence of water
before adding to bitumen.

Note
The temperature of bitumen in storage is normally above the
boiling point of water. Water should not be allowed to
contact hot bitumen as this will cause boil-over and
possible fire or explosion.

2.3 Hazards from the flammable nature of the

product
At or below the maximum fuming temperature, penetration grade
bitumen will remain below its flashpoint and only some solvent
evaporation will take place. However, bitumen cutbacks are usually
handled at temperatures above the flashpoint of the cutter or
solvent. Some cutters have a flash point as low as 380C, and are a
fire and explosion hazard, particularly on warm days or during
heating.
The vapours in the closed space above a hot cutback are invariably
flammable, but almost always in too high a concentration to be
explosive. It is much safer to aim for an over-rich vapour
concentration than to risk lowering it into the explosive range by
opening a hatch.
Consequently, wherever practicable during transfer operations, tank
hatch covers should be kept closed, or at least lowered, to preserve
a vapour-rich atmosphere above the binder. As a precaution against
any sudden pressure build-up (from, say, a trace of water), these
hatches must be latched shut.

13

Figure 1: Keep any source of ignition away from potential fire sources.

Note also that in the region where escaping vapour starts to mix with
air, extreme care should be exercised, since this is where the
mixture may become explosive. Further away from an exit, the
vapour will be too dilute to ignite.
It is important that the precautions and instructions contained in this
manual be strictly observed to prevent vapours igniting.
It is necessary to isolate any source of ignition in areas where there
is likely to be a concentration of flammable vapours, e.g. in the
proximity of loose or open manhole covers, and at the ends of
hoses.
Smoking, naked lights or the use of cell phones is not permitted
within 15 m of any vehicle when filling or circulating bitumen or
changing LPG bottles. Gas burners must be fitted with safety
nozzles.
Cutback bitumen will readily ignite or explode in the presence of a
flame, spark or hot object. Fire or explosion can occur if LPG
burners are used to heat pipelines or pumps when handling cutback
bitumen.
The application of excess heat (e.g. welding torch) to bitumen can
cause thermal cracking and the evolution of flammable vapour.
Open flame heating may only be used to free plugged bitumen
valves as a last resort, and the vehicle must be in a clear area.

14

Figure 2: No surface of the heating flues should be exposed in the vapour

space as this could cause a dangerous explosion

Suitable foam, dry powder or CO2 fire extinguishers must be on

hand.
Always dip tanks before lighting burners to make sure there is a
minimum of 200mm of bitumen above the burner flues or heating
coils.
See also Appendix 7 Flammability of Cutbacks

Note
Safety precautions must be followed to prevent fumes from
flammable products coming into contact with sources of
ignition!
Avoid use of open flames or sparks near flammable
product;
Do not smoke or use cell phones within 15m of
flammable product;
Do not heat products above the recommended
temperatures;
Fumes must blow downwind from gas burners.

2.4 Hazards from noxious vapours

In confined spaces, vapours from bitumen products can be a health
hazard and may displace oxygen and cause suffocation. Potentially
hazardous concentrations of hydrogen sulphide may be present in

15

the vapour space of bitumen storage tanks. Because hydrogen

sulphide deadens the sense of smell, the familiar bad eggs odour
cannot be relied on to warn of the presence of hazardous
concentrations. Persons entering spaces where bitumen has been
stored should wear full protective clothing and fresh air breathing
masks.
Persons are not permitted to enter any tank without ensuring that it
has been degassed and ventilated. Confined space entry permit
conditions must be enforced at all times.
In open areas, vapour given off from bitumen can have an
unpleasant odour. Exposure needs to be minimised.
The higher the temperature the higher the concentration of fumes.
The use of modified binders at high temperatures, and the fumes
given off by the modifiers and oils in use, needs to be carefully
monitored. The manufacturers recommendations as set out in the
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) must be followed.
Vapours given off by cutback bitumen cutters and additives are toxic
and exposure must be controlled. Adhesion agents used in bitumen
also presents possible hazards as they irritate the skin, and when
heated produce an irritant vapour. The necessary care must be
taken and the manufacturers recommendations must be observed.

Note
Fumes may be toxic:
Locate equipment and plant operations so that odours
and other irritations to workers and the public are
minimised;
Wear appropriate respiratory protection equipment when
working in poorly ventilated spaces;
Provide first aid to workers affected by fumes;
Follow procedures given in Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS);
Dont breathe fumes from open hatches, vents, etc.

16

3. PERSONAL PROTECTION
3.1 Prevention of contact
Operations for the movement or transfer of bitumen should be in
closed and controlled systems.
Repairs to cold bitumen equipment may involve skin contact with
cold bitumen, emulsions or cutbacks. In these instances, oil
insoluble barrier creams may be applied to exposed parts of the skin
prior to working with the bitumen. The skin should be thoroughly
washed after being exposed to contact with bitumen or after
completion of the work. Petrol or solvents must not be used to clean
exposed parts of the skin as this can cause dermatitis.

Note
It is stressed that barrier creams are not a substitute for
protective clothing and gloves.

3.2 Personal Protection

Equipment (PPE)
Because of the danger of serious burns,
and for protection against inhalation of
fumes, the following safety equipment and
clothing must be available. All personnel
and site visitors are required to use the
necessary safety equipment.
Eye wash kits;
Container of clean, fresh water
(approximately 25 litres);
First aid kit;
Overalls or long trousers and long
sleeved shirts appropriate to the
hazard e.g. acid resistant or heat
resistant. (The wearing of shorts and
sandals could result in serious injury
and is NOT recommended). The
sleeves of overalls must be worn

17

Figure 3: Personal Protection

Equipment (PPE)

secured at the wrists and the legs of overalls must be worn

outside the boots;
Gloves. Thick soft leather or heavy-duty PVC gloves must be
worn when handling hoses, valves, hatches and dips.
Impervious gloves must be used when handling oils, solvents
and additives;
Eye and Face Shields. Full-face type eye protection i.e. heat
resistant racing balaclava, must be worn when:
disconnecting hoses;
loading / offloading;
lighting burners;
dipping tanks;
handling additives;
blending; or
sampling.
SABS approved respirator must be used when handling
cutbacks or modified binders;
Leather apron. Added protection is offered by wearing a
leather apron when there is a possibility of coming into contact
with hot bitumen;
Protective footwear with toe protection. Heavy working boots
or sturdy shoes are necessary. Under no circumstances
should sandals, thongs or moccasins of any kind be worn;
Reflective safety vests when working on construction sites.

When spraying, a
sprayer operator
must also wear
protective gloves,
overalls and
appropriate safety
vests for visibility. A
respirator is also
required when
spraying cutbacks
or modified binders.
Figure 4: Wear full protective clothing

Note
Polyester and other combustible materials, which can melt
and stick to the skin, must not be used for protective
18

3.3 Personal hazards

Splashes and burns
All bitumen burns should be treated with immediate first
aid as set out in Section 4.
Fumes
Fumes from hot bitumen and additives may be toxic.
Exposure and inhalation should always be minimised. Refer
to Section 2.3.
When working in poorly ventilated or confined spaces, e.g.
tanks, special procedures must be followed. Cleaning of the
interior of tanks and tankers must be carried out in accordance
with legislation. Only personnel trained accordingly and
wearing the appropriate breathing apparatus are permitted to
work inside tanks.
Skin exposure
Avoid direct and prolonged skin contact with bitumen, its
fumes and/or additives.
Impervious gloves must be used when working with cutters,
stone precoating fluid, adhesion agents and extender oils.
Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) must be checked for
specific working procedures.

3.4 Personal hygiene

A high level of personal hygiene should always be observed to
minimise skin exposure and risk of ingestion of bituminous materials
and additives.
In addition to the required Personal Protection Equipment,
bituminous binder workers should be provided with appropriate
barrier creams and washing facilities.
The application of barrier creams to exposed skin, before working
with bitumen, assists with subsequent cleaning should accidental
contact occur. However, barrier creams are not a substitute for
protective clothing.

