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978-0-521-56108-2 - Quark-Gluon Plasma: From Big Bang to Little Bang


Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake
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QUARKGLUON PLASMA
From Big Bang to Little Bang
This book introduces quarkgluon plasma (QGP) as a primordial matter composed
of two types of elementary particles, quarks and gluons, created at the time of
the Big Bang. During the evolution of the Universe, QGP undergoes a transition
to hadronic matter governed by the law of strong interactions, quantum chromodynamics. After an introduction to gauge theories, various aspects of quantum
chromodynamic phase transitions are illustrated in a self-contained manner. The
field theoretical approach and renormalization group are discussed, as well as the
cosmological and astrophysical implications of QGP, on the basis of Einsteins
equations. Recent developments towards the formation of QGP in ultra-relativistic
heavy ion collisions are also presented in detail.
This text is suitable as an introduction for graduate students, as well as providing
a valuable reference for researchers already working in this and related fields. It
includes eight appendices and over 100 exercises.
Kohsuke Yagi is a professor at the Department of Liberal Arts, Urawa University.
He has held positions at the Institute for Nuclear Study at the University of
Tokyo, Osaka University and the University of Tsukuba. He has also held several
chairs, including in the Japan Nuclear Physics Committee, the JapanBrookhaven
National Laboratory RHIC-PHENIX Project and the International Conference on
Quark Matter. He has published 210 articles and written or edited seven books
on subatomic physics and general physics, as well as teaching the subject at
undergraduate and graduate levels.
tetsuo hatsuda is a professor in the Department of Physics at the University
of Tokyo. He has held positions at the University of Washington, the University
of Tsukuba and Kyoto University. He has taught subatomic physics and quantum
many-body problems at undergraduate and graduate levels. He has published over
120 scientific articles.
Yasuo Miake is Professor of Physics at the Institute of Physics, University
of Tsukuba. He has conducted research and taught at the University of Tokyo
and Brookhaven National Laboratory and the University of Tsukuba. He has
experience of teaching electromagnetism and special relativity to undergraduates
and subatomic physics to graduates. He has published over 120 scientific articles.

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978-0-521-56108-2 - Quark-Gluon Plasma: From Big Bang to Little Bang
Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake
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CAMBRIDGE MONOGRAPHS ON
PARTICLE PHYSICS
NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY 23

General Editors: T. Ericson, P. V. Landshoff

1. K. Winter (ed.): Neutrino Physics


2. J. F. Donoghue, E. Golowich and B. R. Holstein: Dynamics of the Standard Model
3. E. Leader and E. Predazzi: An Introduction to Gauge Theories and Modern Particle Physics, Volume 1:
Electroweak Interactions, the New Particles and the Parton Model
4. E. Leader and E. Predazzi: An Introduction to Gauge Theories and Modern Particle Physics, Volume 2:
CP-Violation, QCD and Hard Processes
5. C. Grupen: Particle Detectors
6. H. Grosse and A. Martin: Particle Physics and the Schrodinger Equation
7. B. Anderson: The Lund Model
8. R. K. Ellis, W. J. Stirling and B. R. Webber: QCD and Collider Physics
9. I. I. Bigi and A. I. Sanda: CP Violation
10. A. V. Manohar and M. B. Wise: Heavy Quark Physics
11. R. K. Bock, H. Grote, R. Frhwirth and M. Regler: Data Analysis Techniques for High-Energy Physics.
Second edition
12. D. Green: The Physics of Particle Detectors
13. V. N. Gribov and J. Nyiri: Quantum Electrodynamics
14. K. Winter (ed.): Neutrino Physics, Second edition
15. E. Leader: Spin in Particle Physics
16. J. D. Walecka: Electron Scattering for Nuclear and Nucleon Structure
17. S. Narison: QCD as a Theory of Hadrons
18. J. F. Letessier and J. Rafelski: Hadrons and QuarkGluon Plasma
19. A. Donnachie, H. G. Dosch, P. V. Landshoff and O. Nachtmann: Pomeron Physics and QCD
20. A. Hofmann: The Physics of Synchrotron Radiation
21. J. B. Kogut and M. A. Stephanov: The Phases of Quantum Chromodynamics
22. D. Green: High PT Physics at Hadron Colliders
23. K. Yagi, T. Hatsuda and Y. Miake: QuarkGluon Plasma

