Midazolam
Edmar Jos Alves dos Santos*
Alfredo Augusto Vieira Portella**
83
Anestesia Venosa
Midazolam
Anestesia Venosa
Midazolam
1, 4, 6
Via de Administrao
Venosa
Muscular
Oral
Sublingual
Biodisponibilidade (%)
Incio de ao (min)
Ligao protica (%)
T1/2 (min)
T1/2 (h)
T1/2 (h)
Volume de distribuio (l/kg)
Depurao plasmtica (ml/kg/min)
100
0,5-2
94-96
1,8-5,4
1,7-2,6
4-15
1,1-1,7
6,4-11
8713
2-25
N
1,1-4,5
N
N
4010
20-30
N
N
N
N
74,5
5-10
N
N
N
N
Anestesia Venosa
Midazolam
Anestesia Venosa
Midazolam
Anestesia Venosa
92
Midazolam
Subtipo do
receptor
Presena relativa
(%) no SNC do rato
12 2
43
2 2/3 2
18
3 n 2/ 3
17
2n 1
5 3 2/ 3
6 2
6
4
8
4
2
2
3
Localizao
Em todas as reas cerebrais.
Interneurnios do hipocampo e crtex e
clulas de Purkinje.
Clulas piramidais do hipocampo e
medula espinhal.
Neurnios colinrgicos e
monoaminrgicos.
Glia de Bergman e sistema lmbico.
Clulas piramidais do hipocampo.
Clulas cerebelares.
Clulas cerebelares.
Giro dentado do hipocampo e tlamo.
Desperto
Sedado
Hipnose
< 50
50-100
100-200
Anestesia Venosa
Midazolam
Anestesia Venosa
Midazolam
Anestesia Venosa
- Idosos
importante lembrar que, em pacientes geritricos, deve-se
administrar doses reduzidas (Tabela IV) e de forma titulada, mantendo
observao direta pelo risco de sobredose e depresso respiratria. Essa
maior suscetibilidade decorrente da maior sensibilidade farmacodinmica
dos pacientes geritricos ao midazolam. Esse efeito potencializado por
caractersticas farmacocinticas como: a reduo do volume de distribuio,
a reduo da taxa de depurao plasmtica e a reduo da ligao s
protenas plasmticas, que disponibilizam maior concentrao da frao livre
da droga no plasma e, portanto, capazes de ao mais intensa sobre o stio
efetor62.
- Crianas
A sedao em anestesia peditrica ponto fundamental da assistncia,
consistindo em teraputica crucial reduo da ansiedade ao ambiente
inspito e do medo do afastamento dos pais, fatores de estresse importante,
nas crianas. Associados ao medo, seguem-se o choro, a hipersecreo, a
hiper-reatividade das vias areas e o vmito, todos eventos indesejveis. A
sedao propicia uma criana mais colaborativa, um ambiente de trabalho
mais harmonioso, maior capacidade de ajuda por parte dos pais e maior
satisfao destes6. Contudo, os pacientes peditricos merecem algumas
consideraes especiais para ajuste adequado da posologia e escolha da
via de administrao do midazolam6.
Cuidado adicional deve ser tomado com as crianas menores de seis
meses, principalmente neonatos e prematuros, pois h caractersticas
farmacocinticas desfavorveis e os efeitos depressores sobre a ventilao
podem ser imprevisveis. Essas crianas s devem receber pr-medicao
em ambiente cirrgico e sob vigilncia direta do anestesiologista. Os neonatos
e prematuros esto ainda sujeitos hipotonia, hipotermia e hipoglicemia
secundrias ao uso do midazolam3.
Afora essa faixa etria, em geral, os pacientes peditricos necessitam
de doses proporcionalmente maiores do que os adultos, para observao
dos efeitos sedativos desejados.