19

Bitumen contamination should be removed from the skin by

thoroughly washing with hand cleaner and thereafter with soap and
water. Paraffin is an irritant to the skin and should be used with care
and preferably under supervision. Degreasing fluids should not be
used.
Wash hands before eating and drinking and before going to the
toilet. Overalls must be changed regularly; heavily soiled clothing
must not be worn.

20

4 First Aid
First Aid can be defined as the initial preservation of life and the
preliminary management of pain and injury until formal medical
attention or treatment can be obtained. First Aid is not a substitute
for prompt and appropriate medical attention or treatment. Adequate
numbers of people trained in First Aid must be on site during
hazardous operations. It is recommended that each driver/operator
be trained to at least Level 1.
Suitable contents of a first aid kit are listen in Appendix 1.
Appendix 2 covers guidance notes for first aid and medical
personnel. The content of this guideline is also contained in a
Bitumen Burns tag, five copies of which are packed in the sleeve
inside the back cover of this manual. The tag should be tied or
pinned onto the clothing of the patient before transport to a medical
facility.

4.1 Treatment of burns

Immediately cool the affected area by drenching in or flushing
with cold, preferably running water;
Keep the victim comfortable and reassured to prevent further
complications;
Keep the victim warm and provide plenty of fresh air;
Seek medical attention and attempt to advise the doctor or
hospital in advance:
When the injured person will arrive;
The extent or seriousness of the injury (including
assessment of burn damage where possible);
When hot bitumen completely encircles a limb or other
body part;
When an eye burn has occurred.
Attach a Bitumen Burns tag (inside back cover) to the
patients clothing in a prominent position before transport to
doctor or hospital;
Do not remove or cut away clothing over burnt areas;
Do not pull away clothing which has stuck; this may cause
further injury;
Do not break blisters or remove solid bitumen from the skin;
they both protect and aid rapid healing;

21

 Do not, under any circumstances, apply ointments, oils, butter,

solvents or other substances to a burn.

4.2 Eye burns

If hot bitumen has entered an eye, it should be flushed with sterile
water for 20 minutes. Thereafter the eye is to be padded and the
patient immediately hospitalised. Again no attempt should be made
by unqualified personnel to remove the bitumen.

4.3 Circumferential burns

When hot bitumen completely encircles a limb or other body part,
swelling of the burned tissue may have a tourniquet effect. The
bitumen should be softened as described in Appendix 2, and the
patient referred urgently for medical attention.

4.4 Mouth-to mouth resuscitation

What to do if breathing stops (the following instructions are
provided as a refresher for those trained in First Aid.):

22

Basic steps for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

1. Gently tilt the head well back, open the mouth and ensure the
airway is open;
2. Use thumb and index finger to pinch the nose tightly closed;
3. Take a full breath, place
your lips over the
patients lips and make a
1
good seal. Blow into the
mouth until the chest
rises. Give two effective
breaths;
4. Look to see if the patients
chest rises. Check the
2
carotid pulse in the neck;
5. If there is no pulse start
cardio-pulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) (see
page 25);
6. If there is a pulse then
begin the detailed
3
procedure listed below.

Give one breath every 3

seconds until breathing
recommences or formal
medical assistance arrives.

Figure 5. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

(Graphics by courtesy of St. John
Ambulance)

23

Detailed procedure
Place the patient on his back. Open the mouth and check for any
obstructions.
If obstructed, turn the patient onto his side and clear the airway
using your fingers (wearing disposable gloves), then place the
patient on his back.
Tilt the patients head backwards by placing the hand high on the
forehead. At the same time, support the chin with the thumb and
index finger of the other hand. Lift the jaw forward and support whilst
opening the patients mouth slightly. Keep the tongue clear of the
airway, and check for breathing. If the patient is not breathing
proceed as follows:
1. Pinch the patients nostrils closed between your thumb and
forefinger, keeping the head tilted back. Open your mouth and
take a deep breath;
2. Cover the patients mouth with your mouth (if possible, insert a
device to prevent direct skin contact) making an airtight seal.
Blow into the mouth to inflate the lungs;
3. Look to see whether the patients chest rises. The rise of the
chest should be similar to that of normal breathing. Listen for the
air to be expelled;
4. Place your mouth back over the patients mouth and give four
full breaths quickly, checking the chest between inflations;
5. Check whether the carotid pulse is present. If it is, this means
the heart is beating and circulation is functioning. Continue with
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation one breath every three
seconds. Check the carotid pulse and breathing after one
minute and every two minutes thereafter.

4.5 First aid kit

It is recommended that a first aid kit containing the minimum items
listed in Appendix 1 be part of the Personal Protection Equipment
(PPE) for every site/vehicle.

24

The CPR procedure described below should only be

conducted by suitably qualified personnel who have
received first aid training up to Level 2

4.6 Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

1

ASSESS CASUALTY
FOR CIRCULATION

Look, listen and feel for breathing,

coughing, movement, normal colour
or other signs of life for no more
than ten seconds.

POSITION HANDS FOR

CHEST COMPRESSIONS

Place the middle finger of your

lower hand over the point where the
lowermost ribs meet the
breastbone.

If there are no signs of

circulation, begin CPR
immediately.

Slide heel of hand down

Place your index finger

above it on the breastbone;
Place the heel of your other hand
on the breastbone; slide it down
to meet your index finger;
Place the heel of your of your first
hand on top of the other hand and
interlock your fingers.

Interlock fingers

GIVE CHEST COMPRESSIONS AND

MOUTH-TO-MOUTH

Lean well over the casualty with your arms

straight;
Press down vertically on the breastbone and
depress the chest by about one-third of its depth;
Complete 15 chest compressions, aiming for
about 100 per minute;
Give two breaths of mouth-to-mouth
ventilation (see Page 23);
Continue alternating 15 chest compressions
with two breaths of mouth-to-mouth
ventilation until formal medical assistance arrives.

Figure 6. CPR (Graphics by courtesy of St. John Ambulance.)

25

5.

HEALTH ASPECTS

5.1 Bitumen
The question of the potential adverse effects of the use of bitumen
on health and the environment is the subject of ongoing research in
Europe and the United States.
Generally, it may be stated that the health risk from working with
bitumen increases with the temperature of the product, the principal
hazards being burns or inhalation of fumes. The greatest risk, by far,
is burning of the skin.
Some agencies, particularly in the US, have raised the issue of the
potentially harmful effects of very low concentrations of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fumes. PAHs occur in crude oils
but are present in lesser quantities in bitumens. These PAHs are
considered carcinogenic. The concentration of PAHs in bitumen
fumes at normal road application temperatures is extremely low and
no studies to date have demonstrated any significant health risk to
workers exposed to these fumes.
At very high temperatures (2300C) not normally associated with road
building, or with the addition of solvents, cutters or aromatic oils, the
exposure to volatiles is increased. The specific exposure conditions
would relate to the type of additive being used, its composition and
the conditions of the working area itself. Information on the handling
conditions for these additive products must be obtained from the
suppliers.
The principal routes of worker exposure are through inhalation and
skin contact. Worker exposure depends on: PAH emission rate,
operator behaviour, protective measures taken, working conditions
and influences from outside, such as weather.

5.2 Cutback bitumen

As this group of binders consists of bitumen and hydrocarbon
solvents, they differ significantly in their behaviour and composition
from road grade or oxidised bitumen. The effects of exposure
depend largely on the types of solvents or cutters used in their
manufacture.

26

Studies have shown that the application of cutbacks may increase

the risk of skin cancer. Eliminating skin contact and working in
well-ventilated conditions will reduce the risk significantly.

5.3 Modified bitumen

Modified bitumens contain special additives such as elastomers
(including crumbed rubber) and plastomers. Although these
substances are not normally considered health hazards, the addition
of extender oils and additives, coupled with higher temperatures
than those associated with conventional binders, could produce
toxic fumes. The manufacturers recommendations must be adhered
to.