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978-0-521-56108-2 - Quark-Gluon Plasma: From Big Bang to Little Bang
Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake
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QUARKGLUON PLASMA
From Big Bang to Little Bang
KOHSUKE YAGI
Urawa University

TETSUO HATSUDA
University of Tokyo

YASUO MIAKE
University of Tsukuba

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978-0-521-56108-2 - Quark-Gluon Plasma: From Big Bang to Little Bang
Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake
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cambridge university press


Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, So Paulo
cambridge university press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521561082
K. Yagi, T. Hatsuda and Y. Miake 2005
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2005
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN-13 978-0-521-56108-2 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-56108-6 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or
third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on
such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake
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Contents

Preface

page xv
1

What is the quarkgluon plasma?

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

Asymptotic freedom and confinement in QCD


Chiral symmetry breaking in QCD
Recipes for quarkgluon plasma
Where can we find QGP?
Signatures of QGP in relativistic heavy ion collisions
Perspectives on relativistic heavy ion experiments
Natural units and particle data

1
4
5
6
9
12
14

Part I:

15

Basic Concept of QuarkGluon Plasma

Introduction to QCD

17

2.1
2.2
2.3

Classical QCD action


Quantizing QCD
Renormalizing QCD
2.3.1 Running coupling constants
2.3.2 More on asymptotic freedom
Global symmetries in QCD
2.4.1 Chiral symmetry
2.4.2 Dilatational symmetry
QCD vacuum structure
Various approaches to non-perturbative QCD
Exercises

17
19
22
24
27
28
28
29
30
32
36

Physics of the quarkhadron phase transition

39

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

Basic thermodynamics
System with non-interacting particles
Hadronic string and deconfinement
Percolation of hadrons
Bag equation of state
Hagedorns limiting temperature
Parametrized equation of state
Lattice equation of state
Exercises

39
43
44
45
46
50
51
53
55

2.4

2.5
2.6

vii

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Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake
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Contents

Field theory at finite temperature

57

4.1
4.2
4.3

Path integral representation of Z


Black body radiation
Perturbation theory at finite T and 
4.3.1 Free propagators
4.3.2 Vertices
4.3.3 Feynman rules
Real-time Greens functions
Gluon propagator at high T and zero 
Quark propagator at high T and zero 
HTL resummation
Perturbative expansion of the pressure up to Og 5 
Infrared problem of Og 6  and beyond
Debye screening in QED plasma
Vlasov equations for QED plasma
Vlasov equations for QCD plasma
Exercises

57
60
62
63
64
65
66
69
75
77
78
81
82
84
87
88

Lattice gauge approach to QCD phase transitions

92

5.1

Basics of lattice QCD


5.1.1 The Wilson line
5.1.2 Gluons on the lattice
5.1.3 Fermions on the lattice
5.1.4 Partition function on the lattice
The Wilson loop
Strong coupling expansion and confinement
Weak coupling expansion and continuum limit
Monte Carlo simulations
Lattice QCD at finite T
Confinementdeconfinement transition in Nf = 0 QCD
Order of the phase transition for Nf = 0
Effect of dynamical quarks
Effect of finite chemical potential
Exercises

92
92
94
95
98
99
101
102
105
109
111
115
116
117
118

Chiral phase transition

122

6.1

qq
in hot/dense matter
6.1.1 High-temperature expansion
6.1.2 Low-temperature expansion
The NJL model
6.2.1 Dynamical symmetry breaking at T = 0
6.2.2 Symmetry restoration at T = 0
Mean-field theory and the Landau function
6.3.1 Order of the phase transition
6.3.2 Second order phase transition

