1 Sobre o tema
O clculo de pilares de concreto armado , sem sombra de dvidas, um dos temas
mais interessantes e instigantes de toda Engenharia de Estruturas. Trata-se de um
assunto que est sempre em voga, cercado por muitas discusses e, naturalmente,
por algumas divergncias e controvrsias.
Com a entrada em vigor da NBR 6118:2003, inmeras dvidas a respeito do clculo de
pilares surgiram no meio tcnico profissional, visto que diversas novidades foram
introduzidas nessa recente norma de concreto.
Apenas para citar um exemplo, se antes na extinta NBR 6118:1978 tnhamos apenas
um mtodo para analisar os efeitos locais de 2 ordem, hoje, na atual NBR 6118:2003,
temos quatro formulaes distintas disponveis, levando-nos a questionar:
Alm disso, na prtica, como qualquer outra rea tecnolgica, todas essas inovaes
ficaram atreladas aos computadores que, ao mesmo tempo em que permitiram que
processamentos at ento inviveis fossem realizados de forma produtiva, passaram a
usar novos conceitos ainda no muito bem disseminados no meio tcnico de forma
efetiva e corriqueira. O termo momento-curvatura, por exemplo, no era to
comum h alguns anos atrs como hoje em dia nos softwares atuais.
Diante desse panorama que acaba de ser descrito, cabe ento ao Engenheiro de
Estruturas a difcil tarefa de se manter sempre atualizado, j que o assunto em questo,
o clculo de pilares de concreto armado, pode ser decisivo na tomada de decises
durante a elaborao ou verificao de um projeto estrutural.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
2 Apresentao do curso
O clculo de pilares como um todo um tema amplo, que abrange uma teoria
relativamente complexa e que envolve vrios assuntos, tais como: anlise no-linear,
estabilidade global, dimensionamento de sees de concreto armado, tcnicas de
detalhamento de armaduras, etc. Existem inmeras publicaes (livros, teses, artigos)
que cobrem cada um desses tpicos de forma rica e detalhada.
Diante dessa diversidade de temas, portanto, importante deixar bem claro qual o
real intuito desse curso: o seu foco principal ser o clculo de esforos em pilares, mais
especificamente no que se refere anlise das imperfeies geomtricas locais e dos
efeitos de 2 ordem.
Sero abordados desde conceitos bsicos at avanados. Pretende-se proporcionar
uma viso prtica e objetiva dos problemas estudados, sem se aprofundar
demasiadamente em dedues matemticas. Procurar-se- transmitir os conceitos de
forma concreta, de tal forma que possam ser aplicados diretamente no dia-a-dia.
Diversos exemplos sero resolvidos manualmente, passo-a-passo. Em alguns deles, ser
necessrio fazer o uso de sistemas computacionais destinados elaborao de
projetos de estruturas de concreto, de tal forma a aprimorar e agilizar o aprendizado.
Veja, a seguir, alguns pontos que sero abordados durante o curso:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
De forma alguma, esse curso se prope a colocar um ponto final no que se refere ao
clculo de pilares, mesmo porque existem diversas questes ainda em aberto, sem
resposta definitiva. O que se objetiva, sim, esclarecer as dvidas atuais mais comuns
presentes no meio tcnico profissional.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
3 Introduo
3.1 Importncia dos pilares
Porque um edifcio cai?
Trata-se de uma questo extremamente complicada de se responder, pois existem
inmeras causas que podem levar um prdio runa. Cada caso um caso, e
impossvel generalizar a resposta.
No entanto, todo Engenheiro de Estruturas precisa pensar sobre esse assunto, tirar suas
prprias concluses, e principalmente, cercar-se de atitudes que evitem tal desastre.
Afinal de contas, todo projeto deve conduzir a uma estrutura segura.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Obviamente, qualquer pea numa estrutura tem a sua devida importncia e precisa
ser dimensionada corretamente para atender s funes a que se destina. Existem,
porm, certos tipos de elementos que necessitam ter um cuidado redobrado, pois
podem ocasionar conseqncias mais graves, como o colapso total da edificao.
Dentre eles, esto os pilares.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Taxa de compresso
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
3.3 Particularidades
_________________________________________
O que um pilar?
_________________________________________
Definir o que um pilar??? O que isso??? Todo Engenheiro de Estruturas sabe muito
bem o que um pilar!
_________________________________________
Correto, porm importante no subestimar essa pergunta, pois existem muitos casos
no qual um elemento tratado e calculado como um simples pilar indevidamente.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Pilar-parede no pilar!
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Dependo do caso, fazer o clculo como um pilar comum nestas condies uma
tima referncia para uma aproximao inicial. J, em outros, erros graves podem
estar sendo cometidos de forma totalmente despercebida, tornando a estrutura
insegura.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Quando calculamos uma estrutura ou parte dela, seja de forma manual ou por meio
de um computador, estamos adotando explicitamente um prottipo cujo objetivo
simular o comportamento da mesma na vida real. Essa uma condio primria que
em hiptese alguma pode ser tratada de forma implcita.
Por mais sofisticado que seja o modelo adotado, nem sempre, ou melhor dizendo,
jamais conseguiremos obter respostas durante o clculo que traduzam a realidade de
forma 100% exata. Sempre existiro limitaes decorrentes das aproximaes
consideradas.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Essas afirmaes podem nos auxiliar a dar uma resposta a uma questo normalmente
levantada no meio tcnico:
_________________________________________
Eu sempre fiz desse jeito e nunca deu problema. Por que tenho que mudar?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
10
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A busca por metodologias que procuram retratar a realidade de forma mais precisa
algo extremamente bem-vinda, salutar e que enriquece a profisso. Sem de forma
alguma menosprezar os processos aproximados, que tm sim sua devida relevncia no
nosso dia-a-dia, importante caminhar no sentido de aprimorar o clculo e entender
melhor os fenmenos fsicos, mesmo porque somente dessa forma que saberemos o
quo aproximado so os mtodos simplificados.
_________________________________________
Portanto, a questo colocada anteriormente, Eu sempre fiz desse jeito, e nunca deu
problema. Por que tenho que mudar?, pode ser encarada de uma outra forma:
Ser que os processos que tenho utilizado esto sempre a favor da segurana? Ser
que o que estou fazendo pode apresentar problema algum dia?
Na essncia, essa uma das razes que coloca a Engenharia de Estruturas num
patamar diferenciado, que envolve responsabilidade, discernimento e coerncia.
Trabalha-se com limites opostos, a segurana e a economia, que, perante toda a
sociedade, devem que ser atendidos na sua plenitude.
Aproximaes no clculo de um pilar
Apesar de um tanto filosfico, as consideraes colocadas anteriormente so
importantes, pois nos servem para chamar a ateno para a seguinte questo: quais
aproximaes so adotadas no clculo de um pilar? Como um pilar, na vida real,
calculado durante o projeto estrutural?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
11
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
12
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A estrutura como um todo
calculada no computador por
meio de uma modelagem
numrica (prtico espacial,
grelhas, elementos finitos, ...), que
contm diversas aproximaes.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A rigidez flexo EI da seo transversal dos pilares minorada para anlise no Estado
Limite ltimo (ELU) a fim de considerar a no-linearidade fsica de forma aproximada
(0,7.EIc ou 0,8.EIc). A rigidez axial dos mesmos majorada a fim de compensar os
efeitos decorrentes da construo. De onde vm esses coeficientes?
Nessa etapa, um lance de pilar est imerso no meio da estrutura. Suas vinculaes
no topo e na base so relativamente bem simuladas por meio das ligaes com os
elementos de vigas e lajes.
Durante esse clculo global, os efeitos globais de 2 ordem so ento avaliados (0,95.z
ou P-), bem como as imperfeies geomtricas globais (desaprumo do edifcio como
um todo).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
13
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Uma vez efetuado o clculo
global, cada lance de pilar
extrado desse modelo e passa
a ser analisado de forma
isolada.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nesse modelo local, as vinculaes no topo e na base passam a ser tratadas de forma
bastante simplificada (apoios simples), de tal forma a manter o equilbrio de esforos
com o modelo global.
_________________________________________
A no-linearidade fsica, por sua vez, considerada de forma mais refinada que no
modelo global (1/r aproximada, rigidez aproximada, rigidez acoplada a diagrama N,
M, 1/r).
_________________________________________
Os efeitos locais de 2 ordem so ento avaliados por processo aproximado (pilarpadro ou pilar-padro melhorado) ou processos iterativos mais refinados (P-)
Nessa etapa, so tambm calculados os esforos devido s imperfeies geomtricas
locais (falta de retilineidade ou desaprumo no lance) e a fluncia (deformao lenta).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
14
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Por que no tratar todo problema por meio de um modelo nico, sem a
separao global do local?
Essas questes deixam evidente o quanto temos ainda que evoluir, ao mesmo tempo
em que servem para nos lembrar: o clculo atual de pilares repleto de
simplificaes! E, portanto, todo cuidado na hora de dimension-los necessrio.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
15
4 Reviso
A seguir, ser realizada uma reviso sucinta de alguns conceitos fundamentais que so
aplicados no clculo de um pilar.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Exemplo
Seja uma estrutura qualquer submetida a um carregamento P, cujo deslocamento
resultante num determinado ponto igual a d.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
16
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
17
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Alterao da
geometria da estrutura,
designada nolinearidade geomtrica
(NLG).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
4.1.1
No-linearidade fsica
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
18
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
o que fazemos, por exemplo, no clculo do prtico espacial no Estado Limite ltimo
(ELU) quando adotamos 0,8.EIc nos pilares e 0,4.EIc nas vigas.
Outro exemplo: reduo de rigidez nas bordas de laje de tal forma a simular uma
possvel fissurao do concreto nessas regies. Em elementos predominantes fletidos
como vigas e lajes, a fissurao preponderante no comportamento no-linear da
estrutura.