5.4 Aromatic oils

Aromatic oils are used in small quantities in the manufacture of
certain modified bitumen products, and may contain high
concentrations of harmful PAHs. Extra precautions should be taken
to reduce the exposure of workers to fumes and skin contact.
Information on the composition and handling conditions for these
products must be obtained from the suppliers.
For further information on health, safety and environmental issues,
contact Sabita.

5.5 Bitumen additives

Certain additives used as adhesion agents are toxic. Skin contact
and inhalation must be limited and the manufacturers
recommendations, as set out in the MSDS, must be followed.

27

6 PRECAUTIONS
6.1 Fire prevention
A disorderly or dirty workplace can introduce its own hazards in
addition to those associated with bituminous products and their
handling. Good housekeeping is the first principle of fire prevention:
Keep all areas clear of non-essential equipment and materials;
Store and handle flammable liquids carefully, in accordance
with regulations;
Install an adequate number of the right type of fire
extinguishers;
Keep fire extinguishers in good working order;
Keep all equipment clean;
Ensure that all equipment is in its assigned place and that no
loose or unnecessary tools are left lying about in the
workplace.

6.2 Fire Protection Preparation

Layouts of plant should provide access for mobile fire appliances. It
is wise to co-operate and pre-plan with the local fire brigade when
planning and preparing for the possibility of fire. Sufficient fire
extinguishers must be available at all times.
At least two dry chemical and/or foam fire extinguishers must be
available on sprayers.
Procedures in the event of a fire and fire-fighting equipment drill
should be established and known to all persons. It should be
practised at regular intervals and include night-time drills.

6.3 Types of fires

Fires are divided into different classes, the more commonly
encountered being classified as:
Class A Fires
The combustible materials involved in this class of fire are usually
organic materials such as grass, wood, paper, textiles, etc.: This

28

class of fire is usually easy to extinguish by either quenching or

cooling with water.
Class B Fires
Combustible liquids such as petroleum products (petrol, diesel oil,
paraffin, grease, oils, bitumen etc.), and flammable and combustible
chemicals, make up the fuel of this class of fire. When fighting Class
B fires the exclusion of oxygen by smothering is usually employed.
Class C Fires
This class of fire is essentially either a Class A or B fire that involves
live electrical equipment. The reason for the separate classification
is that no extinguishing agent containing water can be used to fight
a fire involving electricity.
Class D Fires
This class of fire involves metals such as magnesium, aluminium,
titanium and potassium, and is relatively difficult to extinguish.
Standard equipment such as a gas-charged dry chemical
extinguisher cannot be used as the force of the discharge powder
disturbs the surface of the burning metal and may intensify the
blaze.

Figure 7. Anatomy of a fire (From Asphalt Institute)

29

6.4 Fire-fighting
What to do when a fire starts:

Keep calm and think rationally;

Know how to select and use your fire extinguisher;
Attack the fire cautiously and sensibly;
Call the fire brigade.

If the fire gets too large or fierce, and the extinguishers become
ineffective, leave the area.
Once the methods used to extinguish the fire have succeeded,
immediately cover the burnt area with sand and if practical, hose
down with water. This will help to keep out the oxygen and cool it
down, preventing re-ignition.
6.4.1 Fire Extinguishers
There are four main classes of fire extinguishers in general use.
1. Water extinguisher;
2. Carbon dioxide extinguisher;
3. Dry chemical powder extinguisher;
4. Vaporising liquid extinguisher.
Three basic ways of extinguishing a fire:
6.4.2 Quenching
Water is used to cool the surface of the fuels to a temperature
below the flash point of the particular fuel. Fuels with a low
flashpoint (petrol) cannot be cooled sufficiently with water to stop
the formation of vapours.

Precautions
Water must not be used when fighting a fire in a bitumen
tank. However, a water spray may be used to cool adjacent,
intact tanks.

30

6.4.3 Smothering
The fire is deprived of the oxygen needed to burn. CO2 or foam
cuts off the air supply.
6.4.4 Starving
This is achieved by shutting off the supply of fuel to the fire.
Bitumen fires
Foam for extinguishing a bitumen tank fire should be gradually
spread as a blanket over the surface of the burning liquid. This may
be done by directing it against part of the tank or other obstruction.
Indiscriminate application of foam will not extinguish the fire.
The fire may re-ignite when dry powder or CO2 extinguishers have
been used. It is recommended that this treatment be followed by a
foam application.
Tyre Fires
With moving vehicles, there is always a danger of tyre fires. These
fires often re-ignite and need application of foam or water to cool the
rubber as dry powder and CO2 extinguishers will not be effective.

Note
When high-pressure water is available, such as in a refinery,
water may be used, provided it is applied in the form of a
fine spray through fog or diffuser nozzles.

Remember
Once the fire is out, re-ignition can be prevented if the
following procedures are carried out.
Class A fires Use water to cool burn areas or smother
with sand.
Class B fires Smother burn area with sand or gravel to
exclude oxygen and then cool down the
equipment with water, if necessary.
Class C fires Cut off power.

31

Wind direction

Figure 8. Whenever possible, a fire should be fought from upwind.

6.5 Fire-fighting equipment

First aid and fire-fighting equipment should be provided and
maintained as required in the Plant Manual for the particular unit
concerned.

Typical fire fighting equipment and deployment

1. Fire extinguishers
Of the many types of fire extinguishers available, the dry chemical
stored pressure type is recommended for use on all items of plant
and equipment, including camp accommodation units. If the
extinguisher is discarded for any reason whatsoever or the seal is
broken, it must be replaced with a serviced and sealed unit as soon
as possible after returning to base.
2. On sprayer:
Dry chemical and/or foam, stored pressure fire extinguishers,
preferably 2 X 9kg, one mounted on either end of the truck;
One dry chemical stored pressure fire extinguisher (2 kg) in
the cabin;
A shovel for spreading sand is desirable.
3. Around Bitumen Tanker Site
4 X 9kg dry chemical, stored pressure fire extinguishers;
Heap of loose sand or gravel and shovels (preferable).

32

7. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Legislation has become stricter regarding the protection and
preservation of the environment. Preventative measures must be in
place where bituminous binders and vehicles carrying such
products can cause damage to the environment.
The viscous nature of most penetration grade binders ensures that
direct contact with the environment results in minimal contamination.
Volatile materials are released in very small amounts on heating
and, under normal use and storage, pose negligible threat to the
environment. Cutback bitumens and bitumen emulsions have the
potential to cause significant pollution to the environment.
There is at present no evidence to suggest that long-term emissions
into the atmosphere have any significant detrimental effect.

Precautions
Prevent spillage of bituminous materials and oils;
Prevent seepage of washing and flushing materials into
water sources; and
Remove all surplus and/or contaminated materials from
site and dispose of them in an environmentally
acceptable manner. This includes products used for
flushing purposes.

7.1 Transporting and storage of bituminous binders

Legislation defines how the product is to be transported, and
specifies requirements such as labelling, packaging, transportation,
storage and disposal (SABS Codes 0228 & 0229).
Drivers of vehicles transporting hazardous goods in bulk are
required by law to have a Public Driving Permit for Dangerous
Goods (referred to as the PDPDG license).
The supplier ultimately remains responsible for any adverse
conditions caused by bituminous products to the environment.