122
123
123
124
126
127
129
129
131

4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12

5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10

6.2

6.3

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ix

6.3.3 First order transition driven by cubic interaction


6.3.4 Tricritical behavior with sextet interaction
Spatial non-uniformity and correlations
Critical fluctuation and the Ginzburg region
Renormalization group and -expansion
6.6.1 Renormalization in 4  dimensions
6.6.2 Running couplings
6.6.3 Vertex functions
6.6.4 RG equation for vertex function
Perturbative evaluation of i
Renormalization group equation and fixed point
6.8.1 Dimensional analysis and solution of RG equation
6.8.2 Renormalization group flow
Scaling and universality
6.9.1 Scaling at the critical point
6.9.2 Scaling near the critical point
Magnetic equation of state
Stability of the fixed point
Critical exponents for the ON -symmetric 4 model
Chiral phase transition of QCD at finite T
6.13.1 Landau functional of QCD
6.13.2 Massless QCD without axial anomaly
6.13.3 Massless QCD with axial anomaly
6.13.4 Effect of light quark masses
6.13.5 Effect of finite chemical potential
Exercises

134
135
137
139
141
141
143
144
145
146
147
147
149
152
152
153
154
156
156
158
159
160
161
163
165
166

Hadronic states in a hot environment

170

7.1

Heavy quarkonia in hot plasma


spectra at T = 0
7.1.1 QQ

7.1.2 QQ at T = 0
7.1.3 Charmonium suppression at high T
7.1.4 Correlation of Polyakov lines in lattice QCD
Light quarkonia in a hot medium
7.2.1 qq spectra at T = 0
7.2.2 NambuGoldstone theorem at finite T
7.2.3 Virial expansion and the quark condensate
7.2.4 Pions at low T
7.2.5 Vector mesons at low T
In-medium hadrons from lattice QCD
Photons and dileptons from hot/dense matter
7.4.1 Photon production rate
7.4.2 Dilepton production rate
Exercises

170
170
172
174
174
176
176
178
179
180
182
183
185
186
187
188

6.4
6.5
6.6

6.7
6.8

6.9

6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13

7.2

7.3
7.4

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Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake
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Part II:

QuarkGluon Plasma in Astrophysics

191

QGP in the early Universe

193

8.1
8.2

Observational evidence for the Big Bang


Homogeneous and isotropic space
8.2.1 RobertsonWalker metric
8.2.2 Hubbles law and red shift
8.2.3 Horizon distance
Expansion law of the Universe
8.3.1 The Einstein equation
8.3.2 Critical density
8.3.3 Solution of the Friedmann equation
8.3.4 Entropy conservation
8.3.5 Age of the Universe
Thermal history of the Universe: from QGP to CMB
Primordial nucleosynthesis
More on the QCD phase transition in the early Universe
8.6.1 t < tI T > Tc 
8.6.2 tI < t < tF T = Tc 
8.6.3 t > tF T < Tc 
Exercises

193
197
197
198
199
200
200
201
202
204
204
206
209
211
213
214
214
215

Compact stars

217

9.1
9.2

Characteristic features of neutron stars


Newtonian compact stars
9.2.1 White dwarfs
9.2.2 Neutron stars
General relativistic stars
9.3.1 Maximum mass of compact stars
9.3.2 OppenheimerVolkoff equation
9.3.3 Schwarzschilds uniform density star
Chemical composition of compact stars
9.4.1 Neutron star matter and hyperon matter
9.4.2 u, d quark matter
9.4.3 u, d, s quark matter
Quarkhadron phase transition
9.5.1 Equation of state for nuclear and neutron matter
9.5.2 Equation of state for quark matter
9.5.3 Stable strange matter
Phase transition to quark matter
Structure of neutron stars and quark stars
9.7.1 Massradius relation of neutron stars
9.7.2 Strange quark stars
Various phases in high-density matter
Exercises

218
220
221
223
224
224
226
229
229
229
232
233
233
234
236
239
239
240
240
242
243
244

8.3

8.4
8.5
8.6

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6
9.7

9.8

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Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake
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Part III:

QuarkGluon Plasma in Relativistic Heavy


Ion Collisions

xi

245

10

Introduction to relativistic heavy ion collisions

247

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6

Nuclear stopping power and nuclear transparency


Space-time picture of collisions
Central plateau and fragmentation region
Time history of ultra-relativistic AA collisions
Geometry of heavy ion collisions
Past, current and future accelerators

