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COMPUTER BASED SINGLE

PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR


START STOP CONTROL

Prepared By:Guided By:-

Project Report on
COMPUTER BASED SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR START STOP CONTROL

PREPARED BY
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

GUIDED BY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr.of DEE class has satisfactorily completed his term work in
PROJECT-1 for the term ending in OCT-NOV. 2015.
DATE:Staff-in-charge

Head of department

Under DEFINED PROBLEM/PROJECT (UDP) STATEMENT FORM


STUDENT PARTICULARS
FIRST
NAME
LAST
NAME
MOBILE
NO.

1.

2.

EMAIL
COLLEGE
NAME

A.V PAREKH TECHNICAL INSTITUTE

A.V PAREKH TECHNICAL INSTITUTE


TAGOR ROAD
ADDRESS
OPP.HEMU GADHVI HALL
RAJKOT
BRANCH
D.E.E.
SEMESTER 5th
YEAR 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude towards A.V. PAREKH


INSTITUTE that has given me an opportunity to develop this PROJECT.
In particular, I thank the Institute for comments on various aspects of this draft and its
thoughtful contributions to my effort.
Without its support and co-operation I would not have complete my PROJECT work.
Also thanking my colleagues, for their help in putting this document together.
I would like to thank my Brother & all my TEACHERS who have played important role
in making this project.
Under these responsible & talented personalities I am able to complete my PROJECT
report COMPUTER BASED SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

START STOP CONTROL


in time with success.

PREFACE
We are glad to prepare a Project on COMPUTER BASED SINGLE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR START STOP CONTROL
This report is enriched with sufficien explanation of each point. I am sure that the
material given here will undoubtedly be to much use to the students to attain through
concrete knowledge of the subject under reference.
Enough care has been taken to; make this report flawless. However, Constructive
criticism and suggestions from the readers of the report will be greatly accepted.

ABSTRACT

Speed of a DC motor varies proportional to the input voltage. With a fixed


supply voltage the speed of the motor can be changed by switching
the supply on and off so frequently that the motor notices only the
average voltage effect and not the switching operation. This thesis
focuses on controlling the speed of a DC motor using PWM
technique (varying duty cycle of a square wave) and Data
Acquisition Systems.

Sr.
No.

Contents

Page no.

1.

Introduction

08

2.

Block Diagram

12

3.

Circuit diagram

13

4.

PCB Layout

14

5.

Components list

16

6.

List of material

17

7.

Working of components

18

8.

Explanation
diagram
Project Model

32

9.
10.
11.

Advantages
Applications
Bibliography

of

circuit 29

and 33
34

Introduction
This project can be used for the controlling of various appliances using PC. It consist a
circuit for using the printer port of a PC, for control application using software and some
interface hardware. The interface circuit along with the given software can be used with
the printer port of any PC for controlling up to eight equipment. Parallel port is a simple
and inexpensive tool for building computer controlled devices and projects. The
simplicity and ease of programming makes parallel port popular.
Our project PC Based Switching is divided in two parts first is hardware & other is
software. Hardware part is further divided into three parts, first is power supply, and
second is Relay Control circuit and the third is Relay Switch board.

Scope of Project
This project can be used in industries as well as in houses to control the various
appliances through PC. Devices can be controlled from the desktop while working on it.

Power Supply
REGULATOR IC (78XX)
It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated DC current into
regulated DC current.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as
shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

Block Diagram

Power
Supply

Computer
(Parallel Port)

Relay Control
Circuit

Relay Switch
Board

Single Phase
Motor

As described in introduction, Hardware is divided in three parts.

1. Power Supply
A 12 volt power supply is used to provide supply to the relay
control circuit as well as 12 volt relays.
2. Relay Control Circuit
Relay control circuit mainly includes resistors, Optocouplers and
ULN2803 which is already describes previously.
3. Realy Switch Board
Relay Switch Board includes 8 realys which is capable of
switching 8 devices according to the signal from parallel port
generated through PC

Power Supply

Circuit Diagram

PCB LAYOUT
BOTTOM VIEW

TOP VIEW

Components Description
Resistors
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's
law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and
films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as
nickel/chrome).
The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum
working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature
coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below
which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which
the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials constituting the
resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by design.
Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits.
Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors
must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.

Capacitors
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between
the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and
produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat,
parallel, narrowly separated conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the
potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a
small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series
resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown
voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of
power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio
frequency equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many
frequencies.

3.4.3 Diode:Diodes are two terminal components used to block current in one direction while passing
current in the opposite direction. This effect, which converts AC (alternating current) to
DC (direct current) is also called "rectifying" current, hence diodes are also called
"rectifiers".
The symbol for diode is an arrow and line, indicating passing electricity in only one
direction.

A stripe on the component indicates the "perpendicular line on the schematic.

Diode ratings
Diodes have two important ratings and several more subtle ratings. The most important
ratings are:

PIV - peak inverse voltage


This is the voltage above which the diode is likely to be damaged, because it stops
blocking the flow of electricity in one direction.
Current rating in amps or milliAmps. This is the amount of current the diode can
safely dissipate. It is based upon the physical size of the diode and the amount of
heat that the the component can dissipate.

Uses for diodes

Conversion of AC into DC (rectification)


Blocking inverse polarity pulses from inductive loads (solenoids, motors etc)
Reverse polarity protection with batteries
Voltage doublers (with AC current)
DC to DC conversion
logic and switching matrices

3.4.4 7805 VOLTAGE RECULATOR :7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series
of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have
fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage
regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in
78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805
provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be
connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage
levels.