33

Transport and application vehicles often operate far from base, thus
pre-departure vehicle inspections are essential to minimise incidents
on site, and to ensure that the driver is adequately equipped and
trained to deal with any incident.
Over and above the checklist, specific focus can also be directed to
the following:
1. In the cab
In terms of current legislation all relevant documents related to
the delivery must be stored in an orange coloured box, affixed
in a conspicuous position. The contents must include MSDS,
route plan, tremcards, licenses and permits, dangerous goods
transportation documents, suppliers commercial documentation, PDPDG license and any relevant medical documentation;
No loose items of any nature may be left lying around. All
items must be secured, e.g. bedding, items of clothing,
refreshments, etc.;
All windscreens and windows to be clean with no unnecessary
stickers obscuring the drivers view;
First aid kit to be readily accessible.
2. Spray vehicle
All equipment must be stored in designated secured places;
Fire extinguishers, emergency water (25 litre) and toolboxes
must be secured in such a way that easy access is possible;
Spray bars must be covered when lifted, and the covers must
have designated storage positions when the bars are down
and the vehicle is spraying;
All flexible discharge hoses must be affixed in designated
positions. Ensure the hoses have been emptied before
uncoupling;
All working platforms must be kept clean and clear of
toolboxes, solvents, cleaning material, tins and rags;
Hand rails and steps of all ladders must be clean and dry;
All gauges must be clean and readable;
All flanges, nozzles and pumps must be maintained to prevent
spillage. However, where circumstances prevent this, drip
trays must be used;

34

 Flushing fluid that has been used to clean plant must be

returned to the depot in secure containers for recycling or safe
disposal;
The duration on the site will define whether it is necessary to
provide multiple containers for the various classes of waste
generated.
To prevent the pollution of natural resources, i.e. rivers, dams,
groundwater or wildlife during transportation, select a route with the
lowest possible pollution impact. This can be done by researching
local knowledge of the area, or by consulting with local authorities
and emergency services. Inform them of your presence and the
nature of your operation.
During the loading operation the driver must do a pre-trip inspection
to ensure that all valves and manholes are properly sealed and
closed, and that there are no leakages. At no time should the driver
leave his vehicle during the loading exercise.

Spillage procedure
Should spillage occur during transit, the driver must stop
and call for help. The driver must then put on his PPE,
assess the situation, and if safe, use a shovel to contain and
divert the product from any nearby sensitive environmental
areas until support arrives.

Note
Any form of malfunction of valves is to be reported to
maintenance for immediate repair or replacement;
During long trips the driver should stop periodically to
do necessary in-transit vehicle inspections (every two
hours).

35

Arrival on site
On arrival, the driver must request permission to stop in a
designated area where he may carry out his pre-spray checks. This
area is to be left in the same condition of cleanliness as it was prior
to his arrival.
Temporary storage of bituminous products on construction sites
To prevent pollution, the establishment of static tanks on sites must
be planned properly.
Consideration must be given to:

The hardness or firmness of the surface;

The gradient;
The drainage;
Position of adjacent water sources and sensitive environmental
areas;
Accessibility;
Vegetation fire risk.
Depending on the length of visit a bund wall around the tanks may
at times be necessary.
Static tanks are to be transported empty unless compliant with the
National Road Traffic Act.
To prevent air pollution and the evaporation of vapours during
storage, manholes must be kept closed. Breather pipes must be
open and functional at all times.
After erection and filling, all site static tanks must be inspected on a
daily basis for possible subsidence or spillage. When not in use the
valves should preferably be locked.

7.2 Application of bituminous products on site

Prior to spraying, the product is usually heated and circulated.
Pressure and nozzle checks are usually conducted next to the road
to be sprayed. This must always be done using drip pans or paper,
which can be picked up for safe disposal.

36

When a pan test has to be done on site, no person must be allowed

near the spray bar without the necessary Personal Protection
Equipment. On completion of the test, the product used for the test
must be sucked back into the sprayer.
Transfer lines (flexible hoses) contribute toward leakages and
spillage. Where possible, reverse the sprayer pump, leaving all lines
empty, prior to safe storage.
Sprayer with product waiting to spray must have the necessary drip
pans to prevent contaminating the soil.
Dirty tankers are difficult to clean on site without polluting the
environment. It is recommended that sprayers or spraying
equipment never be washed on site using hazardous chemicals or
solvents. It is more effective to return the vehicle to the nearest
certified wash bay to be cleaned under controlled conditions.

7.3 Spillages
Spillages must be avoided wherever possible. However, should they
occur, they must be cleaned up immediately and the waste product
stored for safe transport to the depot, after which it may be disposed
of at a classified waste dump for hazardous chemical substances.
Where spillage occurs, appropriate containment measures must be
taken depending upon the quantity involved. Small spillages will
cool rapidly, and should not spread to any significant distance.
Spills can be impounded with sand, earth, sawdust or specifically
designed impounding and absorbing agents. Sources of ignition
should be eliminated. Spilled binder may be reclaimed for
reprocessing or removed for disposal at an approved landfill site
(refer local government authority).
Bund walls must be erected around permanent storage installations.
On-site arrangements must be in place to limit the risk of spillages,
and to limit the extent of such spillages where they do occur.
If bituminous binders or petroleum solvents enter stormwater
channels or sewers, the authorities must be notified immediately.

37

7.4 Flushing procedures

At the end of each days spraying the spray bar system must be
flushed with cleaning solvent, which must be returned to the depot
for safe disposal.

Note
Waste must be handled as detailed in 7.5 below.

7.5 Disposal procedures

Waste derived from bituminous binder applications can only be
disposed of at classified waste disposal sites. Under no
circumstances must waste be disposed of in any other manner or
without the necessary written authority. Bituminous waste includes
spills, scrapings, flushings, contaminated product and bituminous
mixtures.
On the completion of the days spraying activities, all bars are to be
flushed with a flushing solvent and then drained. The flushing
solvent used must then be stored in closed containers prior to being
dumped at a classified waste dump site in accordance with the
requirements of the Environmental Conservation Act (Act 73 of 1989
Section 20). A certificate of safe disposal must also be obtained
from the dumpsite.

Note
The National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998
will hold the polluter accountable for any incident where
environmental degradation has occurred.

38

8. LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
The following are some of the important requirements of current
legislation:

8.1 Duties and responsibilities

The Occupational Health and Safety Act focuses on the health and
safety aspects of employees in the workplace, and of those likely to
be affected by their activities.
In terms of this Act the employer and employee have distinct
responsibilities and duties to ensure health and safety in the working
environment:
Employers shall provide and maintain, as far as is reasonably
practicable, a working environment that is safe and without risk
to the health and safety of employees. Employers must ensure
that employees are fully conversant with hazards in their
workplace, and precautionary measures to minimise or
eliminate these hazards must be in place. The Chief Executive
Officer is the official with overall responsibility and
accountability for health and safety;
Employees shall adhere to health and safety regulations and
take reasonable care for the health and safety of themselves
and of other persons affected by their activities.

8.2 Vehicles and transportation

Bituminous products are classified as Dangerous Goods and all
vehicles carrying bituminous products must display hazard warning
placards, which are used to provide the emergency services with
information on how to handle the cargo being carried in the event of
an accident or other emergency. These placards indicate the nature
of the product, its UN number and telephone numbers of the
transporter and a specialist response advisor, who should ideally be
able to provide prompt physical assistance with the cleansing and
rehabilitation of the area. Regulations based on various codes of
practice set out by the SABS govern the use of these warning
panels.
To assist emergency services, Transport Emergency Cards
(Tremcards) must be available and stored in the designated space
i.e. orange coloured box (refer to section 7.1).
39

All relevant documents must be carried in the vehicle, including

MSDS, route plan, tremcards, licenses and permits, dangerous
goods transportation documents, suppliers commercial documentation, PDPDG license and any relevant medical documentation.
The driver must ensure that emergency breakdown triangles, fire
extinguishers, flashing lights, first aid kit etc. are available.
Drivers must undergo an annual medical examination.

8.3 Accidents/Incidents
All accidents and incidents must be reported to the employer and
relevant authorities as soon as possible after the event. All accidents
must be properly investigated and findings documented.

8.4 Product handling

All procedures involving the handling of bituminous binders must
comply with legal requirements and the suppliers
recommendations. These include:
Appropriate safety equipment and protective clothing,
including the wearing of high visibility clothing on site;
Health and safety officers;
Health and safety audits and surveys;
Health evaluations;
First aid facilities;
Fire protection;
Control of hazardous substances.