247
250
253
254
256
259

11

Relativistic hydrodynamics for heavy ion collisions

261

11.1
11.2

Fermi and Landau pictures of multi-particle production


Relativistic hydrodynamics
11.2.1 Perfect fluid
11.2.2 Dissipative fluid
Bjorkens scaling solution
11.3.1 Perfect fluid
11.3.2 Effect of dissipation
Relation to the observables
Exercises

261
265
265
267
269
270
273
274
276

12

Transport theory for the pre-equilibrium process

278

12.1
12.2
12.3

Classical Boltzmann equation


Boltzmanns H-theorem
Covariant form of the classical transport equation
12.3.1 Conservation laws
12.3.2 Local H-theorem and local equilibrium
Quantum transport theory
12.4.1 The density matrix
12.4.2 The Dirac equation
12.4.3 The Wigner function
12.4.4 Equation of motion for Wx p
12.4.5 Semi-classical approximation
12.4.6 Non-Abelian generalization
Phenomenological transport equation in QCD
Exercises

278
282
283
284
285
286
287
287
288
290
291
293
294
295

13

Formation and evolution of QGP

297

13.1

The initial condition


13.1.1 Color-string breaking model
13.1.2 Color glass condensate
13.1.3 Perturbative QCD models
Minijet production
Longitudinal plasma expansion with QCD phase transition
Transverse plasma expansion
Transverse momentum spectrum and transverse flow
Exercises

298
298
299
300
302
305
307
309
311

11.3

11.4

12.4

12.5

13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

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Contents

14

Fundamentals of QGP diagnostics

314

14.1

QGP diagnostics using hadrons


14.1.1 Probing the phase transition
14.1.2 Ratios of particle yields and chemical equilibrium
14.1.3 Transverse momentum distributions and
hydrodynamical flow
14.1.4 Anisotropic flow and the equation of state
14.1.5 Interferometry and space-time evolution
14.1.6 Event-by-event fluctuations
14.1.7 Hadron production by quark recombination
QGP diagnostics using hard probes: jet tomography
QGP diagnostics using leptons and photons
14.3.1 DrellYan production of dileptons
14.3.2 J/ suppression and Debye screening in QGP
14.3.3 Thermal photons and dileptons
Exercises

314
314
315

15

Results from CERN-SPS experiments

338

15.1
15.2

15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6

Relativistic heavy ion accelerators


Basic features of AA collisions
15.2.1 Single-particle spectra
15.2.2 Collective expansion
15.2.3 HBT two-particle correlation
Strangeness production and chemical equilibrium
J/ suppression
Enhancement of low-mass dileptons
Observation of direct photons

339
339
340
343
343
345
347
349
351

16

First results from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)

353

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

Heavy ion acceleration and collisions in the RHIC


Particle production
Transverse momentum distributions
HBT correlations
Thermalization
Azimuthal anisotropy
Suppression of high-pT hadrons
Modification of the jet structure
Quark-number scaling

353
357
361
363
364
366
369
371
373

17

Detectors in relativistic heavy ion experiments

375

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

Features of relativistic heavy ion collisions


Transverse energy, ET
Event characterization detectors
Hadron spectrometer
17.4.1 Particle identification using dE/dx measurements
17.4.2 Particle identification using time of flight measurements
17.4.3 Particle identification using Cherenkov detectors

375
377
378
378
381
381
384

14.2
14.3

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317
320
323
325
327
330
330
332
334
336

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17.5
17.6
17.7

Lepton pair spectrometer


Photon spectrometer
PHENIX: a large hybrid detector
Exercises

xiii
386
387
390
392

Constants and natural units


Dirac matrices, Dirac spinors and SU(N) algebra
Functional, Gaussian and Grassmann integrals
Curved space-time and the Einstein equation
Relativistic kinematics and variables
Scattering amplitude, optical theorem and elementary
parton scatterings
Appendix G Sound waves and transverse expansion
Appendix H Tables of particles