A sedao dos pacientes peditricos pode ser conseguida atravs de
inmeras vias de administrao: oral, mucosa oral, mucosa nasal, retal,
intramuscular e venosa6, 13, 63, 64. As vias orais so as mais utilizadas em
98
Midazolam
Anestesia Venosa
Objetivo
Dose de Midazolam
(mg.kg-1)
Via de Administrao
Adulto
Sedao
0,07-0,1 (7,5-15mg)
0,07-0,1
0,03-0,1
0,03-0,1 (por hora)
0,15-0,4
0,07-0,1 (7,5mg)
0,025-0,05
0,02-0,07
0,1-0,2
0,5-0,75
0,2
0,08-0,2
0,4-0,75
0,05-0,15
0,06-0,12 (por hora)
Oral, Sublingual
Intramuscular
Venosa
Venosa
Venosa
Oral, Sublingual
Intramuscular
Venosa
Venosa
Oral
Sublingual, nasal
Intramuscular
Retal
Venosa
Venosa
Sedao contnua
Induo
Geritrico
ASA III-V
Sedao
Induo
Peditrico
Sedao
Sedao contnua
100
Midazolam
Patologias Associadas
- Heptica
No paciente portador de patologia heptica, ocorre reduo da taxa
de metabolizao do midazolam, prolongando sua meia-vida e sua durao
de efeito. H necessidade de ajuste posolgico, utilizando-se menores doses
do midazolam e fazendo doses tituladas at o efeito desejado. Nos pacientes
com insuficincia heptica moderada a grave, o midazolam pode desmascarar ou agravar a encefalopatia, induzir ao coma medicamentoso ou
parada respiratria.
- Renal
O paciente com insuficincia renal apresenta reduo da frao de
ligao do midazolam s protenas, aumento do seu volume de distribuio
e de sua metabolizao 1OH-midazolam. Contudo, a eliminao renal
do 1OH-midazolam e do glucoronato de 1OH midazolam est reduzida,
proporcionando prolongamento do efeito sedativo, principalmente aps
infuses prolongadas14.
- Doena Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crnica DPOC
Os paciente com DPOC so mais suscetveis depresso respiratria
pelo midazolam, apresentando menor perfil de segurana. Esses pacientes
j apresentam resposta ventilatria hipercapnia alterada, facilmente
desenvolvendo apnia, quando tm comprometida sua resposta ventilatria
hipxia deteriorada pelo uso do midazolam27, 52.
- Obesidade mrbida
Os pacientes com ndice de massa corporal (IMC) superior a 30
apresentam, com maior facilidade, eventos apneicos e obstrutivos, aps
sedao com benzodiazepnicos. Como o midazolam apresenta efeito
hipntico mais pronunciado, torna-se, particularmente, menos seguro26, 27.
Alguns pacientes com IMC maiores (maior de 40) podem j no tolerar o
decbito dorsal a zero grau, ou mesmo, apresentarem patologias cardacas
101
Anestesia Venosa
e respiratrias que, eventualmente, se agravem com a sedao e a hipoventilao causadas pelo midazolam. Esses pacientes podem se beneficiar
da absteno do uso do midazolam ou de outros sedativos no pr-operatrio.
- Apnia Obstrutiva do Sono
Todos os pacientes com histria de distrbios ventilatrios relacionados
ao sono, em especial os geritricos, obesos ou portadores de DPOC, devem
ser pr-medicados apenas sob superviso direta no centro cirrgico.
- Hipotireoidismo
H relatos na literatura de prolongamento dos efeitos sedativos do
midazolam, em pacientes com hipotiroidismo no compensado. Esse
prolongamento do efeito parece ser secundrio reduo da metabolizao
pelo complexo CYP3A, pelos nveis diminudos de T4 livre ou pelos nveis
elevados de TSH72.
Efeitos adversos e complicaes do uso
Os efeitos adversos mais comuns com o uso do midazolam esto
associados depresso respiratria e suas complicaes. Efeitos
cardiovasculares so, habitualmente, de menor importncia. Contudo, podem
ocorrer repercues maiores em casos especficos, secundariamente aos
eventos ventilatrios (hipoventilao levando hipxia, aumento de
hipertenso pulmonar pr-existente e cor pulmonale) ou na associao
com opiides, em pacientes criticamente enfermos.
- Tolerncia
O uso contnuo ou repetido do midazolam est associado ao
desenvolvimento de tolerncia, que se caracteriza pela necessidade de
maiores quantidades da droga, para manter o efeito desejado. A reduo
na taxa de ligao e na resposta dos receptores benzodiazepnicos e GABAA
parecem ser os mecanismos relacionados tolerncia. Ajustes freqentes
nas velocidades de infuso so necessrios, para manter o mesmo nvel de
sedao, nos pacientes sedados no CTI7.
102
Midazolam
Anestesia Venosa
Midazolam
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