8.5 Environment
Everybody has the right to a clean, healthy, harmless and safe
environment which requires that the environment be kept as
clean as is reasonably practical in terms of current best practice.
This requires that everybody concerned take care to prevent
pollution of any kind. Spills must be stopped at source as soon as
possible. In the case of major spills the authorities concerned must
be notified at once. Disposal of waste must take place only at
approved dumping sites.

40

8.6 Risk management

It is essential to assess and manage the risk to employees and any
others whose health and safety may be affected by their work or
activities.
It is therefore necessary that all organisations dealing with the
handling of bituminous binders carry out systematic assessments to
identify and assess the risks associated with these products, to
manage these risks effectively, and to ensure that subsequent
decisions are informed, rational and structured.
A typical risk assessment matrix and suitable procedures are
included in Appendix 4. This procedure must be carried out, and an
action plan agreed, with time scales set for rectification of any
unacceptable conditions. This should be repeated at regular
intervals.

41

9. PROCEDURES
9.1 Care of equipment
All bitumen equipment must be kept in good condition at all times.
Hoses, fittings and threads in particular should be thoroughly
cleaned after each delivery or transfer. Product lines, hand sprays,
pumps, valves and hoses should be flushed after use to avoid
bitumen slugs. Bitumen slugs blocking partially closed valves or
leaking hoses may remain undetected until the bitumen is too hot to
approach with safety.
Flexible hoses should be used under suction rather than under
pressure.
Hose assemblies should be inspected regularly for defects or holes.
Defective hoses and fittings must be withdrawn and destroyed.
Hose assemblies should be stored flat in such a way as to ensure
that no residual binder is left in the line.

Figure 9. Faulty delivery equipment should not be used.

42

When carried on items of plant or stored at the depot, both hose

ends should be fitted with dust caps to prevent entry of foreign
material (e.g. stones) that may jam or damage the bitumen pump.
Operators should inspect all equipment required for the cartage and
delivery of bitumen products before leaving the filling point. Faults
should be reported and rectified before any further deliveries are
permitted.

9.2 Equipment checks

All vehicles, tanks and equipment should be maintained in
accordance with the schedules and procedures set out in the
Companys Procedure Manual.
All ladders, catwalks, safety rails and grab points must be
maintained in a good and clean condition. Accumulation of bitumen
must not be allowed.
Vehicle checks must be carried out on a scheduled basis. Refer to
Appendix 5 for an example of a vehicle checklist. In addition
operational inspections should be done on a daily basis. Checklists
must be completed and maintained by the responsible personnel
i.e. the driver. Regular checks on internal overflow and breather
valves must be carried out to ensure they are in proper working
order.
All delivery hoses must be inspected regularly, be in good condition
and free of bitumen residue. All connections and hoses must be
cleaned thoroughly after each delivery. Residual bitumen in hoses
must be allowed to drain into suitable trays after use.
Spray nozzles must be inspected daily to ensure that they are
undamaged and correctly fitted. The bitumen pump must be turned
off before any attempt to inspect, replace or maintain spray nozzles,
or any part of the spray bar or its fittings.
Temperature gauges on tanks must be calibrated annually, and
must be positioned where they will accurately indicate the
temperature of the contents.
Manhole covers must be fastened securely after loading.

43

9.3 Product handling and sampling

Transportation of bituminous products must be conducted in
accordance with legislation on the transportation of dangerous
goods. Emergency information systems on the transportation of
bituminous products must be adhered to.
Dangerous goods placards, including the UN number, flammable
liquid warning and emergency contact numbers, must be displayed
at all times.
Tremcards must contain the relevant information and must be stored
in the designated space (orange coloured box, refer to section 7.1).
See Appendix 6 for an example of a Tremcard.
Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) must be worn at all times
according to requirements.
Binder samples should preferably be taken from purpose-designed
sample cocks. Most tankers and sprayers are fitted with a sampling
device, and this should be used at all times. If a sampling device is
not fitted, the sample may be taken, with great care and under
supervision, from a valve or single jet in the spraybar. Stand clear
and wear the recommended PPE to avoid being burnt during
sampling or while handling the hot sample. Always operate the
binder pump at the lowest speed when taking a sample to minimise
pressure in the system. The recommended method is to have
sample cocks fitted to sprayers or storage tanks.
Take care to allow the sample to cool in a safe place where it will not
present a danger to other people in the area. Cool the sample
before putting the lid in place.
In the event that the sample is drawn from the manhole, a sample
thief should be used.
Always use gloves and safety shoes with toe protection when
handling drums.
Use any additional safety equipment required for the job. Keep
hands and feet in a safe position when handling drums.

44

When handling product in drums the same safety precautions as for

bulk binders applies. Specific care must be taken when handling
drums containing hot product. Full drums should be loaded and
unloaded by mechanical means, such as a forklift. Full drums are
always transported in an upright position.
Procedures for heating product, loading/offloading, filling, blending,
changing product and reheating are set out below, and must be
adhered to.

9.4 Heating
Bituminous material must be at least 200mm above heating flues.
Parking of vehicles on sloping ground may cause heating flues to
become uncovered and therefore dangerous during heating. When
discharging a tank, burners must be turned off.

Important notice
Heating flues should be designed such that:
The flues do not pass through the vapour space above
the product;
The surface temperature will not exceed 350 C on any
part of the heating flue;
The flame tube insert can be easily removed for service
or replacement;
The inlet or exhaust flues will not be closer than 1.5m
horizontally from any manhole or vent pipe;
The flues are not in direct contact with the tank.

Fire extinguishers must be removed from storage and placed in a

position ready for use before heating commences. Manhole covers
must be open.
PPE must be worn during heating operations.
Under no circumstances should burners be used whilst travelling.
This is prescribed by legislation.

45

No source of ignition should be permitted within 3m of the vehicle

when loading or discharging. The operations must be supervised
constantly.
Sufficient ullage must be left in a loaded vehicle or tank to allow for
expansion of the bitumen when heated.
Gas cylinders must be stored and secured in an upright position.
When turning off gas supply after use, close the valve on the
cylinder first, and thereafter the valve at the nozzle.
Ensure that only required personnel are in the vicinity during the
heating operation.
A product should never be heated above the recommended
temperature required for transporting, pumping and spraying.
Thermometers should be checked regularly and any malfunctioning
thermometer reported immediately.
Cutbacks must only be heated in tankers with circulation facilities.

Precautions
Do not leave the tanker unattended when burners are
on;
Position the tanker so that the wind will carry vapours
away from the burners;
Do not stand on top of the tank during heating;
Discharge product from the tanker only when the
burners have been turned off;
Only heat product if heating flues are covered by at
least 200mm;
Do not use burners if any heating equipment has fuel
leaks;
Do not stand directly behind burners when lighting or
adjusting;
Do not store open solvent or fuel containers near
heating operation. Do not smoke or use cell phones
during the heating operation.

46

9.5 Loading and offloading

The readers attention is drawn to the Sabita publication Bitumen
Hauliers Code which offers guidelines for procedures and safety
requirements for hauliers collecting bitumen from refineries.
Hauliers should also note that there may be particular regulations
issued by a specific refinery that are not covered in the publication
mentioned above.
It is recommended that two persons be in the vicinity during loading
and offloading of haulers, distributors and trailers.
At permanent installations an emergency shower must be available
within twenty metres of the discharge point.
When loading, one person should be so positioned that he can
clearly observe the product level to prevent the likelihood of spillover.
Fire extinguishers must be removed from storage and placed in a
suitable area ready for use.

Tanks must not be offloaded during heating!