No-linearidade fsica de forma refinada
Uma maneira mais refinada de tratar a no-linearidade fsica em uma estrutura por
meio do uso de relaes momento-curvatura.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
19
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A maneira mais comum e tambm correta
de definir curvatura sendo o inverso do
raio de curvatura (1/r).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
20
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Diagrama momento-curvatura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
21
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Diagrama N, M, 1/r
Com a presena da fora normal, o diagrama M x 1/r passa a ser chamado de
normal-momento-curvatura ou N, M, 1/r.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
22
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Veja, a seguir, o exemplo de um diagrama N, M, 1/r para uma seo retangular (30
cm X 60 cm) e com uma determinada configurao de armadura adotada.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
23
Geometria da seo
Configurao de armaduras
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
24
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Armadura composta de 16 20 mm
Ao CA50, s = 1,15
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Considerando a resistncia do concreto no ELU igual a 0,85.f cd, e aplicando uma fora
normal de compresso com valor de clculo igual a NSd = 100 tf, obtm-se o seguinte
diagrama N, M, 1/r em torno da direo menos rgida da seo (direo x).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
25
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Comentrios:
A rigidez EIsec definida por uma reta secante para M = MRd igual a 1117,5 tf.m2.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
26
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Comentrios:
A rigidez EIsec definida por uma reta secante para M = MRd igual a 4235,2 tf.m2.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
27
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Comentrios:
O momento resistente ltimo de clculo (MRd) igual a 28,7 tf.m (para NSd = 100
tf, MRd = 30,4 tf.m).
tf.m2
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
28
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Comentrios:
_________________________________________
O momento resistente ltimo de clculo (MRd) igual a 22,6 tf.m (para NSd = 100
tf, MRd = 30,4 tf.m e para NSd = 200 tf, MRd = 28,7 tf.m).
_________________________________________
A rigidez EIsec definida pela reta secante igual a 1440,1 tf.m2 (para NSd = 100 tf,
EIsec = 1117,5 tf.m2 e para NSd = 200 tf, EIsec = 1435,6 tf.m2).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
29
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Comentrios:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A rigidez EIsec definida pela reta secante igual a 911,1 tf.m2 (para 16 20 mm,
EIsec = 1440,1 tf.m2).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
30
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
31
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Comentrios:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
32
4.1.2
No-linearidade geomtrica
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
33
4.1.3
Coeficiente f3
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
NBR 6118:2003
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
34
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Exemplo
A considerao do coeficiente f3 = 1,1 tem influncia direta na anlise de uma
estrutura com comportamento no-linear. Veja, a seguir, um exemplo bastante simples
que procura mostrar a influncia do coeficiente f3 em um clculo.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A resposta da estrutura (S) em funo da
ao (F) est representada pela curva em
azul.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
35
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Utilizando f = 1,4 de tal forma a considerar o
valor de clculo, teremos:
_________________________________________
Fd = 10 x 1,4 = 14 Sd = 85
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Fd = 10 x 1,4/1,1 = 12,7 Sd = 72
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Vale lembrar que a adoo de f3 = 1,1 opcional, podendo ser adotado tambm f3
= 1,0.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
36
_________________________________________
Nesse exerccio, vamos analisar uma estrutura muito simples considerando a nolinearidade geomtrica, ora com f3 = 1,0 e ora com f3 = 1,1.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
37
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
38
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
39
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
40
A deformabilidade dos elementos deve ser calculada com base nos diagramas tensodeformao dos materiais. A tenso de pico do concreto deve ser igual a 1,1.fcd, ...
A tenso de pico do concreto foi elevada em 30% em relao ao 0,85.f cd (0,85 * 1,3
1,1) de tal forma a uniformizar a condio das sees ao longo de todo lance de um
pilar no Estado Limite ltimo (ELU). Imaginar que, no momento da perda de
estabilidade, ser atingido o esgotamento da capacidade de todas as sees
simultaneamente seria um tanto exagerado.
Portanto, exclusivamente para avaliar a deformabilidade de um lance pilar, que ter
influncia direta no clculo dos efeitos de 2 ordem, deve-se utilizar 1,1.fcd.
OBS.: o coeficiente que multiplica o fcd (0,85 ou 1,1) conhecido como c.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Objetivo do diagrama
O diagrama N, M, 1/r proposto pela NBR 6118:2003 mostrado a seguir:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
41
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A curva com o tradicional
0,85.fcd somente serve para
definir o momento resistente
ltimo de clculo (MRd) no
Estado Limite ltimo (ELU), e
no para extrair a rigidez EI.
Essa curva deve ser montada
fixando-se um fora normal
atuante igual NSd.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Esta, sim, a curva na qual
deve ser extrada a rigidez EI
para considerao da
deformabilidade do pilar.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
42
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Porm, de ponto de vista prtico, tudo que est acima de M Rd no tem validade real,
pois est alm da resistncia admitida pela seo no ELU.
Dessa forma, principalmente com o intuito de otimizar o tempo de processamento, em
geral, os sistemas computacionais apenas utilizam a curva com 1,1.fcd at o ponto B
que define a rigidez que se deseja calcular.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Linearizao Reta AB
Na curva com 1,1.fcd, a rigidez EI varia de acordo com a magnitude do momento
fletor ( uma curva). Ou seja, num lance de pilar, onde h a variao dos esforos
entre o seu topo e a sua base, ficam ento definidos diferentes nveis de rigidezes.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
43
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Correto. Porm, no seria interessante ter uma maneira de obter uma rigidez nica
que pudesse se aplicada ao longo de todo lance, a favor da segurana obviamente?
Outra questo: na extrao da rigidez EI na curva no deveria ser levado em conta o
esforo concomitante na outra direo y?
A linearizao por meio da reta AB responde exatamente essas questes, pois ela
define uma rigidez constante EIsec que pode ser utilizada ao longo de todo lance,
tanto na anlise flexo composta normal como na oblqua (a rigidez pela curva no
pode ser utilizada na flexo composta oblqua).
Veja, a seguir, um grfico com vrias curvas N, M, 1/r montadas para diversos nveis de
solicitao na direo y. Note que a reta AB sempre fornece uma rigidez EIsec a favor
da segurana (menor), independente da magnitude do esforo na outra direo. Ou
seja, as direes so desacopladas.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
44
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Coeficiente f3
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
45
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Seo no-padro
A obteno da rigidez EIsec por meio da linearizao do diagrama N, M, 1/r j foi
amplamente testada e validada para seo retangular com armadura simtrica. Nos
demais casos, deve-se ter precauo.
Veja, a seguir, como fica o diagrama N, M, 1/r para uma seo com formato em L,
segundo seu eixo principal de menor inrcia. Note que h diferentes rigidezes secantes
EIsec para cada sentido da solicitao.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
46
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nesse caso, qual rigidez deve ser adotada na anlise da deformabilidade do pilar,
9042,7 tf.m2 ou 10052,2 tf.m2?
Pesquisas atuais esto sendo realizadas para solucionar essa questo. A princpio,
enquanto no se tem uma resposta definitiva, sugere-se tomar o valor a favor da
segurana (9042,7 tf.m2).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
47
6 Esforos em um pilar
Uma condio essencial para que os pilares sejam dimensionados de forma correta
a obteno de esforos precisos e realistas durante a anlise estrutural.
Basicamente, os esforos solicitantes mais importantes que atuam ao longo de cada
um dos lances de um pilar, decorrentes da aplicao das aes verticais e horizontais
num edifcio, so:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Devido atuao simultnea de uma fora normal (N) e dois momentos fletores (M x e
My), caracterizado ento uma flexo composta oblqua.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
48
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Em certos casos, porm, nos quais o momento fletor numa das direes desprezvel,
pode-se adotar uma flexo composta normal.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
49
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
bom lembrar que a considerao da flexo composta normal uma aproximao,
vlida apenas para simplificar o clculo manual em certos casos especficos. Na vida
real, os pilares quase sempre estaro submetidos a momentos fletores nas duas
direes.
Nos sistemas computacionais atuais, usualmente todos os pilares so dimensionados
sob atuao de uma flexo composta oblqua (N, M x e My). No h a simplificao
em flexo composta normal.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
50
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Cada par de esforos (Mx e My) fica representado por um nico ponto. Dessa forma, os
momentos solicitantes no topo e na base ficam representados por dois pontos (Topo e
Base), como apresentados na figura anterior.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
51
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
52
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
53
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Alm disso, tambm usual expressar estas parcelas em valores de excentricidades.
Nesse caso, basta dividir os respectivos momentos fletores pela fora normal:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
54
6.2.1
Esforos iniciais
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Modelo realista
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
55
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
6.2.2
Todo edifcio, quando executado num canteiro de obra, est sujeito ao aparecimento
de desvios geomtricos, isto , distores na forma e no posicionamento dos
elementos estruturais originados durante a sua implantao.
Estas falhas de construo, chamadas de imperfeies geomtricas,
praticamente inevitveis e aleatrias. Podem ser grandes ou pequenas.
Toda estrutura geometricamente imperfeita!
so
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
56
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
57
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
58
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No Brasil, aps a entrada em vigor da NBR 6118:2003 que possibilita o uso de ambas as
formulaes, mais comum o uso do M1d,mn, muito embora a aplicao do 1
tambm seja vlida.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
59
6.2.3
Esforos de 2 ordem
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
60
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
61
6.2.4
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Processos de clculo
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Anlise aproximada pelo coeficiente z, vlida para estruturas com mais de trs
andares com coeficiente z 1,3.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No-linearidade fsica
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
62
_________________________________________
Essa restrio foi definida na norma devido falta de estudos especficos para este
tipo de estrutura, onde, dependendo do nvel de solicitao, no Estado Limite ltimo
(ELU), as rigidezes nas vigas, e principalmente nos pilares, podem atingir valores bem
inferiores aos especificados de forma aproximada. Nesse caso, com a adoo das
redues de rigidez definidas anteriormente, os efeitos de 2 ordem seriam
subestimados. E, portanto, a anlise estaria contra a segurana.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Neste momento, a nica afirmao que se pode fazer que a no-linearidade fsica
em estruturas com menos de quatro andares deve obrigatoriamente ser sempre
considerada. E que, na impossibilidade de definio de valores de reduo de rigidez
mais precisos (obtidos por meio de diagramas momento-curvatura), os mesmos devem
ser estimados com precauo, priorizando sempre um clculo a favor da segurana.
Anlise no-linear geomtrica e coeficiente f3
Seja na anlise P- como no clculo por meio do coeficiente z, pode ser considerada
a formulao de segurana em que se calculam os efeitos de 2 ordem das cargas
majoradas de f/f3, que posteriormente so majorados de f3.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No captulo anterior Coeficiente f3, foi possvel constatar a afirmao acima por
meio de um exemplo no qual utilizamos a anlise P-. No caso do uso do coeficiente
z, sua formulao deve ser adaptada ento da seguinte forma:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
63
z
1
M tot, d
M 1,tot, d
f3
Note que, para f3 = 1,1 o valor do coeficiente z obtido menor do que quando
adotado f3 = 1,0.
Efeitos globais nos pilares
A anlise global em 2 ordem gera efeitos adicionais tanto nas vigas como nos pilares.
