Forces
Unit -1
Force
Force is an agent which tend to cause either
change in motion or deformation.
It is denoted by N (Newton) = kg.m/s2
Effect of Force
Change the motion of body
Retard the motion of body
Deform the body
Bring the body to rest/equilibrium
Change the stress in the body
Characteristics of Force
1.
2.
3.
4.
System of Forces
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Coplanar forces
Collinear forces
Concurrent forces
Coplanar forces
Coplanar concurrent forces
Non-coplanar concurrent forces
Non coplanar non concurrent forces
P
ine of action
Resultant force
If a body is subjected to n number of forces, acting
simultaneously, the representive single force which
produces the same effect is called the resultant force.
The process of determining the resultant force of a given
system of forces on a rigid body is composition of forces
or compounding of forces.
Methods for determining the resultant force
Analytical Method
Parallelogram law of forces
Resolution of force
Method of resolution
Analytical Method
Parallelogram law of forces
If two forces acting simultaneously on a body, they can
be represented by adjacent sides of parallelogram in
which the resultant may be represented in magnitude
and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram
which passes through their point of intersection
2 + 2 + 2 cos
sin
tan =
+ cos
Cases
1. If the forces are in straight line( = 0), R = P + Q
2. If the forces are perpendicular( = 0), = 2 + 2
3. If the forces are acting opposite in straight line ( = 180), R=P - Q
4.
If the forces are equal (P=Q), R = 2P cos
2
Numerical
Two forces acting at an angle of 120o of which the higher
magnitude of force was 40N and the resultant is
perpendicular to the other force, find the other force.
F2
90o
120o
Graphical method
Draw a line OA and OB to scale for forces P and Q
respectively, with angle with each other.
Construct the parallelogram OABC by erecting parallel to
OA and OB to intersect at C.
Draw a diagonal OC, which represent the reaction force,
the measure of OC, multiplied with scale gives the
magnitude of R.
B
The angle AOC is the direction of
P
reaction R.
Extent line OA and mark a point D
R
such that OD CD
OD represents the projection of the
Q
resultant R.
O
A
Analytical Method
Resolution of force
The most common method adopted for resolution of forces is
into rectangular components.
So, as per the parallelogram law of forces, Force F can be
written as
F = Fx + Fy
In vector form, the same can be represented as
F = Fx i + Fy j
y
Considering the angle between horizontal component
Fx and
F is ,
j
Fx = F cos
Fy = F sin
=
=
1
tan
Fy
Fx
x
i
R = +
and
1
tan
F
x
x
Fx = F sin
Fy = F cos
Fx = - F cos
Fy = - F sin
Fx = F sin (-)
Fy = - F cos (-)
x
Fx = F cos (-)
Fy = F sin (-)
100 sin 50
80+100 cos 50
R = 163.4 N
Moment
In addition to the tendency to move a body in the direction of its
application, a force can also tend to rotate a body about an axis.
This rotational tendency is known as the moment M of the force,
also referred to as torque.
The moment is a vector M perpendicular to the plane of the
body.
Therefore, the magnitude of the
moment is defined as
M=Fd
where d is also termed as lever arm
distance, perpendicular to the line of
force.
The concept is highly used in hinges
(for doors, windows etc.)
M = F d = r F =F r sin
Varignon's Theorem states that the moment of a force about
any point is equal to the sum of the moment of the
components of the force about the same point.
Mo = Q r + r P = R r
Additional information
Hinge support: The structural component which
supports vertical force, horizontal force, but moment
is zero.
(3) Moving the force to point on X-axis the moment of the component
Fx = 0. Hence, the moment arm for Fy is dy = 2 + 4 cot 40o = 6.77 m
So, Mo = 386(6.77) = 2610 N.m
Similarly, moving force to a point on Y axis, the moment of the component
Fy = 0, So, dx = 4 + 2 tan 40o = 5.68 m , So, Mo = 460(5.68) = 2610 N.m
(4) By the vector expression for moment
Mo = r X F = (2i + 41) X 600(i cos 40o - j sin 40o)
= - 2610 k N.m (The minus sign indicates that the vector is in the negative z-direction)
Couple
The moment produced by two equal, opposite, and non-collinear
forces is called a couple.
Anti-Clockwise
couple
Clockwise
couple
A couple is not affected if the forces act in a different but. parallel plane
Translation of forces
.
F
F
F
F
M= F d
Problem
In the given figure, if the force of 100 N is
replaced with force P = 400 N, causing the
same couple. determine the angle,
The magnitude of the moment due to force of
100 N is
M = 100 (100) = 104 N.mm = 10 N.m (anti-clock)
Similarly, the moment due to forces P,
produce a moment of
M = 400 (40 cos ) = 1.6 cos N.m (anti-clock)
Equating both, = 51.3o
80 N
Resultants
The resultant of a system of forces is the simplest force
combination which can replace the original forces without altering
the external effect on the rigid body to which the forces are applied
R = F1+F2+F3+. = F
Rx= Fx , Ry= Fy , =
= tan1
2 + 2
= tan1
Problem
Rx= 66.9 N
Ry= 132.4 N
R = 148.3 N
= 63.2o
Mo= 140 50 (5) + 60 cos 45o (4) 60 sin 45o (7)
= -237 N.m = 237 N.m (anticlock)
R = 148.3 N
= 63.2o
= 63.2o
O
Final Line of resultant of R is at distance d from O,
Mo
i.e. d = 237/148.3 = 1.6m
So the line of action forms tangent making an angle 63.2o with horizontal
End of Unit 1