Flexible hoses and couplings must be inspected before use, and
unsafe hoses must not be used.
Always check the type and level of material in both the supply and
receiving tanks. If the receiving tank contains some material, ensure
that it is the same as, or compatible with, the material being
delivered, and that there is sufficient space for the quantity being
delivered.
Operators should be aware at all times of the potential danger when
transferring hot bitumen, and remain at a safe distance from the
hose during transfer. All personnel not required for the operation
should keep well away and not stand near or over the hose while it
is in use. Do not leave the equipment unattended at any time during
the transfer operation.
When loading is carried out using a discharge extension through the
manhole, the free end of the extension must be below the opening
of the manhole.

47

Before loading commences a check must be made to ensure that all

discharge valves on the receiving tank are closed. Care must be
taken to ensure that no valves are plugged with solidified bitumen,
giving the impression of being in the closed position.
The safest method of clearing plugged valves on an empty tank is to
heat a steel bar to a temperature sufficient to melt the bitumen and
no more, and to insert the heated bar into the plug.
The use of gas burners or other open flame methods to free
plugged valves must only be considered as a last resort. If this
method is to be used the vehicle must be moved to a clear safe area
with fire extinguishers on hand.

Note
Ensure that there is no water in the tank prior to loading as
this will cause a violent explosion, frothing and boiling over.
Before loading heated bitumen a check must be carried out to
ensure that the receiving tank is free of water or volatile liquid.
During loading no source of ignition should be allowed in the vicinity
of the receiving tank.
Earthing the vehicle to eliminate the accumulation of electrostatic
charge is necessary during the loading or offloading of cutback
bitumen e.g. MC30. This is done by making sure that the metal of
the loading pipe is in electrical contact with the metal at the manhole
by means of an earth cable. The simple act of a material flowing
through a pipe or hose may generate sufficient static electricity to
cause a spark when connecting/disconnecting hoses unless there is
a continuous connection.
Ullage of at least 10% should be left after loading to allow for
expansion resulting from any subsequent heating.
After completing the transfer of materials check that the valves on
both the supply and receiving units are closed and the bitumen
pump is turned off.

48

Carefully undo the hose. The bottom must first be loosened slightly.
A small amount of material may run out of the hose coupling into a
drip tray, indicating that it is empty, that there is no pressure, and
that it is safe to remove. If there is a large amount of material, or
residual pressure in the hose, possibly due to a valve not having
closed properly, this procedure will ensure that the product squirts
onto the ground rather than into the operators face or over his
body.
Keep the free end of the hose clear of the ground to avoid dirt,
stones etc. lodging in the hose. There are special hose chairs
available to plug and hold the end clear off the ground. Common
practice is to turn the end of the hose up and over so that it will
remain in that position. This procedure will also prevent entry of
rainwater into the hose. Failure to do this could cause a dangerous
boil-over of hot material loaded next into the tank.
After loading, empty the pump lines by sucking back into the tank.
On completion of discharge, pump, pipelines and hoses must be
flushed out with paraffin or diesel and cleared of product. Hose
couplings must also be thoroughly cleaned. Flushings must be
collected for re-use or disposal in accordance with statutory
requirements and best practice procedures (refer to section 7.5).
The manhole cover must be securely fastened.
In the event of any spillage of bitumen during delivery or transfer
(such as by hose failure or tank overflows), all valves should be
closed, hoses disconnected, all caps screwed down and the
customer or his representative informed of the spillage. The area
should be cleaned and authorities must be informed so that they
can certify that the site has been restored to its former condition.

Note
After the unloading of cutback bitumen that has been heated
to spraying temperatures, the tank will contain a gas/air
mixture that may be in the explosive range. This is the time
when the product is most dangerous. All sources of ignition
and heat must be prevented from coming into contact with
this explosive mixture.

49

9.6 Transportation
In addition to compliance with legislation in terms of the
transportation of bituminous binders, road rules and the
roadworthiness of the vehicle, the following requirements must be
considered during the transportation phase:
Cleanliness of the vehicle and visibility of hazard identification
signs;
Equipment checks before and after loading and unloading;
Proper closing of valves and covers, including gas supply
valves and manhole covers;
Fire extinguishers fitted and a stocked first aid kit to be on
hand;
Condition of tyres in compliance with the legal requirements
and tyre pressures to meet the manufacturers specification;
Adequate supply of PPE, including high visibility clothing and
a flashing light on the vehicle.

9.7 Blending
Cutting back hot binders
On-site cutting back of hot binders with volatile solvents is
undesirable and is not recommended, either from quality or safety
perspectives. Best practice dictates that all blending operations
using cutters be carried out at fixed facilities under controlled
conditions with the recommended safety and quality measures in
place.
Blending of modified binders
Blending of polymer modified binders and bitumen rubber must only
be conducted in tanks and blending units designed for this purpose
and must be carried out in accordance with suppliers method
statements. Due to the limited shelf life of some modified binders
such as bitumen rubber, the blending of these materials must be
done on site. The digestion of rubber in hot bitumen could cause an
increase of 1025% in volume. Sufficient ullage must be allowed for
this increase to avoid boil over.
The addition of rubber crumb to a blending tank should be done by
mechanical means that is earthed to prevent the build-up of static
electricity.

50

Polymers and rubber crumb must be stored in a dry place and away from
any source of heat.
Adhesion agents should only be added to binders shortly before spraying
unless they are temperature storage stable. The contents must be
circulated for 15 minutes before spraying. Gloves and eye protection must
be worn and care should be taken to avoid inhalation of fumes.
When mixing water with emulsions, always add water to the emulsion and
not emulsion to water. Compatibility with water should be established
before dilution.

9.8 Loading of different products

Change of product should be carried out only when approved and
supervised. When loading the next product, due consideration must be
given to the previous content of the vessel to avoid contamination or
boil-over. Generally this requires draining the tank lines and flushing the
system with appropriate fluid compatible with the new product being
loaded. All flushing and other residue must be collected and disposed of in
accordance with best practice procedures and the requirements of the
relevant legislation (refer to section 7.5).
When bitumen emulsion is to be loaded into a tank that has contained
bitumen, it is necessary to drain out as much bitumen as possible. The
tank and pipeline should be flushed out with MC30 or similar material to
remove any remaining bitumen. All flushing solvent must be collected in a
manner which complies with both best practice and statutory regulations
(refer to section 7.5).
Centrifugal or low shear gear pumps are preferred for pumping emulsions
as some emulsions may be shear sensitive, especially latex modified
emulsions. Positive displacement pumps suitable for penetration grade
bitumen, cutbacks and modified binders have a tendency to shear
emulsions after excessive circulation unless the emulsion is hot, i.e. above
500C. When loading emulsion ensure that the emulsion is discharged into
the bottom of the tank and not allowed to free fall from the top of the
manhole.
There are two forms of emulsion ANIONIC (basic) and CATIONIC (acid).
If these are mixed, almost instantaneous breaking of the emulsion will
take place in the tanker. The load will solidify and the tank will become

51

difficult to clean. If it is necessary to change tank contents from one to the

other product, the tank must be flushed out.
At the completion of discharge of emulsion, the pump, tank and lines must
be thoroughly cleaned with MC30 or similar material to ensure that all
emulsion is removed from the system. Any emulsion left in the unit could
result in a boil-over when hot bitumen is next loaded into the vehicle.

9.9 Storage and storage temperatures

If binders are stored for long periods above their application temperatures,
a loss in quality may occur. This is more likely in the case of cutback
bitumen as considerable cutter can be lost. With modified bitumen
degradation of the modifier will occur, resulting in the subsequent loss of
product quality. For safety reasons the listed maximum storage and
spraying temperatures should not be exceeded.
Emulsions should only be heated prior to application. Heating should be
gradual to reduce the possibility of deposits forming on the burner flues.
Emulsions stored in bulk should be circulated for 30 minutes every second
day. Drums containing emulsions should be rolled before use.