Na modelagem global usualmente adotada para o clculo de edifcios de concreto
armado, como por exemplo, o prtico espacial, a influncia dos efeitos globais de 2
ordem se concentra no topo e na base de cada lance de pilar, uma vez que cada
um desses trechos discretizado com apenas um nico elemento (barra).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
6.2.5
Os efeitos locais de 2 ordem esto relacionados a uma parte isolada da estrutura. Ex:
um lance de pilar sob a atuao de momentos fletores no seu topo e na sua base se
deforma. Com isso, geram-se efeitos adicionais devido presena simultnea da
carga normal de compresso, chamados de efeitos locais de 2 ordem.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
64
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Efeitos locais nos pilares
No item 15.7.4 da NBR 6118:2003, tem-se:
A anlise global de 2 ordem fornece apenas os esforos nas extremidades das barras,
devendo ser realizada uma anlise dos efeitos locais de 2 ordem ao longo dos eixos das barras
comprimidas, ...
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Os elementos isolados, para fins da verificao local, devem ser formados pelas barras
comprimidas retiradas da estrutura, com comprimento le, ..., porm aplicando-se s suas
extremidades os esforos obtidos atravs da anlise global de 2 ordem.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
65
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Comprimento le
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
66
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
fcil perceber que o topo do pilar no est
travado pela viga segundo a direo de
menor rigidez.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
67
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
35 1
25 12,5.
e1
_________________________________________
h 90
Essa uma das grandes melhorias da atual norma de concreto em relao anterior
NBR 6118:1980, que fixava um valor limite constante igual a 40.
Alm de depender da excentricidade relativa e1/h, o valor de 1 altamente
influenciado pelo coeficiente b, que procura levar em conta o tipo de vinculao nos
extremos do pilar, bem como a forma do diagrama de momentos fletores.
O coeficiente b calculado da seguinte forma:
a)
_________________________________________
MB
1,0 para pilares biapoiados sem cargas transversais,
MA
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
MC
1,0 para pilares engastados, sendo MA o momento no
MA
_________________________________________
b)
b 1,0
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
68
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A expresso definida em (a) equivale a dizer
M B 0,5.M A , ou seja, o momento com o
valor menor (MB) deve ser no mnimo maior
que metade do momento maior (M A) com
sinal invertido. Veja, ao lado, um exemplo:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
69
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Processos de clculo
Basicamente, os efeitos locais de 2 ordem podem ser calculados de duas maneiras:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
70
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
6.2.6
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
71
6.2.7
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
(Correo da 1 ordem)
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
72
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Como o prprio texto normativo deixa bem claro, trata-se de uma maneira
aproximada de considerar a fluncia. Dessa forma, no se pode exigir uma preciso
absoluta em relao ao comportamento real de um pilar de concreto armado.
_________________________________________
Outro processo
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
73
Seo 30 cm x 60 cm
Armadura composta de 16 20 mm
Ao CA50, s = 1,15
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Para uma fora normal de clculo igual a 200 tf e, inicialmente, sem admitir o efeito
da fluncia, temos:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
74
_________________________________________
Agora, considerando um coeficiente de fluncia igual a 1,5, veja como essa rigidez
alterada.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A rigidez secante obtida para a mesma seo se reduz para 1174,7 tf.m 2.
Esse processo no largamente utilizado na prtica, e precisa ser melhor testado.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
75
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Para cada uma dessas questes existem solues distintas, umas mais aproximadas e
outras que tratam o problema de forma mais refinada. Da que surgem os diferentes
mtodos presentes na NBR 6118:2003.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
76
_________________________________________
A NBR 6118:2003 permite o uso de 4 mtodos para anlise local de 2 ordem. So eles:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Vale lembrar que na extinta NBR 6118:1980 havia apenas um mtodo disponvel, o
pilar-padro com curvatura aproximada, cuja formulao era praticamente similar
atual.
_________________________________________
Cada um desses mtodos possui limitaes prprias, e por isso, podem ser aplicados
desde que a esbeltez do pilar esteja dentro de um certo patamar. Evidentemente, os
processos aproximados possuem uma limitao maior.
Estudaremos cada um desses mtodos detalhadamente mais adiante.
Esbeltez limite
Os mtodos do pilar-padro com 1/r aproximada e pilar-padro com aproximada
podem ser utilizados em pilares com esbeltez mxima igual a 90. O mtodo do pilarpadro acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r limitado para uma esbeltez mxima de 140.
O mtodo geral, por sua vez, pode ser usado at um limite de 200.
Acima desse valor, a norma no permite o uso de nenhum mtodo, a no ser em
casos de postes onde a fora normal de compresso baixa.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
77
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
78
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Adotando-se um mtodo geral para calcular o pilar, possvel ento perceber que os
efeitos locais de 2 ordem tendem a gerar esforos adicionais no sentido levar o
mesmo runa (ELU), conforme mostra a figura a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
79
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Os efeitos de 2 ordem tendem a levar os esforos totais ao longo do lance para fora
da curva resistente, na direo crtica onde o pilar mais esbelto.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
80
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O que pilar-padro?
Conforme j sabemos, o clculo da deformada do lance de um pilar medida que o
carregamento aplicado sobre o mesmo, um dos desafios presentes na anlise
local em 2 ordem. Como tratar a no-linearidade geomtrica num lance de pilar?
O mtodo do pilar-padro consiste numa aproximao que pressupe que a
deformada final do pilar ser representada por uma curva senoidal. Existem inmeros
estudos que comprovam a eficincia dessa simplificao, vlida at um determinado
limite de esbeltez.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
81
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O que diferencia um mtodo aproximado do outro justamente as diferentes
maneiras de considerar a outra no-linearidade, a fsica (NLF).
Pilar-padro melhorado
O mtodo do pilar-padro comum considera toda a deformao do pilar (1 ordem +
2 ordem) como sendo uma curva senoidal. Existe tambm o mtodo do pilar-padro
melhorado em que apenas a deformada de 2 ordem considerada senoidal. Esse
ltimo processo no ser objeto de estudo nesse curso.
7.1.1
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Aplicabilidade
_________________________________________
Esse mtodo pode ser empregado apenas para pilares com 90, seo constante e
armadura simtrica e constante ao longo de seu eixo.
_________________________________________
82
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No-linearidade fsica
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Formulao
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
M d ,tot b .M 1d , A N d .
2
e
l 1
1
0,005
0,005
. M 1d , A , sendo
10 r
r h.( 0,5)
h
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
onde:
_________________________________________
N Sd
e M 1d , A M 1d ,mn
Ac . f cd
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
7.1.2
Aplicabilidade
O mtodo do pilar-padro com rigidez aproximada pode ser adotado na anlise de
pilares retangulares com 90, com armadura simtrica e constante ao longo de
seu eixo.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
83
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No-linearidade fsica
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Formulao
_________________________________________
Assim como o mtodo do pilar-padro com 1/r aproximada, a formulao do pilarpadro com aproximada simples e possibilita o clculo manual.
_________________________________________
M Sd ,tot
b .M S1d , A
2
1
120. /
32.1 5.
M Sd ,tot
.
h.N Sd
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
84
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Veremos, mais adiante, que para valores equivalentes de 1/r e rigidez, o resultado final
(MSd,tot) o mesmo, comprovando que a aproximao pela curva senoidal (pilarpadro) similar em ambos os mtodos.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Substituindo a equao
e considerando
32.1 5.
M Sd ,tot
.M
. em M Sd ,tot b S12d , A
h.N Sd
1
120. /
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
2
A.M Sd
,tot B.M Sd ,tot
A 5.h
N .l 2
C 0 , onde: B h 2 .N Sd Sd e 5.h.M S1d
320
C N Sd .h 2 .M S1d
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
85
M Sd ,tot
B B 2 4. A.C
2. A
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
7.1.3
Aplicabilidade
Esse mtodo pode ser empregado apenas para pilares com 140.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No-linearidade geomtrica
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No-linearidade fsica
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que h uma relao entre a rigidez secante EI sec e a rigidez adimensional .
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
86
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Muito embora tenha o mesmo nome da rigidez adimensional calculada no mtodo do
pilar-padro com rigidez aproximada, essa rigidez obtida pelo diagrama (rigidez
acoplada ao diagrama N, M, 1/r) mais precisa. Poderamos dizer que se trata de
uma rigidez mais refinada e real.
Formulao
O momento total mximo MSd,tot calculado exatamente pela mesma frmula do
mtodo do pilar-padro com rigidez aproximada:
M Sd ,tot
b .M S1d , A
2
1
120. /
No entanto, deve-se ficar bem claro que o valor da rigidez a ser utilizado na frmula
o obtido pelo diagrama normal-momento-curvatura, e no a rigidez aproximada.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
87
M Sd ,tot
b .M S1d , A
2
1
120. f 3 . /
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
88
7.1.4
Resumo
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Pilar-padro com
1/r aproximada
15.8.3.3.2
Pilar-padro com
rigidez aproximada
15.8.3.3.3
Pilar-padro acoplado
a diagrama N, M, 1/r
15.8.3.3.4
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
NLG
Pilar-padro
Pilar-padro
Pilar-padro
NLF
1
0,005
0,005
r h.( 0,5)
h
EI sec
32.1 5. Sd ,tot .
Ac .h 2 . f cd
h.N Sd
Esbeltez limite
90
90
140
Clculo manual
Sim
Sim
No
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Necessita As
conhecido
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No
No
Sim
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
89
7.1.5
_________________________________________
Exemplo 1
Vamos resolver um exemplo que est presente nos comentrios da NB-1. Trata-se do
mesmo pilar em que estudamos a verificao do M 1d,mn anteriormente, cujos dados
so apresentados a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
b 20cm e h 60cm
x 12.
le
300
12.
17,3
h
60
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
y 12.
le
300
12.
52,0
b
20
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que, em torno da direo menos rgida (em torno do eixo y), o dimensionamento
deve conduzir um momento resistente MRd maior que 7,12 tf.m.
_________________________________________
90
Caso 1
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O pilar est submetido a momentos fletores que atuam no topo e na base em sentidos
opostos, com MS1d,A > M1d,mn.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A. Clculos iniciais
_________________________________________
M S1d , A 10,0tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1d , B 3,5tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1d , B
M S1d , A
0,6 0,4.
3,5
0,46
10
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
91
M S1d , A / N Sd
e
25 12,5. 1 25 12,5.
b
b
10 / 210
25 12,5.