393
396
400
404
412

References

431

Index

440

Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix

A
B
C
D
E
F

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Preface

Modern physical science provides us with two key concepts: one is the standard model of elementary particles on the basis of the principle of local gauge
invariance, and the other is the standard Big Bang cosmology on the basis of the
principle of general relativity. These concepts provide us with a clue which may
help us to answer the following two questions: (i) what are the building blocks
of matter? and (ii) when was the matter created? The main topic of this book is
quarkgluon plasma (QGP), which is deeply connected to these questions. In fact,
QGP is a primordial form of matter, which existed for only a few microseconds
after the birth of the Universe, and it is the root of various elements in the present
Universe.
The fundamental theory governing the dynamics of strongly interacting elementary particles (quarks and gluons) is known to be quantum chromodynamics
(QCD). QCD suggests that ordinary matter made of protons and neutrons undergoes phase transitions: to a hot plasma of quarks and gluons for temperatures
larger than 1012 K, and to a cold plasma of quarks for densities larger than
1012 kg cm3 . The early Universe, and/or the central core of superdense stars, are
the natural places where we expect such phase transitions. It has now become
possible to carry out laboratory experiments to produce hot/dense fireballs (Little
Bang) through high-energy nucleusnucleus collisions using heavy ion accelerators. We expect individual nucleons in the colliding nuclei to dissolve into their
constituents to form QGP.
The intention of this book is to introduce the reader who has a limited background in elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics
and astrophysics to the physics of QGP, a fundamental and primordial state of
matter. In particular, the authors have in mind advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in physics, those not only studying the above-mentioned
fields, but also those studying accelerator science and computer science. In addition, the authors hope that the book will serve as a reference text for researchers
already working in the fields mentioned above.
Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter, which illustrates the essentials of the
physics of QGP and provides a perspective on the discovery of QGP. Methodology
xv

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xvi

Preface

quite common to studies of the early structure of the Universe (the Big Bang) and
of the structure of QGP (the Little Bang) is emphasized. The text is then divided
into three parts.
Part I provides a theoretical background in the physics of QGP and in the
QCD phase transitions. Part I may be read independently from the other Parts
in order to understand modern gauge field theories, with applications such as
color confinement, asymptotic freedom and chiral symmetry breaking in QCD,
the basics of thermal field theory and lattice gauge theory, and the physics of
phase transitions and critical phenomena.
Part II is devoted to the implications of QGP on cosmology and stellar structures. The physics of an expanding hot Universe and of superdense stars (neutron
and quark stars) are discussed with relation to Einsteins theory of general
relativity. Appendix D is included for readers who have little knowledge about
Riemann space, Einsteins equation, Schwarzschilds solution, etc.
In Part III, the reader will find an overview of the physics of relativistic and
ultra-relativistic nucleusnucleus collisions. This type of collision is the only
way of creating and investigating QGP and QCD phase transitions by means of
laboratory experiments. The relativistic hydrodynamics and the relativistic kinetic
theory are introduced in some detail as guiding principles with which to investigate
the dynamics of hot/dense matter produced in the collisions. After discussing
the various experimental signatures of QGP, the fixed-target experiments are
summarized. Then we present the outstanding results achieved with the worlds
first Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC at Brookhaven National Laboratory),
for which special emphasis is put on the evidence for a QGP phase. In addition,
the special features of detectors used in high-energy heavy ion experiments are
discussed.
We have tried to cover topics ranging from fundamentals to frontiers, from
theories to experiments, and from the Big Bang and compact stars in the Universe
to the Little Bang experiments on Earth. The authors assume that the reader has
some familiarity with intermediate level quantum mechanics, the basic methods
of quantum field theory, statistical thermodynamics and the special theory of
relativity, including the Dirac equation. However, the authors have recapitulated
necessary and sufficient introductory elements from these fields. As far as possible,
the presentation is self-contained. To accomplish this, the authors have placed
key proofs and derivations in eight Appendices and also in about 160 exercises,
which may be found at the ends of each chapter.
It was not the authors intention to provide a complete reference list for the
subject of QGP; only references which are particularly useful to students are
listed. The reader can find general and up-to-date surveys of the subject in the
recent proceedings of the Quark Matter Conference series: Heidelberg (1996),