52

Table 1. Time and temperature limits for binders

Typical Temperature/Time Limits for Binders
Binder
Class

Short Term
Handling

Storage

Max.
Spraying
Temp
(0C)

Max.
Temp
(0C)

Max.
Holding
time
(hrs)

Max.
Temp
(0C)

Max.
Holding
Time (hrs)

80/100

180

24

130

240

190

150/200

170

24

120

240

180

MC30

65

24

30

240

65

MC70

80

24

50

240

80

MC800

110

24

60

240

130

MC3000

130

24

90

240

155

Emulsions
(not mod)

80

24

50

240+

80

S-E1; S-E2

180

24

150

24-

200

C-E1

160

23

140

240

SC-E1;
SC-E2

70

24

Ambient

240+

80

CC-E1

Ambient

240+

Ambient

240+

S-R1

165

24

140

72

210

53

10. TRAINING
All personnel involved in the handling, storage, blending or spraying
of bituminous binders must receive training in the safe handling of
these products and the relevant legal requirements.
Drivers and operators involved with the handling, storage or
transportation of hot binders must be fully trained in the treatment of
bitumen burns caused by contact with hot bitumen.
Personnel shall receive training in the correct procedures for:

The hazards involved;

Fire fighting;
The use of protective clothing and safety equipment;
Sampling procedures;
Safe use of bitumen handling equipment such as pumps,
burners and compressors;
Procedures to follow in case of emergencies;
Treatment of bitumen burns.
The personnel required to operate equipment must receive
appropriate training in the operation of such equipment.
Training records of all individuals must be kept on file.

54

11. GLOSSARY
Additive:

Adhesion agent:
Anti-foaming liquid:

Barrier cream:

Bitumen:

Bitumen emulsion:

Bituminous binder:

Boil over:

Bund wall:
Carcinogenic:

Any substance which is added in small

portions to bitumen to impart some
particular property, e.g.: improved
adhesion, lower viscosity.
An additive which forms a water
resistance chemical bridge between
binder and stone chip.
A substance which, when applied to the
surface of bitumen, reduces the surface
tension. This action breaks foam as it
forms on the treated surface.
A cream or ointment applied to the skin
prior to contact with irritant substances.
Some work by blocking the pores of the
skin with soapy solids dry work
others by spreading a water resistant film
wet work. They may later be wiped or
washed off taking the irritant with them.
A viscous or semi-solid black or brown
substance derived from the distillation of
crude petroleum oil. Bitumen softens
when heated and is pumpable at 1200C or
more.
Very fine particles of bitumen dispersed in
water with the aid of chemical emulsifiers.
Acid emulsifiers make cationic emulsions
and alkaline emulsifiers make anionic
emulsions. Usually emulsions contain
60-73% bitumen.
A mixture of bitumen, modifiers,
emulsifiers and cutters used for road
sealing or the manufacture of asphalt
mixes.
The rapid increase in volume caused by
the presence of water in hot bitumen and
the subsequent overflow of bitumen from
a tank.
An enclosed area around a tank, capable
of retaining a spillage from the tank or
pipework.
Capable of causing cancer.
55

Combustible:
Cutback bitumen:
Cutter:
Extender oil:

Flammable:

Flammable limits/
range:

Flash Off:
Flash Point:
Foam:

A substance capable of burning with

sufficient rapidity to produce heat and
flame.
Bitumen to which solvents such as
paraffin have been added to make it more
fluid.
An additive which is blended with bitumen
to temporarily reduce the viscosity of the
bitumen to assist spraying e.g. paraffin.
Aromatic oil extracted during the
manufacture of petroleum lubricants.
Used during the blending of bitumen
rubber.
(Synonymous with inflammable). Any
substance, solid, liquid or vapour,
which is easily ignited. The term
non-flammable refers to substances,
which are not readily ignited, but does not
necessarily indicate that they are not
combustible.
A flammable vapour mixed with air will
only ignite/explode if the mixture is in the
flammable range. The minimum and
maximum percentage gas concentrations,
which can be ignited, constitute the lower
and upper limits respectively. The
flammable limits and the flammable range
are also known as the Explosive Limits
and the Explosive Range respectively.
The rapid evolution of vapour from volatile
liquids.
The lowest temperature at which a
flammable liquid will give off vapour,
which can be ignited.
A collection of small bubbles of air or gas
forming in liquid, which rise and form a
blanket on the surface. For fire fighting a
foam produced from water and chemicals
is sprayed on the surface of the burning
material to exclude oxygen.

56

Gas Free:

Hazard:
Heating flues:
Hot Work:
IBP:
Ignition temperature:
Naked flame:
Risk:
Self ignition:
Self ignition temp.:

Source of ignition:

Tremcard:
Ullage:

An enclosed space or area is considered

to be gas free when the concentration of
flammable gas or toxic gas in it is within
prescribed safe limits, and the oxygen
content is sufficient to sustain the
respiration of workmen entering the
enclosed space or area.
The inherently dangerous properties of a
substance.
An oil or gas fired burner with a wide bore
pipe which is fitted to a binder tank for
heating purposes.
Work involving flames or equipment,
which can cause ignition of flammable
vapours.
The Initial Boiling Point or temperature at
which solvents like paraffin begin to boil.
The temperature to which a solid, liquid or
gas must be heated to start burning.
All uncontained flames, fires, exposed
incandescent materials and welding arcs.
The probability of a substance, operations
or circumstances causing harm to people
or to the environment.
When a material ignites on its own accord
unaided by an external source of ignition
such as a flame.
The temperature at which a material will
catch fire on its own accord. (Not to be
confused with flash point which requires
an external source of ignition such as a
flame).
Naked light, fires, exposed incandescent
materials, electric welding arcs, lamps not
of the approved pattern, sparks and
flames produced by other means. They all
provide temperatures in excess of the
ignition temperature.
Transport emergency card. To be used for
vehicles carrying dangerous goods.
The amount by which the tank falls short
of being full.

57

Viscosity:

Volatile solvents:

A measure of the ease at which a liquid

can flow. A high viscosity liquid is one
which does not flow easily. Binder
viscosities are usually measured in
centistokes.
(e.g. a solvent that evaporates easily). A
low boiling point hydrocarbon used in the
manufacture of cutback bitumen to
produce a binder with a temporarily low
viscosity which will increase again as the
solvent evaporates, e.g. paraffin.

58

APPENDIX 1
CONTENTS OF FIRST AID KIT
The items below can be ordered from most pharmacists or
suppliers.
Antiseptic solution
Antiseptic ointment
Assorted packs of sterile burn dressing
Cotton buds
CPR mouthpiece
Elastic bandages
Eye pads
Eye shields
Gauze swabs
Instant cold pack
Latex gloves
Micropore tape
Non-adhesive burn dressing for open burns
Rescue sheet
Safety pins
Scissors
Sterile eye irrigation solution
Triangular bandages
Tweezers
No. 3 wound dressing
No. 5 wound dressing
Burnshield & burnshield liquid
A 25 litre container of water (minimum) should be kept with the
safety box for cooling down the patients burnt section.

59

APPENDIX 2
TREATMENT OF BITUMEN BURNS
Notes for the guidance of first aid and medical personnel
All persons working with hot bitumen should be familiar with these
recommendations in order to administer first aid to burn victims. A
burns tag (in the pocket at the back of this manual) should
accompany the patient and be placed in a prominent position before
the patient is transported to a doctor or hospital.
NO ATTEMPT SHOULD BE MADE TO REMOVE THE BITUMEN
FROM THE BURNED AREA AT THE WORKSITE!

FIRST AID
If hot bitumen contacts the skin, the affected area should be
cooled immediately by drenching in cold preferably running
water for at least five minutes;
The cooling treatment should be continued until the bitumen
has cooled and hardened;
No attempt should be made to remove the bitumen from
the burned area.
Further treatment - first aid and medical care
The bitumen layer will be firmly attached to the skin, and
removal should NOT be attempted except at a medical facility
under the supervision of a doctor. The cold bitumen will form a
waterproof, sterile layer over the burn which will prevent the
burn from drying out. If the bitumen is removed from the
wound there is a possibility of complications.
The bitumen should be left in place and covered with tulle
dressing containing, or soaked in, liquid paraffin.
Petrolatum-based antibiotic ointments or petroleum jelly may
be used. The dressing should be changed daily, at which time
any emulsified bitumen can be gently removed.
The degree and extent of burns, and the general condition of
the patient, will dictate when transfer to a specialised burns
unit is indicated.