0,2 60,8
0,46
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
92
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
7.1.5.2
Caso 2
O pilar est submetido a momentos fletores que atuam no topo e na base em mesmos
sentidos, com MS1d,A > M1d,mn.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A. Clculos iniciais
M S1d , A 10,0tf .m
M S1d , B 7,0tf .m
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
93
M S1d , B
M S1d , A
M S1d , A / N Sd
e
25 12,5. 1 25 12,5.
b
b
0,6 0,4.
7
0,88
10
10 / 210
25 12,5.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B b 2 .N Sd
N Sd .le2
210.32
5.b.M S1d 0,2 2.210
5.0,2.8,8 6,3
320
320
M Sd ,tot
12,31tf .m
2. A
2.1,0
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
94
32.1 5.
M Sd ,tot
12,31
. 32.1 5.
.0,817 64,5
b.N Sd
0,2.210
M S1d
M Sd ,tot
1
120. /
2
8,8
12,3 OK!
52,0 2
1
120.64,5 / 0,817
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
95
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
7.1.5.3
Caso 3
O pilar est submetido a momentos fletores que atuam no topo e na base em mesmos
sentidos, com b.MS1d,A < M1d,mn.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
96
_________________________________________
M S1d , A 4,5tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1d , B 4,0tf .m
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Como
e
25 12,5. 1
b
M S1d , B
M S1d , A
M S1d , A / N Sd
25 12,5.
b
0,6 0,4.
4
0,96
4,5
4,5 / 210
25 12,5.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B b 2 .N Sd
N Sd .le2
210.32
5.b.M S1d 0,2 2.210
5.0,2.4,3 1,8
320
320
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
97
M Sd ,tot
6,98tf .m
2. A
2.1,0
32.1 5.
M Sd ,tot
M Sd ,tot
6,98
. 32.1 5.
.0,817 47,9
b.N Sd
0,2.210
M S1d
1
120. /
2
4,3
7,0 OK!
52,0 2
1
120.47,9 / 0,817
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
98
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
D. Representao em planta
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que, nesse caso, o esforo final crtico, apesar de existir 2 ordem entre o topo e a
base (ponto M), continuou a ser o esforo mnimo decorrente do M1d,mn.
_________________________________________
7.1.6
_________________________________________
Exemplo 2
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
99
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A. Clculos iniciais
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
12.6,4
88,7
0,25
_________________________________________
M A 4,8 ; M B 2,4
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
b 0,6 0,4.
2,4
0,4
4,8
4,8 / 84
25 12,5.
0,25
1
69,6
0,4
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
100
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
84
0,25.0,65. 2000
1,4
0,36
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
1
0,005
0,005
1
0,023
0,02 0,02
r 0,25.0,36 0,5
0,25
r
M Sd ,tot 0,4.4,8 84.
_________________________________________
6,4 2
.0,02 8,8tf .m
10
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
101
_________________________________________
Note que:
l e2 1
A parcela referente 2 ordem corresponde a N d . . .
10 r
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A 5.0,25 1,25
_________________________________________
B 0,25 2.84
84.6,4 2
5.0,25.0,4.4,8 7,9
320
M Sd ,tot
7,41tf .m
2.1,25
32.1 5.
M Sd ,tot
7,41
.0,36 32
0,25.84
0,4.4,8
7,41 OK!
88,7 2
1
120.32 / 0,36
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
102
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
_________________________________________
M Sd ,tot b .M A .
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
103
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
M Sd ,tot
0,4.4,8
6,1tf .m
88,7 2
1
120.34,6 / 0,36
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
104
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
M Sd ,tot b .M A .
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
105
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note a existncia do momento total M Sd,tot = 7,41 tf.m, calculado pelo pilar-padro
com rigidez aproximada.
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
106
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Isso torna, obviamente, o processamento mais oneroso. Porm, com o enorme avano
no desenvolvimento de subrotinas matemticas poderosas e eficientes (atreladas a
inmeros mtodos numricos), tornou-se possvel utilizar o mtodo do pilar-padro
acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r na prtica, durante a elaborao de projetos
estruturais de edifcios de concreto armado.
Para finalizar, importante lembrar que para uma configurao de armadura de 6
12,5 mm, o momento resistente ltimo MRd foi de 8,4 tf.m.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
107
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nesse caso, se for adotado o mtodo do pilar-padro com 1/r aproximada, o pilar no
passa, e a armadura tem que ser aumentada.
Isso mostra uma tendncia de que os mtodos do pilar-padro com rigidez
aproximada e pilar-padro acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r gerem um
dimensionamento mais econmico perante a aplicao do mtodo do pilar-padro
com 1/r aproximada (que era ento o nico disponvel na NBR 6118:1980).
Faremos um comparativo mais detalhado entre os mtodos, inclusive o mtodo geral,
mais adiante.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
108
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A determinao dos esforos locais de 2 ordem em pilares com 140 pode ser feita pelo
mtodo do pilar-padro ou pilar-padro melhorado, utilizando-se para a curvatura da seo
crtica valores obtidos de diagramas N, M, 1/r especficos para o caso.
_________________________________________
Pois bem, ao aplicar esse mtodo no exemplo, inicialmente calculamos a rigidez pelo
diagrama normal-momento-curvatura mostrado a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
109
M Sd ,tot
b .M S1d , A
0,4.4,8
6,1tf .m
2
88,7 2
1
1
120.34,6 / 0,36
120. /
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
M Sd ,tot
6,4 2
0,4.4,8 84.
.(1,21.10 2 ) 6,1tf .m
10
Isso comprova que as duas frmulas para clculo do M Sd,tot, apesar de parecerem
bastante distintas, tem a mesma origem (pilar-padro). O que varia de mtodo para
mtodo a aproximao feita para no-linearidade fsica (1/r aproximada, k
aproximada, acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
110
_________________________________________
No item anterior, foram apresentados trs mtodos aproximados para anlise dos
efeitos locais de 2 ordem. Agora, vamos estudar um processo mais abrangente e
sofisticado, usualmente chamado de Mtodo Geral.
_________________________________________
NBR 6118:2003
_________________________________________
O mtodo geral definido na NBR 6118:2003, item 15.8.3.2, por apenas uma nica
frase:
_________________________________________
Consiste na anlise no-linear de 2a. ordem efetuada com discretizao adequada da barra,
considerao da relao momento-curvatura real em cada seo, e considerao da nolinearidade geomtrica de maneira no aproximada.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nesse item, no existe nenhuma formulao definida, e muito menos uma descrio
detalhada de como aplicar o mtodo. Somente existe a definio acima, e nada
mais.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
111
_________________________________________
O mtodo geral pode ser empregado apenas para pilares com 200 e obrigatrio
para pilares com > 140. Acima desse ltimo limite (140), no se pode aplicar nenhum
dos processos aproximados estudados anteriormente.
_________________________________________
No-linearidade geomtrica
As deformaes ao longo lance do pilar devem ser analisadas por processo refinado.
No se pode adotar a aproximao por uma curva senoidal (pilar-padro).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
112
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A busca dessa posio de equilbrio sempre iterativa. E, por isso, fundamental que
sejam consideradas tolerncias que controlem a convergncia dos processos de
forma eficiente e segura. Usualmente, esses valores so definidos em deltas mximos
de deslocamentos ou esforos.
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
113
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Instabilidade local
Ao empregar um processo aproximado (pilar-padro com 1/r aproximada, pilarpadro com aproximada, pilar-padro acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r), a nica
resposta final que temos se o lance de pilar passa ou no em relao resistncia
ltima da seo crtica (ruptura).
J, no mtodo geral, alm dessa informao (ruptura da seo crtica), pode-se
flagrar se o lance estvel ou instvel, pois a busca pela posio de equilbrio do
mesmo iterativa.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
114
_________________________________________
Ao adotar o mtodo geral no clculo de um pilar demasiadamente
esbelto, por exemplo, pode-se se chegar numa situao de
instabilidade quando o nmero mximo de iteraes definido na
anlise alcanado.
Nesse caso, o processo no converge pois os acrscimos de
deslocamentos a cada iterao so superiores tolerncia
adotada. Esse resultado independe do nvel de solicitao da
seo crtica em relao sua resistncia.
No-linearidade fsica
A no-linearidade fsica considerada por meio da obteno da rigidez no diagrama
N, M, 1/r. Essa rigidez pode ser definida das seguintes formas:
Pela rigidez secante EIsec obtida pela linearizao do diagrama (reta), e que
pode ser estendida para todas as sees do lance. a forma mais recomendvel de
se obter a rigidez, pois est a favor de segurana bem como facilita a anlise
(desacoplamento das duas direes).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
115
Pela rigidez secante EI obtida pela curva para cada seo do lance de
acordo com a sua solicitao atuante. Trata-se de um procedimento vlido somente
para casos de flexo composta normal.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
116
_________________________________________
Discretizao adequada
No mtodo geral, fundamental que o lance do pilar seja
adequadamente, de tal forma a obter as respostas em vrias sees.
discretizado
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
117
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
118
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Clculo manual
_________________________________________
Calcular manualmente um lance de pilar pelo mtodo geral invivel, visto que
necessrio considerar tanto a no-linearidade fsica como a geomtrica de forma
refinada. Na prtica, o emprego do mtodo geral somente realizado com o uso de
um computador.
_________________________________________
7.2.1
Exemplo 1
Vamos calcular o pilar analisado no ltimo exemplo pelos trs processos aproximados,
agora, empregando o Mtodo Geral.
Relembrando...
Os dados do pilar so relembrados a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
119
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Os resultados at ento obtidos pelos processos aproximados so apresentados na
figura abaixo.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
120
_________________________________________
Manteremos a mesma configurao de armadura prdefinida no exemplo anterior, 6 12,5 mm.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O diagrama N, M, 1/r para essa armadura, NSd = 84tf e f3 = 1,0 apresentado a seguir.
Veja que se trata da mesma rigidez adotada no mtodo do pilar-padro acoplado a
diagramas.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
121
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O momento total final MSd,tot (5,9 tf.m) foi ligeiramente menor que o obtido pelo
mtodo do pilar-padro acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r (6,1 tf.m).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No mtodo geral, alm dos esforos finais, tambm possvel obter os deslocamentos
de 2 ordem, mostrados a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
122
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Perceba que os deslocamentos so compatveis com os esforos de 2 ordem (trao
na face esquerda).
Mais uma observao importante: de acordo com as tolerncias definidas
(deslocamento relativo mximo = 0,1 mm e nmero mximo de iteraes = 20) foi
necessrio, nesse exemplo, 13 iteraes para o processo convergir, isto , o lance do
pilar entrar em equilbrio.
