A Peptic Ulcer, also known as PUD or PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE may be referred to as a gastric, duodenal,

or esophageal ulcer, depending on its location. A person who has peptic ulcer has PUD. A peptic ulcer is an
excavation (hollowed-out area) that forms in the mucosal wall of the stomach, in the pylorus (the opening between the
stomach and the duodenum), in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), or in the esophagus.

♥Peptic ulcer disease is an ulcer (defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm) of an area of
the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. As much as 80% of ulcers are associated
with Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach, however only
20% of those cases go to a doctor. Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin and other NSAIDs.

♥ GENERAL: Heredity, smoking, Helicobacter Pylori (H.pylori), stress, alcohol, NSAIDS.

MUCOSAL PROTECTIVE AGENTS

MANAGEMENT

. Lifestyle Changes

Stress reduction and rest are priority

interventions

Smoking cessation

Dietary modification

. Explorative Laparotomy

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

ANTACIDS

ANTICHOLINERGICS

HISTAMINE RECEPTORS ANTAGONISTS

PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR

Gastroscopy:

Endoscopy :

Other diagnostic exam

 Complete Blood count

NURSING dx
Pain(acute) related to the effect of increased gastric
acid secretion leading to ulceration on damaged tissue as manifested by the
7 parameters of pain.

Cerebrovascular Disease

cerebro" which refers to the large part of the brain, and "vascular" which means arteries and veins. Together, the
word cerebrovascular refers to blood flow in your brain. The term cerebrovascular disease includes all disorders in
which an area of the brain is temporarily or permanently affected by ischemia or bleeding and one or more of the
cerebral blood vessels are involved in the pathological process. Cerebrovascular disease includes stroke, carotid
stenosis, vertebral stenosis and intracranial stenosis, aneurysms, and vascular malformations. Risk Fact

Smoking,High blood pressure, Carotid or other artery disease, Diabete ,High blood cholesterol, transient ischemic
attacks (TIAs, Age:, Gende,, heartattack, Heredity and race:
Laboratory Procedure Creatine HDL URINALYSIS Electrocardiogram Report

NURSING DX OF cvd

1. Impaired verbal communication related to neuromuscular impairment as evidence by absence of

responding

2. Risk for skin integrity related to physical immobility

3. Impaired physical mobility as evidence by functional level of “0”

4. \Impaired walking related to neuromuscular impairment as evidence by paralyzed extremities

Classification

Diuretic

Anti-hypertensive drug

Anti-hypertensive drug

Anti-thrombosis

Cerebral circulation stimulant

The term “breast cancer” refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the breast.
Usually breast cancer either begins in the cells of the lobules, which are the milk-producing glands, or the ducts, the
passages that drain milk from the lobules to the nipple. Less commonly, breast cancer can begin in the stromal
tissues, which include the fatty and fibrous connective tissues of the breast.

1. PRIORITIZED PROBLEMS

2. loss of appetite

3. Hair Loss Leading Disturbed Body Image

4. Fatigue (due to low red blood cell counts and other reasons)

P A T H O P H Y S I O L O G Y O F T H E D I S E A S E

Predisposing ETIOLOGY: Precipitating Factors:

Factors:
Unknown exposure to radiation
and certain chemicals
Age
having a sibling with
leukemia
Somatic mutations in HTLV-1 virus
the DNA genetic abnormalities
 chromosomal
Activate oncogene/ translocations
deactivate tumor-
supppresor gene Treatment:
Malignant transformation
Remission
of lymphoid stem cells
Induction Therapy
Decreased production Consolidation and
Uncontrolled proliferation Maintenance
s/sx: of normal blood cells
of lymphoblast in the bone Therapy
bone pain marrow BM Transplantation
 CNS prophylaxis
 RISK FACTORS
H. pylori Infection, Stress
Habitual use of NSAID’s

Cigarette Smoking
H. pylori Alcohol and Carbonated drinks Bile salts, aspirin, alcohol,
Infection Consumption ischemia
↑Serum Damaged mucosal
↑ Urease ↑ Gastric
Gastrin barrier
Production Emptying
↑Acid
Levels ↓Function of mucosal cells
↓Bicarbonat Secretion ↓Quality of mucus
Alkalosis
e ↑Pepsin Loss of tight junctions
Neutralizati between cells
on of Acid & Pepsin Back diffusion of acid into gastric
acidity concentration in mucosa
duodenum ↑ ↑Histamin
Penetration in the Pepsin e Release
mucosal barrier ↑Acid
secretion
Mucosal Further mucosal Local
injury Erosion Vasodilation
↑capillary
Destruction of blood permeability
vessels
ULCERATI Bleeding
Loss of plasma
proteins
ON Mucosal Edema
Loss of plasma into
Stimulation of gastric lumen
cholinergic intramural
plexus, causing
muscle spasms