60

Circumferential burns
When hot bitumen completely encircles a limb or other body
part, the cooled and hardened bitumen may have a tourniquet
effect. The bitumen should be softened as described above
and the patient referred urgently for specialised medical
attention.
Eye burns
If hot bitumen enters an eye, it should be flushed with water
until the bitumen has cooled. No attempt should be made by
unqualified personnel to remove the bitumen. The patient
should be referred urgently for specialised medical
assessment and treatment.

61

APPENDIX 3
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS

Doctor
Ambulance
Fire Brigade
Police
Bitumen Supplier
Burns Unit/
Medical Centre
Others
Doctor
Ambulance
Fire Brigade
Police
Bitumen Supplier
Burns Unit/
Medical Centre
Others
Doctor
Ambulance
Fire Brigade
Police
Bitumen Supplier
Burns Unit/
Medical Centre
Others

62

Potential
hazards

(b)
List all the
potential
hazards.
(What are
the most
likely
injuries
that could
result from
the
activity?)

Activity

(a)

The task
or activity
being
perfor
med

Risk assessment form:

List those
persons
who could
be at risk
from this
activity.

(c)

Persons at
risk

What
control
measures
are already
in place to
reduce the
risk?

(d)

Current
controls

63

The risk
rating from
the Risk
Assessment
Matrix (i.e.
H, M or L).

(e)

Risk rating

If the risk
rating in
the
previous
column (e)
is H or M,
then list
additional
controls
required to
further
reduce the
risk.

(f)

Further
controls to
minimise
risk
(if reqd.)

RISK ASSESSMENT FORM AND RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX

Only L is
acceptable.

This is the
risk
remaining
after the
further
controls
listed in
column (f).

(g)

Residual
risk

If further
controls
are
required
then a
review date
must be
agreed.

(h)

Review
date

APPENDIX 4

L
M
M

Minor injury

Serious injury

Fatality

Not likely to
occur

Possibility of
occurring at
some time

PROBABILITY

Possibility of
isolated
incidents

Possibility of
repeated
incidents

64

RISK RATINGS: H = UNACCEPTABLE M = FURTHER CONTROLS REQUIRED L = ACCEPTABLE

Extremely
unlikely

Slight injury or
less

Consequence
or Severity

Risk Assessment Matrix:

APPENDIX 5

Item

Quantity

Equipment
Emergency triangle

Fire extinguisher

Water

25 litre

Personal protection equipment

Hazchem decal

First aid kit

Documentation
Public Driving Permit for Dangerous Goods
Tremcard
Material Safety Data Sheet
Roadworthy certificate
Medical certificate
Drivers Workmans Compensation Act number

65

APPENDIX 6
TRANSPORT EMERGENCY CARD (TREMCARD)
CARGO:

MC 30 CUTBACK BITUMEN
BLACK BITUMINOUS PRODUCT

UN NO: 1999

NATURE OF HAZARD:
Highly flammable;
Product may adhere to the skin and cause burns;
Fumes may cause eye and skin irritation, respiratory irritation,
dizziness and nausea.

BASIC PERSONAL PROTECTION:

Face and eye protection;

Protective overalls;
Safety shoes;
Heat resistant gloves.

IMMEDIATE ACTION BY DRIVER:

Stop the engine;
No naked lights, no smoking;
Mark roads with self-standing warning signs and warn other road
users or passers by. Keep public away;

Keep upwind;
Notify emergency services.
SPILLAGE:

Stop leaks if without risk;

Prevent material from entering stormwater drains and rivers;
Vapour may create explosive atmosphere;
Use sand, earth or spill control material to contain spill.

FIRE:
Extinguish with dry foam, powder or fine water spray;
Sand or earth may be used for small fires.
FIRST AID:
Remove to fresh air;
In case of contact with hot material immediately flush skin (or eyes)

with large amounts of cold water. Do not remove material from skin.

66

APPENDIX 7
FLAMMABILITY OF CUTBACKS
To understand why the hazards arising from the flammable nature of
bitumen cutbacks and their components are variable, parameters
used to define some of the properties relating to combustion are
provided below.

7.1 Flash Point:

7.1.1 Definition:
The temperature at which a flammable liquid gives off sufficient
vapour to flash momentarily on the application of a small flame.
7.1.2 Typical flash points:
Flash Point (()C)
Petrol

< 40

Illumination paraffin

38 40

Diesel

63 90

Bitumen*

290 310

* Flash point temperatures can be as low as 2500C.

7.1.3 Hazard from low flash point:

As a penetration grade bitumen is progressively cut back with
illuminating paraffin, the flash point of the combined product
decreases, and thus the hazard increases.
The table overleaf shows typical values obtained by diluting 80/100
penetration grade bitumen with illuminating paraffin.

67

Flash points for a range of cutback bitumens

Pph illumination paraffin*
(volume)

Flash point (0C)

ASTM D9397

300

100

85

10

65

20

50

30

40

7.2 Self-ignition temperature:

7.2.1 Definition:
The temperature at which, under standard conditions, a substance
will self-ignite in air.
7.2.2 Approximate self-ignition temperatures:

Self-ignition temperatures (0C)

Bitumen

500

Petrol

400

Diesel

335

Illumination paraffin

255

In practice these figures will vary according to the prevailing

conditions. For example, bituminous deposits on a tank wall can
self-ignite at a temperature as low as 2500C.
7.2.3 Self-ignition of illuminating paraffin:
Contrary to common belief, illuminating paraffin self-ignites at a
much lower temperature than high-octane petrol. Hot oil coils,
uncovered electric bitumen heaters, and burner flues or engine
exhaust manifolds may well be above 2550C, and therefore could
cause self-ignition.

68

7.2.4 Energy of heat source:

Although the temperature may need to be high to bring about
ignition, the total energy of the heat source may be low. For
example, a spark struck from a fish plate or a stone has more than
enough heat to set off an explosion.

7.3 Explosive limits:

7.3.1 Definition:
The upper and lower proportions by volume of a flammable vapour
or gas in air, within which range a flame will propagate through the
mixture.
Whether or not a flammable vapour or gas mixed with air will ignite
explosively, burn gently or not burn at all depends on both the
chemical properties and the proportion of vapour to air. Mixtures
that are either too rich (i.e. excess flammable vapour) or too lean
(excess air) will not explode. By contrast petrol and illuminating
paraffin will explode only at low vapour concentrations.
7.3.2 Typical explosive limits when mixed with air:
Explosive limits (%)
Petrol

1.5 6

Illuminating paraffin

16

7.3.3 The Fire Triangle:

Three components are needed for fire or explosion:
Air (oxygen);
Fuel; and
A source of ignition.

69

Anatomy of a fire: The fire triangle

Without all three of these components, a fire or explosion cannot

take place.

7.4 Flammability of cutbacks:

7.4.1 Handling:
All cutback bitumens normally used for road making will be above
their flash-point temperature when spraying. Processing and
handling these cutback bitumens requires considerable care
because of their flammability.
7.4.2 Precautions:
In particular the following must be noted:
Inadvertently exposed heating surfaces, even at moderate
heating rates, can exceed the self-ignition temperature of the
material being heated.
Although the vapours immediately above a cutback in a tank
will usually be too rich to be explosive, they can be ignited as
they exit a vent. If the tank atmosphere becomes diluted with
sufficient air, it will enter the explosive range. This condition
may occur during the process of filling or emptying the tank.
A flammable atmosphere can develop in the headspace of a
tank of residual materials such as bitumen, even though the
temperature is below the products flash point. Care is
therefore essential during all phases of bitumen storage and
processing.

70

NOTES

71

NOTES

72