Para finalizar, vamos comparar os esforos finais obtidos por todos os quatro mtodos
utilizados.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
123
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Em relao ao processo mais preciso (mtodo geral), o mtodo do pilarpadro acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r teve um resultado bem prximo (+3%).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
124
_________________________________________
importante, no entanto, deixar bastante claro que esse exemplo no pode ser
extrapolado para todo e qualquer tipo de pilar. Ele nos serve apenas para mostrar
uma tendncia, mas nada que seja definitivo e invarivel. H casos em que o mtodo
geral, por exemplo, pode gerar um resultado mais a favor da segurana que os
demais processos.
_________________________________________
7.2.2
Exemplo 2
Nesse exemplo, vamos analisar um pilar engastado na base submetido a uma flexo
composta normal, que objeto de estudo durante o curso do PECE-USP.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Inicialmente, iremos adotar f3 = 1,0 e rigidez EIsec pela reta. Depois, analisaremos os
resultados com f3 = 1,1. Finalmente, veremos o clculo com a rigidez EI obtida pela
curva (vlida apenas para casos de flexo composta normal).
_________________________________________
A. Dados
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
125
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B. Clculos iniciais
12.(2.3,5)
93,3
0,26
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
M A 2,0 ; M C 1,3
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
126
b 0,8 0,2.
1,3
0,93
2,0
2,0 / 79,8
25 12,5.
0,26
1
28,2 1 35
0,93
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No verificaremos o M1d,mn com o intuito de focar apenas a anlise dos efeitos locais
de 2 ordem. Essa verificao obrigatria no caso de dimensionamento.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O momento resistente ltimo da seo (M Rd) 7,1 tf.m e a rigidez secante pela reta
igual a 532,5 tf.m2.
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
127
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
128
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O momento resistente ltimo da seo (M Rd) continua o mesmo 7,1 tf.m (como era
esperado) e a rigidez secante pela reta aumentou para 567,8 tf.m 2.
Como a anlise em 2 ordem feita com NSd / 1,1 (que posteriormente majorado por
1,1), bem como uma rigidez maior, os deslocamentos so menores.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
129
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
130
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
131
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
f3
Rigidez EI
MSd,tot (base)
_________________________________________
1,0
7,1 tf.m
_________________________________________
1,1
5,5 tf.m
_________________________________________
1,1
4,2 tf.m
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Perceba que os valores obtidos pela curva, nesse exemplo, so bem superiores aos da
reta.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
132
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Trata-se de uma forma bastante refinada de definir a rigidez ao longo de um pilar, pois
cada trecho possui um EI de acordo com a sua solicitao.
importante lembrar, no entanto, que essa metodologia somente vlida para casos
de flexo composta normal, visto que os esforos na outra direo so ignorados. Mais
adiante, veremos como obter a rigidez EI oblqua real.
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
133
7.2.3
Exemplo 3
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
134
_________________________________________
A. Clculos iniciais
_________________________________________
12.7,5
74,2
0,35
_________________________________________
M A 10,5 ; M B 2,0
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
b 0,6 0,4.
2,0
0,524
10,5
10,5 / 320
25 12,5.
0,35
1
50
0,524
Como > 1, necessrio calcular os efeitos locais de 2 ordem.
Como < 90, pode-se adotar qualquer um dos mtodos aproximados bem como o
mtodo geral.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No verificaremos o M1d,mn com o intuito de focar apenas a anlise dos efeitos locais
de 2 ordem. Essa verificao obrigatria no caso de dimensionamento.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
320
0,35.0,65. 2000
1,4
0,985
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
135
1
0,005
0,005
1
0,00962
0,014 0,00962
r 0,35.0,985 0,5
0,35
r
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
7,5
.0,0962 22,8tf .m
10
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B b 2 .N Sd
N .l 2
320.7,5 2
Sd e 5.b.M S1d 0,35 2.320
5.0,35.0,524.10,5 26,675
320
320
M Sd ,tot
21,1tf .m
2. A
2.1,75
2
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
136
32.1 5.
M Sd ,tot
21,1
.0,985 61,2
0,35.320
0,524.10,5
21,1 OK!
74,2 2
1
120.61,2 / 0,985
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
137
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
M Sd ,tot
0,524.10,5
12,9tf .m
74,2 2
1
120.78,6 / 0,985
Esse esforo bem menor que os valores obtidos anteriormente (22,8 tf para pilarpadro com 1/r aproximada e 21,1 para pilar-padro com rigidez aproximada).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
138
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
E. Mtodo geral
_________________________________________
O diagrama N, M, 1/r para o mesmo utilizado anteriormente no mtodo do pilarpadro acoplado a diagrama.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
139
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que o momento fletor total na seo crtica (13,3 tf) maior que o valor obtido
pelo mtodo do pilar-padro acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r (12,9 tf.m).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
140
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
Em relao ao processo mais preciso (mtodo geral), o mtodo do pilarpadro acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r teve um resultado bem prximo (-3%).
F. Mtodo geral com f3 = 1,1
O diagrama N, M, 1/r (calculado por computador) com NSd = 320 tf e 12 20 mm
apresentado a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
141
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O momento resistente ltimo da seo (M Rd) continua o mesmo 14,8 tf.m (como era
esperado) e a rigidez secante pela reta aumentou para 3359,0 tf.m 2.
Como a anlise em 2 ordem feita com NSd / 1,1 (que posteriormente majorado por
1,1), bem como uma rigidez maior, os deslocamentos so menores.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
142
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nesse caso, a rigidez adotada ao longo do lance do pilar varivel de acordo com a
solicitao em cada trecho. Note que as rigidezes obtidas pela curva so
praticamente as mesmas da reta, pois a curva quase coincide com a reta.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
143
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
144
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Mtodo
f3
Rigidez EI
MSd,tot
_________________________________________
1,0
22,8 tf.m
_________________________________________
1,0
21,1 tf.m
_________________________________________
1,0
12,9 tf.m
_________________________________________
Mtodo geral
1,0
13,3 tf.m
_________________________________________
Mtodo geral
1,1
12,1 tf.m
_________________________________________
Mtodo geral
1,1
11,9 tf.m
_________________________________________
Note que:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
145
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
146
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
147
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
148
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
NBR 6118:2003
No item 15.8.3.3.5 da NBR 6118:2003, tem-se:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Uma vez obtida a distribuio de momentos totais de 1 e 2 ordens, em cada direo, deve ser
verificada, para cada seo ao longo do eixo, se a composio desses momentos solicitantes
fica dentro da envoltria de momentos resistentes para a armadura escolhida. Essa verificao
pode ser realizada em apenas trs sees: nas extremidades A e B e num ponto intermedirio
onde se admite atuar concomitantemente os momentos Md,tot nas duas direes (x e y).
_________________________________________
possvel perceber que a atual norma de concreto permite, com restries, adotar a
flexo composta oblqua simplificada utilizando o mtodo do pilar-padro com
rigidez aproximada.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
149
8.1 Exemplo 1
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que, em torno da direo menos rgida (em torno do eixo y), o dimensionamento
deve conduzir um momento resistente M Rd maior que 7,12 tf.m. E, na direo mais
rgida a uma resistncia superior a 6,93 tf.m.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
150
_________________________________________
A.1 Clculo em x
_________________________________________
M S1dx, A 7,0tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1dx, B 4,0tf .m
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Como M S1dx, A
M S1dx, A
M S1dx, A / N Sd
e
25 12,5. 1x 25 12,5.
h
h
1x
bx
4
0,6 0,4.
0,37 0,4 bx 0,4
7
M S1dx, B
bx
7 / 210
25 12,5.
0,6 64,2
0,4
A.2 Clculo em y
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
M S1dy, A 6,0tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1dy, B 0,0tf .m
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Como
M S1dy, B
M S1dy, A
0
0,6 0,4. 0,6
6
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
151
e1 y
25 12,5.
b
1 y
by
/ N Sd
M
25 12,5. S1dy, A
b
by
25 12,5. 6 / 210
0,2 44,6
0,6
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B h .N Sd
2
N Sd .le2
210.32
2
M Sdx,tot
3,01tf .m
2. A
2.3,0
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
152
x 32.1 5.
M Sdx,tot
M Sdx,tot
3,01
. 32.1 5.
.0,817 29,3
h.N Sd
0,6.210
M S1dx
1
120. x /
2
x
2,8
3,0 OK!
17,3 2
1
120.29,3 / 0,817
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
b) Clculo em y
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B b 2 .N Sd
N .l 2
210.32
Sd e 5.b.M S1dy 0,2 2.210
5.0,2.3,6 1,1
320
320
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
M Sdy,tot
6,08tf .m
2. A
2.1,0
2
M Sdy,tot
6,08
. 32.1 5.
y 32.1 5.
.0,817 45,1
b.N Sd
0,2.210
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
153
M S1dy
M Sdy,tot
1
2y
120. y /
3,6
6,1 OK!
52,0 2
1
120.45,1 / 0,817
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
154
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
155
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
8.2 Exemplo 2
Trata-se do mesmo lance de pilar analisado anteriormente, porm com o diagrama de
momentos fletores em torno da direo menos rgida alterado.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
156
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A. Clculos iniciais
_________________________________________
A.1 Clculo em x
_________________________________________
M S1dx, A 7,0tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1dx, B 4,0tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1dx, B
M S1dx, A
M S1dx, A / N Sd
e
25 12,5. 1x 25 12,5.
h
h
1x
bx
bx
0,6 0,4.
4
0,37 0,4 bx 0,4
7
7 / 210
25 12,5.
0,6 64,2
0,4
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
157
_________________________________________
M S1dy, A 6,0tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1dy, B 5,0tf .m
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Como
e1 y
25 12,5.
b
1 y
by
M S1dy, B
M S1dy, A
/ N Sd
M
25 12,5. S1dy, A
by
5
0,6 0,4. 0,93
6
25 12,5. 6 / 210
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
158
_________________________________________
N Sd .le2
210.32
2
M Sdx,tot
3,01tf .m
2. A
2.3,0
x 32.1 5.
M Sdx,tot
M Sdx,tot
3,01
. 32.1 5.
.0,817 29,3
h.N Sd
0,6.210
M S1dx
1
120. x /
2
x
2,8
3,0 OK!
17,3 2
1
120.29,3 / 0,817
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
b)Clculo em y
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B b .N Sd
2
N Sd .le2
210.32
2
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
159
M Sdy,tot
8,59tf .m
2. A
2.1,0
y 32.1 5.
M Sdy,tot
M Sdy,tot
8,59
. 32.1 5.