Pin Description:

Pin
No
1
2
3

Function

Name

Input voltage (5V-18V)


Ground (0V)
Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)

Input
Ground
Output

3.4.5 7812 VOLTAGE RECULATOR :7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series
of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have
fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage
regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in
78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805
provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be
connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage
levels.

Pin Description:

Pin
No
1
2
3

Function

Name

Input voltage (5V-25V)


Ground (0V)
Regulated output; 5V (11.8V-12.2V)

Input
Ground
Output

TRANSFORMER :-

Ideal transformer circuit diagram


Consider the ideal, lossless, perfectly-coupled transformer shown in the circuit diagram at
right having primary and secondary windings with NP and NS turns, respectively.
The ideal transformer induces secondary voltage ES =VS as a proportion of the primary
voltage VP = EP and respective winding turns as given by the equation

,
where,
- VP/VS = EP/ES = a is the voltage ratio and NP/NS = a is the winding turns ratio,
the value of these ratios being respectively higher and lower than unity for stepdown and step-up transformers,[3][4][a][b].
- VP designates source impressed voltage,
- VS designates output voltage, and,
- EP & ES designate respective emf induced voltages.[c]
Any load impedance
connected to the ideal transformer's secondary winding causes
current to flow without losses from primary to secondary circuits, the resulting input and
output apparent power therefore being equal as given by the equation
.
Combining the two equations yields the following ideal transformer identity

This formula is a reasonable approximation for the typical commercial transformer, with
voltage ratio and winding turns ratio both being inversely proportional to the
corresponding current ratio.
The load impedance
follows

is defined in terms of secondary circuit voltage and current as

.
The apparent impedance
of this secondary circuit load referred to the primary winding
circuit is governed by a squared turns ratio multiplication factor relationship derived as
follows[6][7]

Induction law
The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can produce a
magnetic field and second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a
voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in
the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux
induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
Referring to the two figures here, current passing through the primary coil creates a
magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high
magnetic permeability, usually iron,[d] so that most of the magnetic flux passes through
both the primary and secondary coils. Any secondary winding connected load causes
current and voltage induction from primary to secondary circuits in indicated directions.

Ideal transformer and induction law


The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of
induction, which states that:

where Vs = Es is the instantaneous voltage, Ns is the number of turns in the secondary coil,
and d/dt is the derivative[e] of the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the
turns of the coil are oriented perpendicularly to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the
product of the magnetic flux density B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is
constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the
magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. Since the same
magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal
transformer,[6] the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals

Taking the ratio of the above two equations gives the same voltage ratio and turns ratio
relationship shown above, that is,

.
The changing magnetic field induces an emf across each winding.[8] The primary emf,
acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the counter

emf.[9] This is in accordance with Lenz's law, which states that induction of emf always
opposes development of any such change in magnetic field.
As still lossless and perfectly-coupled, the transformer still behaves as described above in
the ideal transformer.

Polarity

Instrument transformer, with polarity dot and X1 markings on LV side terminal


A dot convention is often used in transformer circuit diagrams, nameplates or terminal
markings to define the relative polarity of transformer windings. Positively-increasing
instantaneous current entering the primary winding's dot end induces positive polarity
voltage at the secondary winding's dot end.[10][11][12][f][g]

ULN2803
High voltageHigh Current Darlington Transistor Array
The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are ideally suited
for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or
PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays, printer
hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of computer, industrial, and consumer
applications. All devices feature opencollector outputs and free wheeling clamp diodes
for transient suppression.
The ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL families while the
ULN2804 is optimized for 6 to 15 volt high level CMOS or PMOS

ULN 2803

Relay
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical
circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close
one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is
able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be
considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
Here relay is used for the isolation of various heavy appliances to the PC. Since the PC
operates on very low current, but the current in various appliances is in Amperes
therefore isolation is necessary and relay is required. Here we have used single pole dual
through relay for the purpose.

Merits

1. Parallel ports are easy to program and faster compared to the serial ports
2. But in parallel port, all the 8 bits of a byte will be sent to the port at a time
and a indication will be sent in another line.
3. There will be some data lines, some control and some handshaking lines in
parallel port. If three bytes of data 01000101 10011100 10110011 is to be
sent to the port, following figures will explain how they are sent to the
serial and parallel ports respectively.

De-Merits
1. But main disadvantage is it needs more number of transmission lines.
Because of
this reason parallel ports are not used in long distance
communications.
2. In serial ports, there will be two data lines: One transmission and one receive
line. To send a data in serial port, it has to be sent one bit after another with
some extra bits like start bit, stop bit and parity bit to detect errors.

Conclusion
The greatest learning experience in this project comes from the design and construction of
PC Based Appliance Controller which answer a lot of questions regarding the real
implementation of Embedded system, Electro-mechanical relays and Opto-couper, ULN
2803, Parallel Port of PC .
During the development of our project we studied and analyzed many real world applications
of Electronics and Software Engineering. Some of the theoretical knowledge that was
inculcated in us within our engineering program, which we have applied practically, are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Use of voltage regulation and filtering in power supply.


Study of parallel ports.
Study of C-Language.
Study of ULN.
Understanding of single pole dual through relay.
Study of Optocoupler.

References

www.efymag.com
www.projectguidance.com
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com

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