Assignment of

Chemical Engineering Kinetics

Submitted to:

Maam Shaheen Aziz

Submitted by:

Khushbakhat Musharaf
( 13CH46 )

Chemical Engineering Department

Mehran University of Engineering & Technology,
Jamshoro

Q. No: 1

List any three guidelines for mass and energy balance.

Ans:

Following are few basic guidelines for mass and energy balance:

For a complex production stream, it is better to first draft the

overall material and energy balance.
While splitting up the total system, choose, simple discrete subsystems. The process flow diagram could be useful here.
Choose the material and energy balance envelope such that, the
number of streams entering and leaving, is the smallest possible.
Always choose recycle streams (material and energy) within the
envelope.

Q. No: 2

How material and energy balance helps in energy conservation?

Ans:

In material and energy balance study by assessing the input, conversion

efficiency, output and losses helps in establishing the basis for
improvements and potential savings. It helps in finding improvements in
a prioritized manner.

Q. No: 3

How material and energy balance helps in energy conservation?

Ans:

In material and energy balance study by assessing the input, conversion

efficiency, output and losses helps in establishing the basis for
improvements and potential savings. It helps in finding improvements in
a prioritized manner.

Q. No: 4

In reheating furnace, which loss component will be recovered (or)

recycled energy?

Ans:

In reheating furnace, a part of the waste heat in the flue gas losses is
recoverable.

Q. No: 5

Why evaluation of energy and mass balance is important?.

Ans:

Material and energy balances are important, since they make it possible
to identify and quantify previously unknown losses and emissions. These
balances are also useful for monitoring the advances made in an ongoing
project and while evaluating cost benefits.

Q. No: 6

Why Sankey diagram is useful in energy balance calculations?

Ans:

The Sankey diagram is very useful tool to represent an entire input and
output energy flow in any energy equipment or system such as boiler
generation, fired heaters, furnaces after carrying out energy balance
calculation. This diagram represents visually various outputs and losses
so that energy managers can focus on finding improvements in a
prioritized manner.

Q. No: 7

Differentiate exothermic and endothermic reactions.

Ans:

Exothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which Heat is released.

Endothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed.

Q. No: 8

List any three energy loss components in chemical plant.

Ans:

Energy loss components in chemical plants are:

1. Flue / exhaust gas losses (from boilers, reactors etc.)
2. Evaporation loss (from cooling tower, condenser)
3. Surface heat losses (boilers, process equipment etc.)

Q. No: 9

Which one is second form of energy?

Ans:

Electricity is second from of energy.

Q. No: 10

In an utility steam boiler, what is the range of heat loss due to radiation?

Ans:

1%

Q. No: 11

What Sankey diagrams show in graphics?

Ans:

It shows energy input, energy output and energy balance.

Q. No: 12

Losses in energy and material balance is considered as?

Ans:

It is considered as outputs.

Q. No. 13:

What is heat of reaction?

Ans:

Heat of reaction is the amount of heat that must be added or removed

during a chemical reaction in order to keep all of the substances present
at the same temperature

Q. No. 14:

What are the most important assumptions for mathematically modelling

of continuous stirred tank reactor?

Ans:

Following are the basic assumptions.

The mixture density (p) and heat capacity (Cp) are assumed constant.
The reacting mixture is assumed to be well mixed.
The heat losses from the process to the atmosphere are negligible.
The overall heat transfer coefficient is assumed constant.

Q. No. 15:
Ans:

What is activation energy?

Activation energy is defined as the minimum energy required starting a
chemical reaction. The activation energy of a reaction is denoted by E,
and unit is kilojoules per mole. Activation energy can be thought of as
the height of the potential barrier (sometimes called the energy barrier)
separating two minima of potential energy (of the reactants and
products of a reaction). For a chemical reaction to proceed at a
reasonable rate, there should exit an appreciable number of molecules
with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.

Q. No: 16
Ans:

What is continuous stirred tank reactor?

Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) are the most basic of the
continuous reactors used in chemical processes.

Q. No: 17
Ans:

Highlight some advantages of CSTR?

Following are the advantages of CSTR:

Good temperature control is easily maintained

Cheap to construct
Reactor has large heat capacity
Interior of reactor is easily accessed

Q. No: 18
Ans:

What are disadvantages of CSTR?

Conversion of reactant to product per volume of reactor is small
compared to other flow reactors is the main disadvantage of CSTR.

Q. No: 19
Ans:

What is Fluidized bed reactors?