.0,817 52,9
b.N Sd
0,2.210
M S1dy
1
120. y /
2
y
5,6
8,6 OK!
52,0 2
1
120.52,9 / 0,817
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
160
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
D. Dimensionamento de armadura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que o efeito de 2 ordem no meio do lance (ponto M) o esforo crtico para o
dimensionamento e tende a levar a seo para o ELU na direo menos rgida.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
161
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que o efeito da 2 ordem na direo menos rgida continua a ser preponderante
e tende a levar a seo para o ELU. Quando comparado com o esforo total
calculado pelo mtodo aproximado (8,59 tf.m), o valor obtido pelo Mtodo Geral
um pouco menor (8,0 tf.m).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nos exemplos anteriores, analisamos os pilares por meio de uma anlise flexo
composta oblqua simplificada, isto , calculamos os efeitos locais nas duas direes
de forma desacoplada, e depois fizemos a composio no final para o
dimensionamento da armadura.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
162
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nessa situao, deve-se utilizar sempre a rigidez definida pela reta (linearizao do
diagrama N, M, 1/r). Caso contrrio, isto , se a rigidez for calculada pela curva, os
resultados ficaro contra a segurana.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Seguindo esse princpio, vamos fazer uma rpida aplicao para compreender o que
foi colocado anteriormente.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
163
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
164
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Imagine, agora, que esta seo esteja solicitada por um momento M x = 15 tf.m e um
momento My = 37 tf.m.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
165
_________________________________________
Se fossem adotadas as retas, as rigidezes seriam EI sec,x = 1970,5 tf.m2 e EIsec,y = 8236,6
tf.m2, conforme mostram as figuras a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
166
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Perceba que a rigidez obtida pela curva (2769,3 tf.m2) bem superior ao valor obtido
pela reta (1970,5 tf.m2).
Por sua vez, utilizando o diagrama N, M, 1/r em torno de y (mais rgida), possvel
extrair a rigidez pela curva com My = 37 tf.m.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
167
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Observe que a rigidez obtida pela curva (10068,9 tf.m 2) bem superior ao valor obtido
pela reta (8236,6 tf.m2).
Essas rigidezes que acabaram de ser calculadas pelas curvas no podem ser
utilizadas, pois conduziriam a resultados contra a segurana!
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Quando extramos a rigidez EI sec,x = 2769,3 tf.m2 pelo diagrama N, Mx, (1/r)x,
simplesmente no levamos em conta o momento My = 37 tf.m. Enquanto que, quando
extramos a rigidez EIsec,y = 10068,9 tf.m2 pelo diagrama N, My, (1/r)y, no contabilizamos
o momento Mx = 15 tf.m.
_________________________________________
A rigidez pela curva EIsec,x = 2769,3 tf.m2 somente poderia ser utilizada se o momento My
fosse igual a zero (flexo composta normal em torno de x). J a rigidez pela curva
EIsec,y = 10068,9 tf.m2 somente poderia ser utilizada se o momento M x fosse igual a zero
(flexo composta normal em torno de y).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
168
_________________________________________
Vamos agora introduzir uma novidade ainda no muito bem divulgada no meio
tcnico profissional: a montagem de diagrama N, M, 1/r variando o momento fletor na
direo ortogonal direo analisada. Isso gerar uma srie de curvas (um para
cada valor de momento ortogonal at o esforo ltimo).
_________________________________________
Trata-se uma abordagem ainda aproximada da flexo composta oblqua real, mas
que j leva em conta a atuao dos dois momentos fletores na seo de forma
conjunta.
Veja, a seguir, uma srie de diagramas N, M, 1/r em torno da direo x da seo
analisada, variando o momento My de 0 at o momento resistente ltimo MRd,y = 60,3
tf.m.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
169
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Com esse tipo de abordagem, passa a ser possvel, por exemplo, extrair a rigidez (1/r)x
para um momento Mx = 15 tf.m com a atuao simultnea de um momento ortogonal
My = 37 tf.m.
_________________________________________
Veja, a seguir, como fica o clculo da rigidez EI sec,x para Mx = 15 tf.m utilizando o
diagrama N, Mx, (1/r)x com My = 37 tf.m. Esse diagrama apresentado na vista lateral e
espacial, respectivamente.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
170
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
171
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
172
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que a rigidez obtida na superfcie (8605,2 tf.m 2) um pouco maior que a extrada
pela reta (8236,6 tf.m2), porm bem menor do que o valor da curva (10068,9 tf.m2)
Reta a favor da segurana
Bem, o principal objetivo de conhecer esse tipo de abordagem em que os dois
esforos so considerados em conjunto compreender que a rigidez obtida pela
linearizao dos diagramas (retas), na grande maioria das vezes, est a favor da
segurana. E, por isso, a forma mais recomendada de se obter a rigidez para o
clculo dos efeitos locais num lance de pilar.
Voltemos a anlise em torno da direo x (menor rigidez). A rigidez secante pela reta
obtida com tenso de pico igual a 1,1.fcd, f3 = 1,1 e para um esforo igual a M Rd =
28,2 tf.m, conforme mostra a figura a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
173
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Agora, veja os diagramas N, Mx, (1/r)x, variando o momento ortogonal My de 0,0 at
MRdy = 60,3 tf.fm.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A reta est por baixo de quase todas as curvas, gerando quase sempre uma rigidez
menor (a favor da segurana), independente do valor de My.
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
174
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A reta est por baixo de quase todas as curvas, gerando quase sempre uma rigidez
menor (a favor da segurana), independente do valor de M x.
exatamente pelas colocaes anteriores que pode-se afirmar que ao adotar a
rigidez obtida pela reta estamos desacoplando as direes, pois a anlise em uma
delas passa a ficar independente do esforo ortogonal mesma.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
175
8.4 Exemplo 3
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
176
8.4.1
_________________________________________
Clculos iniciais
Clculo em y
y 12.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
le
650
12.
86,6
b
26
_________________________________________
M S1dy, A 4,0tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1dy, B 1,0tf .m
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Como
e1 y
25 12,5.
b
1 y
by
M S1dy, B
M S1dy, A
/ N Sd
M
25 12,5. S1dy, A
b
bx
0,6 0,4.
1,0
0,5
4,0
25 12,5. 4 / 86,9
0,26 54,4
0,5
Como y = 86,6 > 1y = 54,4, necessrio calcular os efeitos locais nessa direo.
Clculo em z
l
650
z 12. e 12.
57,7
h
39
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
M S1dz, A 8,0tf .m
_________________________________________
M S1dz, B 4,0tf .m
_________________________________________
177
M S1dz, B
M S1dz, A
M S1dz, A / N Sd
e
25 12,5. 1z 25 12,5.
h
h
1z
bz
bz
0,6 0,4.
4,0
0,4
8,0
8 / 86,9
25 12,5.
0,39 69,9
0,4
Como z = 57,7 < 1z = 69,9, no necessrio calcular os efeitos locais nessa direo.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Ficam ento definidos os momentos no topo (8,0 tf.m), na base (-4,0 tf.m) e no meio do
lance (b.MS1dz,A = 0,4 . 8,0 = 3,2 tf.m).
_________________________________________
8.4.2
_________________________________________
Vamos calcular os efeitos locais de 2 apenas na direo mais esbelta (direo y).
86,9
0,26.0,39. 2000
1,4
0,6
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
1
0,005
0,005
1
0,01748
0,0192 0,01748
r 0,26.0,6 0,5
0,26
r
_________________________________________
6,5 2
.0,01748 8,4tf .m
10
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
178
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Fazendo a composio dos esforos nas duas direes, tem-se:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Veja que o pilar rompe na seo calculada entre o topo e a base (ponto M).
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
179
8.4.3
B b 2 .N Sd
N Sd .le2
86,9.6,5 2
5.b.M S1d 0,26 2.86,9
5.0,26.0,5.4 8,2
320
320
M Sd ,tot
7,5tf .m
2. A
2.1,3
32.1 5.
M Sd ,tot
7,5
.0,6 51,1
0,26.86,9
0,5.4,0
7,5tf .m OK!
86,6 2
1
120.51,1 / 0,6
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
180
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Fazendo a composio dos esforos nas duas direes, tem-se:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
181
8.4.4
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Note que:
M Sd ,tot
0,5.4,0
5,2tf .m
86,6 2
1
120.61,2 / 0,6
Esse esforo bem menor que os valores obtidos anteriormente (8,4 tf para pilarpadro com 1/r aproximada e 7,5 para pilar-padro com rigidez aproximada).
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
182
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Fazendo a composio dos esforos nas duas direes, tem-se:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
183
8.4.5
Mtodo geral
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
184
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
185
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
186
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Os esforos finais praticamente foram iguais aos valores obtidos pelo pilar-padro
acoplado a diagramas.
8.4.6
Finalmente, vamos analisar o mesmo pilar por um processo em que as rigidezes das
sees ao longo do lance, em cada direo, so calculadas levando em conta
atuao simultnea dos dois momentos fletores (M y e Mz).
Veja, a seguir, algumas figuras que ilustram como as rigidezes foram obtidas nesse
processo.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
187
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
188
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
189
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
190
_________________________________________
possveis
falhas
geomtricas
que
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
191
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Mero engano. Veja, a seguir, uma situao bastante tpica que j nos traz alguns
questionamentos.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nesse caso,
b 0,6 0,4.
_________________________________________
MB
0,2 0,4 b 0,4
MA
_________________________________________
25 12,5.0,08
65 .
0,4
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
192
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nesse caso,
b 1,0 (MA
25 12,5.0,08
mesma, de tal forma que: 1
26 35 1 35 .
1,0
Como pilar = 50 > 1 = 35, ser necessrio calcular os efeitos locais de segunda ordem.
E, portanto, o momento crtico para o dimensionamento ser maior ao M1d,mn, pois
ter o acrscimo do efeito de 2 ordem (M2).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
193
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A proposta do prof. Graziano consiste em aplicar o momento mnimo de tal forma que
as situaes onde poderiam ocorrer descontinuidades (II, III e V) sejam alteradas de
maneira a minimizar a discrepncia de resultados.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
194
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A pergunta : ser necessrio verificar uma situao em que h a atuao dos dois
momentos mnimos, M1dx,mn e M1dy,mn, ao mesmo tempo?
primeira vista, e tambm recorrendo a alguns exemplos de pilares calculados
segundo o ACI na literatura, percebe-se que no se deve aplicar os momentos
mnimos totais nas duas direes simultaneamente.
Mas, como solucionar isso?
