Running head: HOMELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS

Effects of homelessness on adolescents

Jana Coombs, Sonja Netsainen, Rachael Nitz, Hannah Schnelle
Missouri State University

HOMELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as, a complete state of physical,
mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease (WHO, 2015). However,
this view of health is not universally held. A group of aspiring nursing students viewed health as
a holistic approach to caring for people. Additionally, many of them discussed the importance of
being able to fulfill social roles and perform activities of choice. For homeless teenagers, they
may define health more simplistically. This may include meeting their basic needs such as water,
food, and shelter as well as mental strength to handle the struggles that accompany
homelessness. Their ultimate goal is survival.
For homeless adolescents poor dental hygiene at their age group can have devastating
effects for the rest of their lives. According to WHO, oral health is defined as, a state of being
free from chronic mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral sores, birth defects such as
cleft lip and palate, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay and tooth loss, and other diseases and
disorders that affect the oral cavity (WHO, 2015). Oral health does not just affect the mouth, but
can affect the rest of the body due to poor dental hygiene. Both Finish and American
governments recognize the need for good oral health, but their methods for promoting dental
hygiene and providing access to community resources vary. In Finland there is little to no
homelessness and dental care is free up to age 18 and adolescents are invited to have regular
checkups by either a dentist, dental assistant, or an oral hygienist. For the homeless adolescents
in the United States there is a greater need for resources to be made available for homeless
teenagers. There is not a lot of data on the oral health status of homeless adolescents in the
United States, but what is known is that there is low utilization for dental services and greater
neglect towards dental needs. However, by providing more sources of dental health promotion

HOMELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS

this may enable homeless adolescents that ability to relieve mouth pain, improve their nutrition,
increase self-esteem, and avoid early stages of periodontal disease (Dental Needs, 2006).
Another concern worldwide for homeless adolescents is unsafe sex practices.
Unfortunately this is common in the youth population, especially the homeless, due to lack of
education, lack of finances for certain kinds of birth control, disregard for health concern, etc.
This health concern is especially important because it can lead to many other complications such
as sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and/or pregnancy. Unsafe sex practices are especially
concerning because many in this age group have multiple sex partners and may not know their
partner's health history. Nurses should address this issue by teaching safe sex practices, providing
information on locations offering free contraception, and targeting all interventions toward this
specific population.
As defined by dictionary.com, rehabilitate means to restore to a good condition of
health, ability to work, or the like (dictionary.com, 2015). When addressing health of a
vulnerable population, rehabilitation might take on many different forms. Many organizations
that attempt to rehabilitate a homeless persons health status will try to address their housing and
employment needs first and also provide treatment for physical and mental needs. These
programs that focus on homeless populations almost always have social services of some kind
available for the client. Overall, rehabilitation in vulnerable populations generally includes
developing the populations strengths and minimizing risk factors in order to maximize their
health status.
For rehabilitation of homeless adolescents in Finland, Kela, Finlands social insurance,
both funds rehabilitation services and provides income security (Rehabilitation Allowance)
during participation in rehabilitation. To qualify for rehabilitation, adolescents must have a

HOMELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS

medical certificate with information about their illness and their need for rehabilitation. Most of
the rehabilitation services available from Kela are provided free of charge. Citizens may qualify
for vocational rehabilitation services if their work capacity has deteriorated or is at risk of
deteriorating over the next few years. The purpose of the rehabilitation is to assist in coping with
work demands, to promote return to work and (for young persons) to facilitate entry into
employment. The making available of assistive devices for work and study is also part of
vocational rehabilitation. Medical rehabilitation for persons with severe disabilities is aimed at
people under 65 who receive Disability Allowance or Care Allowance for Pensioners at its
middle or highest rate. The rehabilitation promotes their autonomy and improves or maintains
their work capacity and functioning. Discretionary rehabilitation services are financed with an
annual appropriation from Parliament. They can take the form of individual or group
rehabilitation sessions, psychotherapy, neurological rehabilitation or assistive devices for use in
work. The responsibility for providing rehabilitation services is shared between a number of
organizations. In addition to Kela, rehabilitation services are provided by public-sector health
care providers such as health centers and hospitals. Vocational rehabilitation services are also
available through earnings-related pension providers and the employment office. If a particular
rehabilitation service is not available through Kela, they will be referred to the appropriate
provider. It is important for them to contact their doctor or Kela to find out the types of
rehabilitation that they may be eligible for. If they need rehabilitation as the result of a traffic
accident or accident at work, the rehabilitation will be available through their insurer
(Kansanelkelaitos, 2015).
For homeless adolescents in the United States rehabilitation can be multifaceted. Many
organizations focus firstly on basic physical needs that are often not met in this vulnerable

HOMELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS

population. This is done through providing adequate food to hungry homeless teens to be able to
meet nutrition requirements that their bodies need to reach full potential. It also includes
providing clothing for teens and making sure they are clothed appropriately to adapt to current
weather conditions due to the fact that most of their time will be spent outdoors. Meeting basic
needs also includes helping homeless teens find adequate shelter or provide resources to make
living outside more safe. Many organizations that cater to homeless teens can educate the
adolescents on housing resources available in their community and help them apply to these
shelters or transitional living spaces. If those housing resources are not available or applicable to
the teen, the organization may be able to provide resources such as sleeping bags, tents, and
blankets to help making their living quarters better.
Once basic needs are met, rehabilitation often takes on the goal of treating the homeless
adolescents physical and mental needs. Many organizations for this population can assess the
physical symptoms and treat the client on location or refer them to places that can treat them. If
the primary organization is not able treat the client on location, it is important to get all the
necessary information including all symptoms and what type of insurance the client has in order
to refer them to the proper place. Rehabilitating the clients mental health can look different for
every client. One client might solely need education on stress relieving techniques to decrease
the stress from being homeless and bring them back to optimal health status. Another client
might need assessed for severe mental disorders and referred to a specialized provider to obtain
proper medication and treatment in order to experience complete rehabilitation. Many of the
homeless adolescent population have fallen into a pattern of substance abuse as a way to numb
the pain and stress in their life. Rehabilitation for these clients would include helping the client
build goals and educating them on how to make healthy positive decisions in their life. If the

HOMELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS

client is interested, rehabilitation for those struggling with substance abuse could also include a
more intensive drug rehab program. Rehabilitation for substance abuse can include assessing the
underlying causes and finding accurate treatment for the individual person. Rehabilitation in this
vulnerable group also includes helping the clients evaluate what problems led to them becoming
homeless and how they can use their strengths to get out of that situation (Binder, 2012). It is
very important to realize that in order for rehabilitation to be successful in this vulnerable
population, health care providers must remain nonjudgmental and provide therapeutic
communication. This client will also require positive affirmation and encouragement throughout
the journey for the rehabilitation process to succeed.
World Rehab Fund (WRF) is a worldwide organization, who believes everyone, no
matter of disability of illness, has the right to be a part in their communities, to be educated and
viable employment. This includes homeless adolescents. WRF mission is to give people around
the world functional limitations, and participation restrictions to achieve community and social
integration through physical and socio-economic rehabilitation and advocacy, preventing
disability and reduce disadvantage.
The staff of WRF works with local and international partners developing culturally
appropriate initiatives addressing all aspects of rehabilitation; from incident through
reintegration. This includes strengthening the capacity of indigenous organizations to better meet
the needs of people in states of disadvantage due to various forms of disabilities as well as
developing community-based programs for physical, psychological, and socioeconomic rehabilitation and reintegration. Another part looks at upgrading skills of rehabilitation
service providers such as physicians, therapists, health promoters, nurses, social workers, and
vocational rehabilitation specialists. They also collaborate with industry and local

HOMELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS

professionals to enhance vocational training, skills-building, and job placement programs to

create sustainable employment and income-generating entrepreneurial opportunities. WRF also
serves to train rehabilitation professionals throughout the world in the fabrication and fitting of
artificial limbs, orthopedic braces, and other assistive technology appropriate for the geographic
area they serve and ensure that people with disabilities are part of the team from start to finish.
The problem of homeless adolescents is being addressed at the national, state, and local
level in the United States. Nationally, the United States Family and Youth Services Bureau is
addressing the needs of this vulnerable population with the Transitional Living Program (TLP)
for Homeless Youth. TLP "provides homeless youth with stable, safe living accommodations for
up to 21 months." Accommodations include host-family homes, group homes or maternity group
homes, and supervised apartments owned by the program or rented in the community. In addition
to housing, TLP also offers services to help adolescents develop skills that will aid them gaining
independence and improving their life situation. TLP offers basic life skills classes that focus on
budgeting, housekeeping, food preparation, and consumer education. Educational opportunities
including GED preparation, post-secondary training, and vocational education are offered. TLP
also provides career counseling and assists with job placement. Individual and group counseling
sessions are available as mental health care in additional to physical health care in the form of
physicals, health assessments, and emergency treatment. There are additional resources available
for adolescents who are pregnant or have children such are parenting classes. TLP is enacted at
more than 191 community-based residential centers. Those who qualify for this program include
adolescents between the ages of 16 and 22, who are homeless or live in a shelter.
The McKinney-Vento Act, part of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, is another
national program that provides support to homeless children and youth. This act "guarantees

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homeless children and youth an education equal to what they would receive if not homeless."
These children are offered the option of either attending their original school or the school
nearest to the area in which they are dwelling. This act also requires homeless children to
immediately be enrolled in school regardless of whether or not they can provide the necessary
academic or medical documentation. Local schools enact this law by providing the required
transportation to and from school as well as a homeless coordinator. Each school district is
required to employee a homeless coordinator who will act as an advocate for homeless children
in the area and work to ensure the best residential and academic environments for the child.
The government is also addressing this issue at a state level. In the state of Missouri, the
National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs offer free school meals to homeless
children and adolescents. Families may sign up for these programs with the school district's
homeless coordinator, the school principal, or a homeless shelter director. No documentation or
paperwork is required. There are additional programs that provide after-school snacks and help
to feed children throughout the summer. While this program does not directly address the issue
of homelessness, it ensures that homeless children get at least two meals a day during a time of
crisis in their life. The Missouri Great Circle Agency has a program called Empowering Youth.
The youth involved with this organization are between the ages of 10 and 18. They are either
homeless or in danger of becoming homeless. Empowering Youth works to provide these teens
with food, clothing, shelter, education, life skills, job training, a safe environment, and
counseling services. This program has basic life skills classes, an emergency shelter, case
planning, and a 24-hour help line to assist these homeless and at-risk youths.
Locally, a program called Rare Breed run by the Kitchen Inc. assists homeless, runaway,
and at-risk adolescents ages 13 through 20. This program works to provide holistic care to youth

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through a wide range of services. Staff goes out into the community to find at-risk youth and
inform them about Rare Breed's Youth Outreach Center and its services. When they find
adolescents out on the streets, they provide them with needed items including blankets, food,
clothes, and hygiene items. At the Youth Outreach Center, they offer many classes and services.
Students can work towards higher education with High School Equivalency classes, also known
as GED classes. Rare Breed also has a nursery to provide child care for teen parents who are
taking classes. The nursery also has resources for these parents such as diapers, wipes, formula,
or clothes. There are also kennels, so pets are safe while youth are using center services.
Additionally, Rare Breed set up an art room, music room, and gym to provide spaces for healthy
self-expression and stress relief.
In addition to the Youth Outreach Center, Rare Breed has established the Rare Breed
Living Program. This was founded to offer longer-term housing for this homeless youth
population. Those participating are provided supervised apartments to live in. However, to be
eligible for this program, they must be working towards higher education or be employed. Teens
must also engage in the Living Program activities and spend at least ten hours a week at the
Youth Outreach Center. There are also requirements to take certain life skills classes, save
money, and pay rent for the Rare Breed housing on a sliding scale. The newest addition to Rare
Breed's wide array of services is their homeless shelter. This shelter formed from Rare Breed's
partnership with The Venues Church and the Catalyst Church. The shelter is available for
adolescents ages 17-23. It was established because the population Rare Breed serves had
nowhere to go once the Outreach Center closed each evening. Now Rare Breed will bus teens
from their center to one of these churches each night. Cots will be set up each night.