Fluidized bed reactors are heterogeneous catalytic reactors in which the
mass of catalyst is fluidized. This allows for extensive mixing in all

directions. A result of the mixing is excellent temperature stability and

increased mass-transfer and reaction rates.
Q. No: 20
Ans:

Where Fixed film reactors are used?

Fixed film reactors see much use in water treatment.

Q. No: 21
Ans:

From Where nuclear reactors produce power?

Fission is the source from where power is produced in nuclear reactors.

Q. No: 22

What are the various levels of mass and energy balances?

Ans:

The material and energy (M&E) balances required to be developed at the

various levels are:
1. Overall M&E balance: This involves the input and output streams for
complete plant.
2. Section wise M&E balances: In the sequence of process flow, material
and energy balances are required to be made for each
section/department/cost centres. This would help to prioritize focus
areas for efficiency improvement.
3. Equipment-wise M&E balances: M&E balances, for key equipment
would help assess performance of equipment, which would in turn help
identify and quantify energy and material avoidable losses.

Q. No: 23

List the items to be represented for a preparation of a process flow

chart.

Ans:

Items to be represented in flow charts are:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Input to the process

Process steps
Wastes / by products
Output from the process (or) final products

Q. No: 24

List any three energy loss components of induction furnace

Ans:

Induction furnace energy loss components

1. Cooling coil loss
2. Auxiliary system losses
3. Radiation heat loss

Q. No: 25

List any three guidelines for mass and energy balance.

Ans:

Q. No: 26
Ans:

For a complex production stream, it is better to first draft the overall

material and energy balance.
While splitting up the total system, choose, simple discrete subsystems. The process flow diagram could be useful here.
Choose the material and energy balance envelope such that, the
number of streams entering and leaving, is the smallest possible.
Always choose recycle streams (material and energy) within the
envelope.
Differentiate between CSTR and BSTR (Batch Stirred tank reactor)?
A CSTR has input and outlet flows; the BSTR has none.

Q. No: 27
Ans:

What is batch reactor?

The stirred tank batch reactor is still the most widely used reactor type
both in the laboratory and industry. A batch reactor is one in which a
feed material is treated as a whole for a fixed period of time. Batch
reactors may be preferred for small-scale production of high priced
products, particularly if many sequential operations are employed to
obtain high product yields. Batch reactors also may be justified when
multiple, low volume products are produced in the same equipment or
when continuous flow is difficult, as it is with highly viscous or sticky
solids-laden liquids. Because residence time can be more uniform in
batch reactors, better yields and higher selectivity may be obtained than
with continuous reactors.

Q. No: 28
Ans:

Why Batch reactors are used in laboratory experiments?

Batch reactors often are used because of their suitability and convenient
use mainly in laboratory experimentation.

Q. No: 29
Ans:

Where CSTR configuration is widely used?

The CSTR configuration is widely used in industrial applications and in
wastewater treatment units (i.e. activated sludge reactors).

Q. No: 30
Ans:

What is anaerobic filter?

The anaerobic filter is similar to a trickling filter in that a biofilm is
generated on media. The bed is fully submerged and can be operated
either upflow or downflow. For very high strength wastewaters, a
recycle can be employed.

Q. No: 31
Ans:

What is anaerobic contact?

This process can be considered as an anaerobic activated sludge because
sludge is recycled from a clarifier or separator to the reactor. Since the
material leaving the reactor is a gas-liquid-solid mixture, a vacuum
degasifier is required to separate the gas and avoid floating sludge in the
clarifier.

Q. No: 32

What is packed bed reactor?

Ans:

Packed beds can either be run in the submerged mode (with or without
aeration) or in the trickle flow.

Q. No: 33
Ans:

What are fixed stationary particles or surface reactors?

The most common reactor configuration used for immobilized cells is
that of packed bed of particles. The advantages of packed beds include
simplicity of operation and reasonable high mass transfer rates.
Problems in the operation of packed beds include obstruction by
uncontrolled cell growth and compression of the particles leading to
excessive pressure drops. For these reasons simple packed bed reactors
are mostly used for the case of non viable cells.

Q. No: 34
Ans:

What is Air lift or Bubble column reactors?

In these reactors mixing circulation and aeration is performed by gas
injection and if needed by additional external liquid circulation to
obtain the required mixing pattern.

Q. No: 35
Ans:

Define the phases of reactors?

Most reactors contain three phases:

Solid phase (biomass aggregates or biomass immobilized on carrier

material)

Liquid phase (water phase with pollutants / nutrient and products)

Gas phase (air or gas feed, gaseous products CO2, N2, CH4).