Comentrios NB-1, Ibracon
Diante das inmeras questes relativas aplicao de momento mnimo de primeira
ordem, a comisso CT-301, responsvel pela elaborao de comentrios da NBR
6118:2003, prope um novo tipo de abordagem para o problema em questo, que
provavelmente far parte da reviso NBR 6118:2008.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
195
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
196
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A considerao destas envoltrias mnimas pode ser realizada atravs de duas
anlises flexo composta normal, calculadas de forma independente dos momentos
fletores de 1 ordem atuantes nos extremos do pilar.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
197
9.2 Exemplos
_________________________________________
A seguir, vamos resolver alguns exemplos com o intuito de tornar o que foi exposto
sobre o M1d,mn mais claro.
_________________________________________
9.2.1
_________________________________________
Exemplo 1
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
b 30cm e h 30cm
x 12.
le
300
12.
34,6
h
30
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
l
300
y 12. e 12.
34,6
b
30
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
198
/N
e
M
5,04 / 210
25 12,5. 1x ,mn 25 12,5. 1dx,mn Sd 25 12,5.
h
h
0,3 26 35 35,0
1x
1x
bx
bx
1,0
_________________________________________
1 y 1x 35,0
_________________________________________
Como
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
( N Rd , M Rdx , M Rdy )
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
N Sd 210tf
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
M Sdy 0,0tf .m
_________________________________________
N Sd 210tf
M Sdx 0,0tf .m
M Sdy 5,04tf .m
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
199
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
9.2.2
Exemplo 2
Vamos resolver agora um exemplo que est presente nos comentrios da NB-1.
Seja um pilar de 20 cm x 60 cm, com comprimento equivalente de 3 m e fora normal
de clculo igual a 210 tf, conforme mostra a figura a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
200
_________________________________________
b 20cm e h 60cm
x 12.
y 12.
_________________________________________
le
300
12.
17,3
h
60
_________________________________________
le
300
12.
52,0
b
20
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Independente dos momentos fletores que o pilar estar submetido, para verificar a
envoltria mnima devem ser realizadas duas anlises flexo composta normal.
A. Flexo normal com atuao de M1dx,mn
1x
e1x , mn
25 12,5.
h
Como
bx
bx
6,93 / 210
25 12,5.
0,6
25,7 35 1x 35,0
1,0
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
M 1dx, mn / N Sd
25 12,5.
h
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
201
1 y
e1 y , mn
25 12,5.
b
Como
by
M 1dy, mn / N Sd
25 12,5.
b
by
4,41 / 210
25 12,5.
0,2
26,3 35 1 y 35,0
1,0
N Sd .le2
210.32
5.b.M S1d 0,2 2.210
5.0,2.4,41 1,9
320
320
M Sdy,tot
7,12tf .m
2. A
2.1,0
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
202
_________________________________________
D. Envoltrias mnimas
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Perceba que, com a representao grfica em planta, fica fcil compreender bem
como verificar o momento mnimo de 1 ordem.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
203
_________________________________________
A verificao do M1d,mn por meio das envoltrias mnimas independe dos momentos
fletores atuantes no pilar. Se por exemplo, para o pilar estudado anteriormente
existissem vrias hipteses de diagramas de momentos fletores, conforme mostra a
figura a seguir, a verificao do momento mnimo de primeira ordem seria realizada
apenas uma nica vez.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
204
_________________________________________
10 Pilar-parede
Esse , com certeza, um dos temas que
tcnico profissional aps a aprovao da
isso, pois, como veremos mais adiante, se
longa e difcil trajetria de pesquisas na
abrangncia adequada e significativa.
Dessa forma, o que ser exposto a seguir no pode, em hiptese alguma, ser
considerado como uma verdade absoluta. O que se pretende aqui fornecer uma
viso ampla de um problema que ainda necessita ser resolvido e melhor estudado.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Definio
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
205
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
206
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
207
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
208
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
209
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
210
_________________________________________
Segurana
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Agora, imagine que ao efetuar o clculo desse mesmo pilar-parede, voc tem como
resultado uma taxa de armadura praticamente igual a mnima (0,6%.Ac = 15,2 cm2
20 10 mm).
_________________________________________
Mesmo que intuitivamente, sem fazer clculos, no fica evidenciada uma certa
necessidade de aumentar a segurana desse elemento devido sua
responsabilidade no comportamento da estrutura?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
211
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nos pilares-parede simples (uma lmina) ou compostos (mais de uma lmina), alm
dos efeitos locais no lance como um todo, podem surgir efeitos concentrados em suas
extremidades devido ao aumento do esforo normal provocado pela atuao do
momento fletor segundo sua direo mais rgida. Esses so os chamados efeitos
localizados de 2 ordem.
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
212
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Dispensa da anlise dos efeitos localizados
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Os efeitos localizados de 2 ordem de pilares-parede podem ser desprezados se, para cada uma
das lminas componentes do pilar-parede, forem obedecidas as seguintes condies:
_________________________________________
i 3,46.
l ei
hi
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
213
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Ou seja, num pilar retangular e num com formato U, tem-se:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
214
_________________________________________
Existem inmeras formas de calcular os efeitos localizados de 2 ordem em um pilarparede. Seja uma metodologia simples ou mais sofisticada, fundamental que as nolinearidades presentes (fsica e geomtrica) sejam retratadas de maneira coerente.
_________________________________________
A seguir, sero estudados dois processos de clculo com detalhes. O primeiro, mais
simples, baseado no mtodo aproximado recomendado na NBR 6118:2003. J, o
segundo se baseia numa modelagem um pouco mais refinada (modelo com malha).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Esse mtodo somente pode ser adotado quando a esbeltez de cada lmina for
inferior a 90.
_________________________________________
Descrio
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
215
_________________________________________
O esforo total atuante no pilar decomposto para cada uma das faixas
considerando uma distribuio de tenses linear ao longo da seo, conforme ilustra
a figura a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Para anlise dos efeitos de 2 ordem, pode ser utilizado qualquer mtodo aproximado
(pilar-padro com 1/r aproximada, pilar-padro com rigidez aproximada ou pilarpadro acoplado a diagrama N, M, 1/r) ou o Mtodo Geral.
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
216
10.2.1 Exemplo 1
Trata-se de um pilar-parede retangular cujos dados so apresentados na figura a
seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
217
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
12.3,0
x
52
0,2
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
M Ax M Bx 8,4tf .m
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
bx
8,4
0,6 0,4.
1,0
8,4
8,4 / 868
25 12,5.
0,2
1x
25,6 35 1x 35
1,0
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
12.3,0
3,5 ; 1 y 35
3,0
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
218
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B b 2 .N Sd
N Sd .le2
868.3,0 2
5.b.M S1d 0,2 2.868
5.0,2.18,2 7,92
320
320
M Sd ,tot
29,4tf .m
2. A
2.1,0
868
0,675
0,2.3. 3000
1,4
32.1 5.
M Sd ,tot
29,4
.0,675 39,9
0,2.868
18,2
29,4tf .m OK!
52 2
1
120.39,9 / 0,675
A.3 Dimensionamento
Os esforos que deverso ser cobertos pelo dimensionamento so:
NSd = 868 tf; MSdx = 8,4 tf.m; MSdy = 210 tf.m (topo e base)
NSd = 868 tf; MSdx = 29,4 tf.m; MSdy = 210 tf.m (meio)
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
219
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B.1 Armadura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Essa armadura equivale a uma taxa geomtrica de 2,3%.Ac (138,2 cm2) e representa
um acrscimo de 38% em relao ao clculo sem a considerao dos efeitos
localizados.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
220
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
221
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B.3 Clculo dos efeitos localizados
_________________________________________
Com a rigidez definida em cada faixa, pode-se ento fazer uma anlise no-linear
geomtrica discretizando cada faixa em vrios segmentos (barras), com intuito de
obter os efeitos localizados de 2 ordem.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
222
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
223
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Percebe-se o surgimento de efeitos localizados de 2 ordem na extremidade do pilarparede comprimida pelo momento fletor que atua na direo mais rgida.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
224
10.2.2 Exemplo 2
_________________________________________
Nesse exemplo, vamos estudar um pilar composto por 3 lminas com um formato de
um U, cujos dados so mostrados a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Ele representa uma situao tpica de uma caixa de elevador comum nos edifcios de
concreto armado.
Analisando a esbeltez de cada lmina de acordo com o comprimento l e corrigido em
funo de suas vinculaes, percebe-se que necessrio calcular os efeitos
localizados de 2 ordem, conforme mostra a figura a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
225
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A. Clculo sem efeitos localizados
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
226
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O dimensionamento com a considerao
dos efeitos localizados de 2 ordem
calculados pelo processo aproximado da
NBR 6118:2003 conduziria a um
dimensionamento com 90 16 mm (181
cm2). Isso representa um aumento de 105%
em relao anlise sem os efeitos
localizados.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
227
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
228
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Percebe-se o surgimento de efeitos localizados de 2 ordem na extremidade livre do
pilar-parede comprimida pelo momento fletor.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
229
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
230
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
231
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Dessa forma, o dimensionamento conduziria a um
dimensionamento com 116 10 mm (91 cm2).
A criao dos dentes de concreto evitaria a
necessidade de acrscimo de armaduras nas
pontas.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
232
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
233
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Embora a extremidade com o dente de concreto seja solicitada por uma fora
normal de compresso maior (a rea da faixa aumenta), note que os efeitos
localizados de 2 ordem nas extremidades so pequenos. Os esforos de 2 ordem
passam a ser maiores nas faixas que esto no meio das lminas.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
234
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
235
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
236
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Dada a fora normal (NSd) aps a decomposio dos esforos totais no pilar-parede,
bem como a configurao de armaduras existente, so montados vrios diagramas N,
M, 1/r que definem uma rigidez EIsec (a partir da linearizao) para cada faixa.
Os efeitos de 2 ordem so calculados por um processo iterativo que busca a posio
final de equilbrio de todo conjunto.
As imperfeies geomtricas so consideradas por meio da aplicao do momento
mnimo de 1 ordem (M1d,mn) em cada faixa.