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Preface

xvii

Tsukuba (1997), Torino (1999), Brookhaven Stony Brook (2001), Nantes (2002)
1
and Berkeley (2004).
Some parts of the original manuscript were used for a series of lectures given
to graduate students at the University of Tsukuba and the University of Tokyo;
the authors wish to thank the students who attended these lectures. The authors
also thank Homer E. Conzett, who carefully read parts of the manuscript and
made many grammatical and style suggestions. They also wish to express their
gratitude to our editors at Cambridge University Press, Simon Capelin, Tamsin
van Essen, Vince Higgs and Irene Pizzie, for a pleasant working relationship.
Thanks are due to many friends and colleagues, especially to Masayuki Asakawa,
Gordon Baym, Hirotsugu Fujii, Machiko Hatsuda, Tetsufumi Hirano, Kazunori
Itakura, Teiji Kunihiro, Tetsuo Matsui, Berndt Muller, Shoji Nagamiya, Atsushi
Nakamura, Yasushi Nara, Satoshi Ozaki, Shoichi Sasaki and Hideo Suganuma,
who have either provided us with data or were involved in helpful discussions.
QGP forms one of the main areas of research in the physics of QCD which
is developing rapidly. In spite of this, the authors hope this book will serve for
a long time as a good introduction to the basic concepts of the subject, so that
readers can enter the forefront of research without much difficulty.
Although this book is primarily written as a textbook for the physics of QGP,
several other teaching options in undergraduate/graduate courses are also recommended.
(a) For a course on an introduction to gauge field theories, we suggest the following
sequence: Chapter 2 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6.
(b) For an advanced statistical mechanics and phase transition course, we suggest
Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 12.
(c) For a course on an introduction to the applications of general relativity to cosmology and stellar structure, Appendix D Chapter 8 Chapter 9.
(d) For an advanced nuclear (hadron) physics course, Chapter 1 Appendix E
Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 13
Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17.

We would like to thank the American Astronomical Society, publishers of


The Astrophysical Journal, for permission to reproduce Figs. 8.2, 9.2 and 9.3;
the American Physical Society, publishers of Physical Reviews, Physical Review
Letters and Reviews of Modern Physics, for permission to reproduce Figs. 3.4,
3.5, 4.10, 5.8, 5.9, 7.6, 8.3, 8.4, 8.10, 13.6, 14.4(b), 15.2, 15.3, 15.12, 16.4,
16.6(a), 16.7, 16.8, 16.9, 16.12, 16.14, 16.15, 16.16, 16.18(a), 16.19, 16.20
and 17.4(b); Springer-Verlag, publishers of The European Physical Journal, for
1

See Braun-Munzinger et al. (1996), Hatsuda et al. (1998), Riccati et al. (1999), Hallman et al. (2002), Gutbrod
et al. (2003) and Ritter and Wang (2004).

Cambridge University Press

www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press


978-0-521-56108-2 - Quark-Gluon Plasma: From Big Bang to Little Bang
Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake
Frontmatter
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Preface

permission to reproduce Figs. 15.4, 15.5, 15.6 and 15.11(a); Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V., publishers of Nuclear Physics, Physics Letters, Physics Reports
and Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, for permission to
reproduce Figs. 3.3, 5.7, 7.3, 7.5, 10.1, 14.9, 15.7, 15.9, 15.10, 15.11(b), 16.3,
16.4, 16.5, 16.10, 16.11, 16.16b, 16.17, 17.2, 17.4(a) and 17.7; Springer-Verlag,
publishers of Lecture Notes in Physics and Astronomy and Astrophysics Library,
for permission to reproduce Figs. 3.6 and 9.6; the Institute of Physics, publishers
of the Journal of High Energy Physics and the Journal of Physics, for permission
to reproduce Fig. 13.2; and World Scientific, publishers of the Advanced Series
on Directions in High Energy Physics, for permission to reproduce Fig. 15.8. The
source of each figure is given in the caption, and we are grateful to the authors
for permission to reproduce or adapt their figures.
Finally, although the authors have tried to eradicate conceptual and typographical errors, they are afraid that some of them may have slipped through. A list of
typos and corrections will be posted on the World Wide Web at the following
URL: http://utkhii.px.tsukuba.ac.jp/cupbook/. The authors would be grateful if
the readers would report/send other errors/comments to this address.
The authors are proud to publish the book in 2005, World Year of Physics
(WYP2005), the centennial anniversary of Einsteins three great works on the
particle nature of light, the molecular theory of Brownian motion, and the special
theory of relativity.

Cambridge University Press

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