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10

This issue of homeless adolescents is being addressed in the United States at the national,
state, and local levels. Both the national and state government have written laws to help protect
this vulnerable population as well as created programs to assist this group at the local level.
There are also many nongovernmental organizations that are working to help homeless teens.
Some such as Stand Up for Kids are large organizations that are known around the nation. Others
such as Rare Breed are small and address one particular, local community. This wide array of
governmental laws and programs and nongovernmental organizations come together to address
the problem of homeless teens from many different angles.
Social and health care systems the foundation has been implemented with the support of
state on social welfare and health care on municipal level. In addition to public sector, services
are produced by private companies. Finland also has an extensive health and social welfare field
that produces both commercial and free services works. Public health services are distributed to
primary health care and specialized medical care. Private health care compliments the public
health services. Primary health care is universally available to all, forming the basis for the
health system. One is entitled to public health care (primary health care by municipal = medical
treatment) and the necessary specialized medical care, which is organized for example in central
hospitals provided by municipal. Municipalities are responsible for providing social welfare and
health care. They can generate social and primary care services alone or form municipal boards
with each others. The municipality can also buy services from another municipality or private
service provider. (Sosiaali-ja terveysministeri; Jrjestelm vastuut) (MOL;
Terveydenhuoltoalat)
Basic healthcare include: health counseling, medical care, rehabilitation, mental health
services, dental care, schools health services, students health services, and occupational health

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11

care. For children in schools and students municipality organizes school health care in primary
schools, secondary schools and occupational schools, also health care services in health care
centers. For students studying at universities there are their own health centers (YTHS =
students' health foundation). Other students will receive health care from their studymunicipality health care. School health care in primary schools include health checks carried
out by a doctor or nurse, health education, dental care, as well as a psychologist and speech
therapist services. Student health services include mm. health checks and health education by a
doctor or nurse. Students have the opportunity to get to medical and dental services.
(Kansanelkelaitos. 2012) (MOL; Terveydenhuoltoalat)
Private health care complements the public sector services. Private health cares share of
the production in health services is constantly growing when municipalities organize social
health services by purchasing them from private service providers. Health services provided by
companies offer alternatives to public services and increase customer choice. The activities
controlled by the Law on private health care. Private health care services are provided by private
hospitals, clinics and doctors private receptions, private retirement homes, facilities for mentally
handicapped, rehabilitation centers and day-care centers, physical therapy institutes, laboratories,
radiology institutes, private receptions for dentists, dental clinics and ambulance companies as
well as health spas. (MOL: Terveydenhuoltoalat) (AVI. 2015)
Municipalities are buying a significant part of the production provided by private social
services. About 73 percent of the operating units sold at least half of its services to
municipalities, either on the basis of purchase or service contracts or commitments spread. There
have not been major changes in municipalities purchasing service section since the beginning of
the 21st century. In particular, the mentally institutional and housing services as well as children

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12

and young people in institutional and family therapy, municipalities purchase nearly all the
production from the private activities of departments and services. (Vyrynen, R. 2010) Most
common private health services in Finland: (AVI. 2015) physical therapy services, medical and
dental practice activities, and occupational health care. Regional State Administrative Agencies
(AVI) direct and supervise the social welfare activities in their respective areas. AVI controls and
monitors, both public sector and private social welfare services. (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeri;
Sosiaalipalvelut)
The third sector is private, remaining between the public sector and families, a social
sector whose characteristics are a non-profit economy, organizations or social groups goals.
Third sector actors include associations, cooperatives and foundations. The third sector economy
is different from the private (corporate) economy in the fact that profit does not seek to pursue
(non-profit). If annual profit comes, it will be placed back into operation. Tax treatment is also
different than private undertakings (JK Humalajoki). Health care third sector's basic tasks
include, interest representation of different population groups, influence and expertise,
volunteering and other assistance work organization and implementation, providing social and
health services, as well as experimental and development activities associated with the abovementioned. The third sector also works quite strongly with the exclusion of youth prevention and
outreach youth work, which, in principle, are the society actions. The best known third sector
company in Finland is Mannerheim League for Child Welfare (MLL). It was founded in 1920, to
promote childrens health and well-being. Its merit in Finland is a comprehensive child health
clinic system. MLL is active in many different areas to promote childrens issues in Finland.
Other third sector companies that are concern about youth and adolescent are different types of

HOMELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS

13

sport clubs and Central Union for Child Welfare. (Mannerheimin lastensuojeluliitto) (Salmi, T.
2014)
Although the health care system works in Finland fairly equally, the third sector are still
needed; it has a very significant contribution specifically to complement the activities organized
by the society. Third-sector activities can also have problems. Public health has to monitor its
activities in order to prevent any of the elements, which is not acceptable in society. Appendage
of the third sector region is also visible clear illegality. It is established associations among
whom the task is just to raise money for the association staff and operate it for the public good.
Fortunately, this happens rarely and control works well. (Salmi, T.2014)
The list of laws, agencies, and resources for homeless teens is impressively long.
However, this vulnerable population is still in great need. This is evidenced by the fact that teens
are more at risk for homelessness than adults. The magnitude of this problem is shown by the
fact that each year there are approximately 550,000 youths in the United States who are homeless
for longer than a week. On a single night, there are approximately 194,302 youth and children
who are homeless nationally. While this problem is still of great concern, this figure is actually a
one percent decrease from the previous year's data. Locally, there are about 163 homeless
children on any given night in Springfield. The Springfield Public School District claims that
homelessness is increasing in the community. This district's records showed that in the 20132014 school year this number hit a record high. It seems that this population is increasing in the
Springfield area while slightly decreasing nationally. All in all, there is a blatant need for me
assistance, resources, and plans to help decrease the size of this population.
In Finland there are little to no homeless adolescents. Their approach on dealing with
homeless adolescents has more of a focus on preventive care. There are a multitude of resources

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14

to help ensure that adolescents do not find themselves in a spot where they are without a home
either with connecting them with a home or a means to be able to find a job and provide for
themselves. A large proportion of homeless people are outcast men, but increasingly among the
homeless are women, young people and immigrants, of which the latter position, for example,
the metropolitan area of housing and the labor market is the main population more difficult, due
to deficiencies in language skills and training. With their focus on preventive care this could
continue to keep the amount of homelessness adolescents at a little too non-existent rate.
There are quite a few disparities between the United States and Finland in regards to
homeless adolescents. The Finnish government created a huge project called the Youth
Homelessness Prevention Project in 2012 that should end this year. This plan is a very
comprehensive approach that includes long-term housing as well as regional workers to assist
this population in progressing towards successful, independent living. In contrast, the United
State's main method of intervention for homelessness is shelters. These facilities are not able to
provide homeless adolescents with a constant solution; instead it works on a night-by-night basis.
The United States also differs from Finland because it does not one have comprehensive plan.
Instead there are a variety of governmental departments, laws, and programs that have work to
address this vulnerable population.
While these two countries have very varied approaches on how to deal with homeless
adolescents, both are working towards assisting this vulnerable population in the manner that
they believe will work best. The manner in which care is provided is different, but the care is
essentially the same. Both the United States and Finland are working to provide these
adolescents with a healthy lifestyle that not only meets their basic needs, but to go beyond
surviving and reach a level of physical, mental, and social thriving.

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15

Interesting links:
http://www.ozarksfirst.com/news/year-round-homeless-youth-shelter-to-open
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3mBA4ji2So
https://www.google.com/search?
q=homeless+adolescents&biw=1047&bih=467&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0CAgQ_
AUoA2oVChMIuOqysqyqyAIVB5mICh0bIAAa#tbm=isch&q=homeless+adolescents+usa&im
grc=aVsK5SnQgMfLqM%3A
https://www.google.com/search?
q=homeless+adolescents&biw=1047&bih=467&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0CAgQ_
AUoA2oVChMIuOqysqyqyAIVB5mICh0bIAAa#tbm=isch&q=homeless+adolescents+springfie
ld+mo&imgrc=xVjLYnlDMvtEgM%3A

HOMELESSNESS IN ADOLESCENTS

16

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