Enfim, trata-se de uma modelagem em que as no-linearidades fsica e geomtrica
so consideradas de forma bastante refinada. Nada mais do que o Mtodo Geral
aplicado a um conjunto de barras.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
237
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Esforos transversais
Devido presena das barras transversais no modelo, alm dos esforos ao longo de
cada faixa, obtm-se tambm os esforos solicitantes (N, M e V) na direo transversal
do pilar-parede.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
238
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
239
10.3.1 Exemplo 1
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A lmina subdivida em 5 faixas com largura de 60 cm, cada qual com uma
configurao de armadura pr-definida.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
240
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
adotada a rigidez flexo integral nas barras transversais (EIc), enquanto que a
rigidez toro das mesmas desprezada.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Com as rigidezes de todos os elementos definidos, pode-se ento fazer uma anlise
no-linear geomtrica com intuito de obter os efeitos localizados de 2 ordem.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
241
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
242
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
243
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Concluses
Para se ter uma resposta mais conclusiva com relao aos efeitos localizados
de 2 ordem, bem como da definio da armadura transversal necessria, deve-se
estudar inmeros outros casos que podem estar presentes em estruturas de edifcios de
concreto armado. Veja apenas um deles a seguir.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
244
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
10.3.2 Exemplo 2
Trata-se de um pilar em U (j estudado anteriormente), conforme mostra abaixo.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
245
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
246
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
247
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Concluses
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
10.3.3 Exemplo 3
Finalmente, vamos fazer a anlise do pilar em U com dentes de concreto em suas
extremidades livres por meio da modelagem com a malha.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
248
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
249
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
250
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Concluses
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
251
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
252
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
No encare o que vai ser apresentado a seguir como regras fechadas, imutveis e
infalveis. So apenas colocaes que devem ser encaradas sempre de forma muito
crtica, pois na Engenharia de Estruturas cada caso um caso.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
253
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Para que isso seja evitado, mais do que saber executar os clculos nos mnimos
detalhes, necessrio saber gerenciar o projeto.
No caso de pilares, antes mesmo de entrar a fundo no seu dimensionamento,
fundamental detectar quais so os pontos crticos da estrutura. Qual lance de pilar eu
no posso errar? Qual aquele que devo introduzir mais segurana? Quais so aqueles
que eu no preciso me preocupar?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
254
_________________________________________
Foque a anlise estrutural em primeiro lugar. Se essa etapa for bem resolvida, meio
caminho estar andado para que o projeto seja um sucesso. Muitas vezes, quando
surgem problemas no dimensionamento, os porqus dessas ocorrncias so
encontrados na modelagem adotada. O dimensionamento das armaduras reflexo
direto da anlise estrutural.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
255
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nas estruturas usuais de concreto armado, a grande maioria dos pilares tem um ndice
de esbeltez inferior a 90. Em certos casos particulares na qual a arquitetura do edifcio
impe uma geometria mais ousada, adotam-se pilares mais esbeltos (90 < 140).
Casos de pilares com ndice de esbeltez superior a 140 so raros e devem ser evitados.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
256
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
257
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
258
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Sd ( f .N Sk ) / Ac N Sd / Ac
N Sd
Rd
f ck / c
f cd
Ac . f cd
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
259
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
difcil estabelecer um limite mximo para a tenso de compresso ou para a fora
normal adimensional, visto que o dimensionamento final da seo do pilar
dependente de diversos outros fatores. Mas, de uma forma geral, 1,0 j representa
uma taxa de compresso considervel.
Aps o processamento do edifcio, procure dar ateno a trechos de pilares com
1,2, e verifique a possibilidade diminuir a taxa de compresso aumentando a seo de
concreto ou alterando a estrutura.
Alm disso, recomendvel que os pilares tenham taxas de compresso similares na
base do edifcio, de tal forma a evitar uma situao em que alguns deles estejam
folgados e os outros muito carregados.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Taxa de armadura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
260
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Na vida real
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Cada Engenheiro, com a sua experincia, deve ir memorizando em sua mente valores
ou ndices globais que o auxiliem a gerenciar o clculo de pilares. Na prtica, muitas
vezes, isso acaba at sendo mais importante do que saber calcular um pilar na mo.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
261
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Apenas para relembrar, essa envoltria verificada sem grandes dificuldades por
meio de duas flexes compostas normais.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
262
_________________________________________
Conforme j foi apresentado, cada um dos mtodos tem suas prprias limitaes
muito bem prescritas na NBR 6118:2003. No entanto, sob o ponto de vista gerencial de
projeto, pode-se definir a abrangncia de cada um dos processos de uma forma um
pouco mais especfica. Isso ser discutido nos itens seguintes.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
263
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
264
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Em casos de pilares no-retangulares ou com armadura assimtrica, seu uso deve ser
feito com certas restries.
Embora possa ser aplicado no dimensionamento de pilares com < 90, de forma
generalizada, recomenda-se o uso do pilar-padro acoplado a diagramas somente
em casos especficos. Por exemplo: quando o Engenheiro da obra solicita a
verificao de um lance de pilar em que o seu concreto no atingiu a resistncia
esperada, e necessrio analisar com mais preciso se o mesmo pode ser mantido ou
precisa ser refeito.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Num processamento que leve em conta todos os pilares de um edifcio via mtodo
geral pode-se tornar muito mais oneroso que o clculo com um dos mtodos
aproximados. Isso pode prejudicar significativamente a produtividade durante a
elaborao do projeto.
Assim como o pilar-padro acoplado a diagramas N, M, 1/r, o mtodo geral mais
indicado para verificao de situaes especficas, como foi exemplificado no item
anterior. Nesses casos, sua grande vantagem que ele nos consegue retratar a real
situao do pilar perante o ELU.
O uso do mtodo geral obrigatrio para pilares com > 140. Recomenda-se adotar
um coeficiente ponderador adicional (n = 1,4) nesses casos.
Eng. Alio Ernesto Kimura
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
265
11.5 Pilar-parede
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Enquanto aguardamos uma soluo definitiva para esse problema, necessrio bomsenso na tomada de decises.
Na medida do possvel, evite a adoo de pilares-paredes com grandes esbeltez, pois
isso resultar num elevado consumo de armaduras em suas extremidades livres. Muitas
vezes, ao aumentar um pouco a espessura da lmina, os efeitos localizados de 2
ordem podem se tornar insignificantes.
Uma outra boa alternativa j abordada anteriormente o enrijecimento das
extremidades do pilar-parede com dentes de concreto.
Os efeitos localizados de 2 ordem somente so preponderantes em paredes de
concreto com elevada esbeltez.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
266
12 Tendncias
Prever o futuro uma tarefa bastante complicada, mas possvel fazer algumas
indicaes com relao ao clculo de pilares de concreto armado.
Complexidade inevitvel
Embora todo tipo de aproximao de um problema de Engenharia seja algo
extremamente salutar (na essncia, fazer Engenharia, muitas vezes, simplificar o que
existe na vida real), o clculo de pilares tender a ser cada vez mais refinado e
sofisticado, tornando-se, inevitavelmente, mais complexo.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Se existisse uma frmula simples que possibilitasse o clculo de todo e qualquer tipo de
pilar de forma precisa, segura e infalvel, seria timo! Talvez isso venha a ocorrer no
futuro, mas pouco provvel por enquanto.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
O uso de computadores estar cada vez mais presente na anlise de pilares. No diaa-dia de elaborao de projetos estruturais, onde cada vez mais a produtividade se
torna um requisito indispensvel, fica difcil imaginar o trabalho de um Engenheiro de
Estruturas sem o auxlio de sistemas computacionais.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
A evoluo da nossa norma de concreto, a NBR 6118, seja talvez uma das
necessidades mais importantes de toda Engenharia de Estruturas, uma vez que a
mesma o mecanismo mais eficiente para se fazer o elo entre a teoria e a prtica.
No que se refere ao clculo de pilares, as novidades que podem fazer parte da
prxima reviso da NBR 6118 prevista para 2008, so:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
267
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
2
A.M Sd
,tot B.M Sd ,tot
M Sd ,tot
A 5.h
N .l 2
C 0 , onde: B h 2 .N Sd Sd e 5.h.M S1d
320
C N Sd .h 2 .M S1d
B B 2 4. A.C
2. A
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Conforme j foi apresentado logo no incio desse curso, o clculo de pilares que
efetuamos hoje em dia possui vrias aproximaes.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
268
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Uma vez efetuado o clculo global, cada lance de pilar extrado desse modelo e
passa a ser analisado de forma isolada (modelo local).
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
269
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
- Por que considerar a NLF de forma distinta nos modelos globais e locais?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
de se esperar, no entanto, que esse tipo de abordagem evolua. quase que certo
que o clculo de pilares vai ser aperfeioado de tal forma que essas simplificaes,
aos poucos, sejam deixadas de lado.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
270
12.2.1 Exemplo
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Processo de verificao
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
271
_________________________________________
Toda a estrutura ento modelada por meio de um prtico espacial, sendo que cada
vo de viga e lance de pilar discretizado por vrias barras.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Essa discretizao mais refinada permitir uma melhor anlise dos efeitos das nolinearidades fsica e geomtrica.
_________________________________________
No-linearidade fsica
_________________________________________
A no-linearidade fsica nas vigas e pilares do Prtico NLFG considerada por meio da
obteno de rigidezes flexo EI a partir das relaes momento-curvatura (M x 1/r ou
N, M, 1/r) em cada seo do prtico espacial.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
272
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Nos pilares, so calculadas as rigidezes flexo nas duas direes (EI y e EIz). Nas vigas,
calculada apenas a rigidez flexo EIy. A rigidez lateral EIz, comumente modificada
para simular o efeito de diafragma rgido das lajes, no corrigida.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
273
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
J, nas vigas, as rigidezes so obtidas
com o diagrama calculado com
0,85.fcd e f3 = 1,0.
As foras normais nas vigas tambm
so consideradas.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Tanto nas vigas e pilares, as rigidezes podem ser obtidas por meio da linearizao dos
diagramas momento-curvatura nas quais as duas direes so desacopladas (reta),
ou por meio da curva oblqua (superfcie) obtida com os esforos solicitantes
concomitantes nas duas direes.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
274
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
275
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Uma grande vantagem desse tipo de abordagem que os efeitos gerados pelas
imperfeies locais passam a ser absorvidas por todo conjunto de vigas e pilares, e
no mais apenas por um lance de forma isolada.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Fluncia
O efeito da fluncia ou deformao lenta do concreto considerado por meio de
uma correo direta nas deformaes em cada seo, que por sua vez influencia
diretamente na curvatura da mesma.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
276
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
277
13 Referncias bibliogrficas
O que se apresenta a seguir uma modestssima lista de referncias bibliogrficas
utilizadas para a elaborao dessa apostila. O clculo de pilares de concreto armado
vem sido estudado de longa data, de tal forma que existem inmeros trabalhos sobre
esse assunto.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
COVAS, N. C & KIMURA, A. E., Efeitos locais de 2 ordem em pilares, So Paulo, 2003.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
278
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
279